# Pathology Micro Block I
## Vol 2
* 一. PA0004 (6) Myocardial infarction, heart, 54M (P.3)
* 二. PA0081 (65) Fat necrosis, pancreas, 19M (P.13)
* 三. PA0096 (76) Infarct, kidney, 52M (P.28)
## Vol 3
* 一. PA0162 (138) Encephalomalacia, brain(p.2)
* 二. PA0017 (18)Anthracosis(p.11), lung
* 三. PA0144 (120) Intradermal nevus(p.15), skin
* 四. PA0211 (153) Hemosiderosis(p.21), liver
## Vol 4
* 一. PA0208 152 Melanosis coli, large intestine(p.3)
* lipofuscin
* 
* 二. PA0214 156 Obstructive cholestasis, liver(p.12)


* 三. PA0216 158 Malaria pigment(p.23), liver or RBC
* 和PA0214比起來較多空腔
## Vol 5
* 一. PA0074 (58) Steatosis (fatty change), liver, 50F(p.2)
* 二. PA0220 (162) Nodular hyperplasia, prostate, 71M(p.19)
* Gross: nodular hyperplasia mostly in transitional zone
* Micro:
* nodules composed of hyperplastic **mesenchymal or epithelial** cells
* epithelial dilated cystical glands lined by **bilayered cells** (tall columnar epithelial with basal cell layer, in cancerous prostate basal cell layer will vanish) with inconspicuous nucleoli.
* 正常的gland被nodule擠壓成**長扁形**
* nodule的epithelium增生可能形成**papillary protrusion**,有fibromuscular stroma。
* gland內可能有prostatic secretion (Corpora amylacea)
* 三. PA0056 (37)Acute suppurative appendicitis, 37F(p.37)
* Acute appendicitis: neutrophils infiltration in ***muscularis propria*** (不只在mucosa/serosa), *congested subserosal vessel (GROSS)*
* Suppurative inflammation: **neutrophils infiltration, edema, necrotic cell debris**. Serosal fibrinopurulent reaction.
* → Acute suppurative appendicitis
* → *hemmorhagic ulceration, gangrenous ulcer (GROSS)*
## Vol 6
* 一. PA0044 (29) Chronic sinusitis, maxillary sinus(P.3)

* Chronic inflammation: lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltration
* Edema: submucosal glands間距上升
* Dilated cyst: submucosal glands

* Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells) basement membrane

* 二. PA0143 (119) Suture granuloma, skin(P.15)
* **suture + granuloma**
* **foreign body**
* **granulomatous inflammation: epithelioid histiocytes** + multinucleated giant cell
* Fat necrosis: foamy histiocytes
* Scar:
* collagen deposition (ECM)
* fibroblast or myofibroblast proliferation
* 三. PA0198 (144) Caseating granulomatous inflammation, lung(P.36)
* 四. PA0202 (148) Chronic ulcer, stomach(P.55)
* acute stage:
* micro: 一開始有neutrophils infiltrate,慢慢有healing
* PMN (neutrophils) and vascular dilation
* fibrin + cell debris
* gross: margins of defect
* chronic stage:
* micro: 血管增生,chronic inflammatory cells進入,最底層開始修復形成scar tissue
* **granulation tissue**: chronic inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells) + capillary
* **fibroblastic proliferation**: collagen + fibroblast
* gross: margins and base of ulcer
## Vol 7
* 一. PA0008 (10) Congestive splenomegaly, 15M, Spleen (P.3)
* 二. PA0076 (61) Nutmeg liver (centrilobular congestion and necrosis), 57M, liver (P.13)
* Chronic congestion of central vein (centrizonal congestion) due to RHF
* Centrizonal necrosis (white, loss of hepatocyte) (zone 3)
* Zone 1 portal tract: surrounded hepatocytes' nucleus remains
* Zone 3 centrizonal area necrosis due to congestion of central vein. Centrilobular region 的 sinusoid 鬱血嚴重,且肝細胞受損無核
* 三. PA0059 (41) Hemorrhoid, 51F, anorectal junction (P.26)
* 長期腹壓增加 → venous return ↓ → stasis → hydrostatic pressure ↑, coagulative factors ↑ → edema, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis
* Edema
* Congestion: dilated vessels, 管壁厚薄不一
* Hemorrhage
* Thrombus: RBC + fibrin (淡粉紅色霧絲狀)
* Organizing thrombus: firboblast (藍色細胞核) 在thrombus中生長
* Recanalization: fibroblasts在thrombus中形成血管內皮
* 四. PA0097 (77)Acute Tubular Necrosis, 49M, kidney (P.43)
* 五. PA0096 (76) (1) Infarct (2)Acute Tubular Necrosis, 52M, kidney (Review) (P.47)
## Vol 9
* 一. PA0255 (80) Condyloma acuminatum, penis, 27M(P.3)
* 二. PA0141 (117) Molluscum contagiosum, skin, 43M(P.16)
* 三. PA0218 (160) Cytomegaloviral nephritis, kidney (P.31)
## Vol 10
* 一. PA0001(4)Infective endocarditis, mitral valve, 60 M (p.3)
* 二. PA0198(144)Caseating granulomatous inflammation, lung, 57M(p.13)
* 三. PA0251(39)Actinomycosis, ovary, 49F(p.27)
## Vol 11
* 一. PA0015 (17)Aspergillosis, lung, 86F (P.3)
* 二. PA0201 (147) Candidiasis, esophagus (P.18)
* 三. PA0199 (145) Paragonimiasis, soft tissue (lung) (P.31)
## Vol 12
* 一. PA0022 (9)Mucormycosis, spleen, 10M (P.3)
* 二. PA0213 (155) Schistosomiasis, liver (P.26)
* 三. PA0205 (149)Schistosomiasis and trichuriasis, appendix (P.38)
* 四. PA0206 (150)Amebiasis, appendix (P.53)
## Needs Review
* chronic ulcer
* condyloma acuminatum
* nodular hyperplasia
* encephalomalacia
* hemosiderosis
* acute tubular necrosis
* fat necrosis
* acute suppurative pancreatitis
* nutmeg liver
* mucormycosis
* actinomycosis
* hemosiderin (反光) vs. lipofuscin vs.
* hemosiderin: congestive splenomegaly, hemosiderosis (liver), myocardial infarction (granulation tissue histiocyte eat hemosiderin)
* parakeratosis: candidiasis, condyloma acuminatum
* Macrovesicur, microvesicular: steatosis
* ZONE 3: steatosis, obstructive cholestasis; ZONE 1: stromal edema
* Appendix:
* acute suppurative appendicitis: neutrophils一簇簇 (muscularis propria),edema, necrotic cell debris
* 腎臟 (kidney):
* Infarct
* Cytomegaloviral nephritis: 一開始看不太出來有甚麼不一樣
* Ballooning change: acute tubular necrosis (kidney), hemosiderosis (liver)