傳動零件

聯軸器

概要

  • 聯軸器(coupling)是直接連結兩條軸來傳輸動力的裝置,使用於原動機和迴轉軸(馬達與軸相連)、迴轉軸與迴轉軸(軸與軸相連)的連接。

使用目的

  • 連結二個個別製造的旋轉機器的軸(如馬達和其他機械),在需要更換或維修時可以脫開。
  • 增加機械的可撓性,允許軸有小幅度的偏差。
  • 提供扭力限制,保護傳動軸。

選擇方法

  • 傳輸扭矩大小
  • 迴轉軸的迴轉速度
  • 連接軸直徑尺寸、固定方式
  • 在聯軸器上作用的負荷種類

分類

聯軸器依使用目的不同,結構上也不同設計,主要分為三類:

剛性聯軸器(點擊)

剛性聯軸器的好處是可以精確的傳遞扭矩,不過對於二個軸的同心度要求非常高,要求二個轉軸要在同一直線上。剛性聯軸器可分為以下幾類:

  • 套筒型:聯軸器以軸套的方式連接二個軸。
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套筒型聯軸器示意

  • 夾殼型:用夾殼與螺栓夾緊兩軸,同心度較低。
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夾殼型聯軸器示意

撓性聯軸器(點擊)

撓性聯軸器允許在有軸向、徑向或角度偏差時傳遞力矩,舉例如下:

  • 十字滑塊聯軸器:用於兩軸平行不共線的場合,由三個圓盤組成,在旋轉時,滑塊圓盤會有徑向的運動。
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十字滑塊聯軸器示意

  • 萬向接頭:兩軸在任何角度下均可運作,不過兩軸不平行時當傳動軸等速旋轉,從動軸會有轉速變化
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萬向接頭示意

  • ⚠️注意萬向接頭並非等速傳動,可用兩組萬向接頭組合達到固定轉速
扭力限制聯軸器(點擊)

扭力限制聯軸器又稱安全離合器、安全聯軸器,可以保護系統,避免出現過大的扭力。當發生過載故障時(扭矩超過設定值),扭力限制器便會產生分離,從而有效保護了驅動機械(如電機、減速機、伺服馬達)。

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扭力限制聯軸器示意

齒輪傳動

概要

  • 齒輪為最常用的機械元件之一,之所以這般普及主要原因是不管是鐘錶齒輪,或大型輪船,齒輪都能確實傳遞動力。
  • 經由不同齒數的組合,可以得到不同的轉速比;也可以透過齒輪組合的數目增減調整轉軸間的相對位置
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  • 齒輪的傳動功率和速度適用範圍較廣,具有恆定的轉速比且傳動效率高,然而齒輪的製造和安裝精度要求較高,價格昂貴,精度低時震動與雜訊也較大,不宜用於軸間距離大的傳動。

分類

A | 平行軸齒輪 ( 正齒輪、齒條、螺旋齒輪、內齒輪 )

  • 正齒輪(Spur Gears)
    • 齒筋與軸心平行的圓筒齒輪
    • 因易於加工,使用最為廣泛
    • 可調節運動速度和作用力大小,有時可改變運動方向
  • 齒條(Racks)
    • 與正齒輪咬合的直線條狀齒輪
    • 可以看成是直徑無限大的正齒輪
    • 可轉換旋轉與直線運動
  • 內齒輪(Internal Gears)
    • 與正齒輪箱咬合,在圓環內側切齒的齒輪
    • 主要使用在行星齒輪傳動機構及齒輪聯軸器等應用上
  • 人字齒輪(Herringbone Gears)
    • 齒筋為左旋及右璇的兩個螺旋組合而成的齒輪
    • 優點: 不產生軸向推力
  • 螺旋齒輪(Helical Gears)
    • 齒筋為螺旋線的圓筒齒輪
    • 比正齒輪強度高、運轉平穩
    • 缺點: 轉動時產生軸向推力
  • 螺旋齒條(Helical Racks)
    • 與螺旋齒輪箱咬合的條狀齒輪
    • 相當於螺旋齒輪的節徑變成無限大情形

▼ 平行軸齒輪示意圖

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B | 相交軸齒輪 ( 直齒傘形齒輪、彎齒傘型齒輪 )

  • 主要用來改變旋轉的方向或是速度與作用力
  • 直齒傘形齒輪(Straight Bevel Gears)
    • 齒筋與節錐的母線一致的傘型齒輪
    • 在傘型齒輪中較容易製造,應用最廣
  • 彎曲傘型齒輪(Spiral Bevel Gears)
    • 齒筋為曲線,帶有螺旋角的傘型齒輪
    • 製造難度較大
    • 高強度、低噪音

C | 交錯軸齒輪 ( 交錯軸螺旋齒輪、蝸輪蝸桿 )

  • 圓筒蝸輪組(Worm Gears)
    • 圓筒蝸桿+蝸輪
    • 運轉平靜
    • 大轉速比
    • 效率低
    • 改變運動方向同時改變速度和作用力
  • 交錯螺旋齒輪(Screw Gears)
    • 可與螺旋齒輪或正齒輪搭配使用
    • 運轉平穩
    • 不適用於高負荷情形

▼ 相交軸齒輪、交錯軸齒輪示意圖

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時規皮帶

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  • 時規皮帶是一種透過撓性傳動(flexibledrive)傳遞動力的機械元件。
撓性傳動(點擊)

當主動軸與從動軸距離過遠,無法使用直接接觸傳動時,必須藉助具有撓曲性之聯接物,利用拉力與摩擦力兩機件連動而傳達運動或功率的方法,稱為「撓性傳動」(flexibledrive)。

常用的撓性聯接物有皮帶、繩索及鏈條等。

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撓性傳動示意

  • 當主動軸與從動軸軸距較遠,無法使用直接傳動時(如齒輪)則可使用同步帶。
  • 時規皮帶與平帶不同,平帶使用摩擦力與拉力傳遞,因此平帶與驅動輪間不可避免的會有相對運動,無法精確傳導。
  • 時規皮帶由於工作面與齒輪相似,能與時規皮帶輪的齒槽做嚙合傳動,故時規皮帶與時規皮帶輪沒有相對滑動。
  • 時規皮帶的傳動效率高、轉速傳遞精確,且適合連結軸距較遠的主從動軸,因此常被用於伺服機構中如機械手臂,機器人底盤等。

皮帶輪

  • 依形狀可分為A型、B型、K型

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時規皮帶

  • 常用的有2gt, 3gt, s3m
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皮帶漲緊方法

惰輪(&槽)

  • 使用惰輪

    • 於皮帶鬆弛
    • 惰輪軸鎖孔可開槽型,以便調整皮帶張力
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  • 使用情況: 手臂、底盤

槽狀馬達鎖孔

通常馬達會透過馬達架和螺絲固定在底盤上,為了能調整馬達轉軸及輪軸的距離,底盤鎖孔會設計成槽狀。

  • ⚠️注意開槽位置: 動馬達,不是動輪子
  • 會有鬆動問題
  • 使用情況: 看空間配置