---
# System prepended metadata

title: Patho Block Ib

---

# Patho Block Ib
## Urinary Pathology
## Cancers
- Medullary carcinoma
    - lymphoplasma cell infiltration
## Reproductive Pathology
### Disease of female genital tract
#### Cancers
- VIN (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia)
    - classic: HPV16
    - differentiated: TP53
- Serous carcinoma
    - High grade: 
        - BRCA-related
        - 從TIC (tubal intraepithelial carcinoma) of fallopian tube來的
- Mucinous carcinoma
    - intestinal type (KRAS)
    - seromucinous type (ARID1A)
- Endometrioid carcinoma
    - Type 1
        - Low grade: microsatellite instability, PTEN, ARID1A, CTNNB1 mutations
        - High grade: TP53 mutation
    - Type 2
        - TP53 mutation
- Yolk sac tumor
    - Alpha fetoprotein
- Choriocarcinoma
   - beta-HCG
   - germ cell (non-gestational, pure type): chemotherapy-resistant
- Endometriosis-associated tumor
    - Mucinous borderline tumor, endocervical-like (müllerian, seromucinous) type
- Sex cord-stromal tumors
    - **Granulosa cell tumors**: 
        - **estrogenic**
        - **Call-Exner body**
    - Fibromas
    - Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (Androblastoma)
        - DICER1 gene mutation
    - Gonadoblastoma: coexists with dysgerminoma
#### Others
- Gartner duct cyst
    - Wolffian duct（mesonephric duct） 遺跡
- Hydatidiform Mole 葡萄胎 (complete & partial)
    - P57KIP2 paternally imprinted, as tumor suppressor
    - partial: fetal parts
    - complete:
### Disease of female breast
- HER2-positive，high-proliferation，包含 ER +/-
    - related to Li-Fraumeni syndrome 
- Stewart-Treves syndrome
    - 在 edema 處 (arm) 長出angiosarcoma
- Phyllodes tumor: from intralobular stroma
### Disease of male genitalia
#### paratesticular cancer
- Adenomatoid tumor
### Others
- Orchitis
    - mumps
## Renal Pathology
![](https://i.imgur.com/2URCDTF.jpg)
![](https://i.imgur.com/2b3RLDN.jpg)

### Nephritis
- RPGN (Rapidly Progressive GN, crescentic glomerular change)
    - Inflammation
    - Type 1: anti-GBM: Goodpasture syndrome
    - Type 2: IC: APSGN, SLE, IgA nephropathy
    - Type 3: Pauci-immune (ANCA+): Wegener granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis
- Berger disease
    - IgG hinge region galactosylation defect
    - Mesangial matrix expansion and hypercellularity
    - Mesangial deposition of IgA and C3 (alternative pathway)
    - **Hematuria (Berger, Lupus nephritis, Alport syndrome)**
- Alport syndrome
    - Basket weave change of GBM 
- Transplantation glomerulopathy (不知道要放哪個分類)
    - peritubular capillaries C4d deposits
### Nephrosis
- Membranous glomerulonephritis (GN)/nephropathy
    - Subepithelial IgG
- Membranoproliferative GN
    - Type 1: 
        - IgG
        - subendothelium
    - Type 2: 
        - C3
        - GBM, Bowman's & renal tubule lamina densa
- FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis)
    - cyclosporin chronic toxicity (也跟atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome [aHUS]有關)
    - foot process effacement
    - podocyte detachment
- HIV-associated nephropathy
    - collapsing FSGS
    - interstitial inflammatory infiltrate
    - cystic dilated tubules
    - tubuloreticular inclusions
- Diabetic nephropathy
    - arterial hyalinization
    - proteinuria
    - GBM thicken
    - Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule: Nodular glomerulosclerosis： class III 的變化，形成一個一個 acellular nodule。 nodule 裡無細胞核，又稱為 Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule。
- **Double contour**
    - Membranous GN: IC spike
    - Membranoproliferative GN: mesangial cell
### Disease of vessels
- Nephrosclerosis:
    - benign: HTN --> ischemic obsolescence: BM shrink, wrinkling change, hyaline arteriolosclerosis
    - malignant: fibrinoid necrosis, onion skin
### Cancer
* Papillary carcinoma
    * HGF, MET gene mutation
* Clear cell RCC
    * VHL mutation
    * related to von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
* Angiomyolipoma
    * related to tuberous sclerosis
### Gene disorder 
-  PKD (polycystic kidney disease)
    - Adult: polycystin mutation
### Excretory Pathology
- Interstitial cystitis
    - Hunner ulcer