緊固元件

概要

緊固件能將兩個或以上的元件以機械方式固定,例如鈕扣、釘書針、迴紋針等。在機械中螺絲則是常見的緊固件。

螺絲(screw)

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螺絲構造

螺絲頭(head)、槽(drive)、螺紋(thread)、螺距(pitch)、螺絲外徑(major diameter)等等

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螺絲種類

螺絲根據頭的形狀會有圓頭、平頭、內六角等等。
在機器人競賽中以維修面而言,很多人使用內六角螺絲

  • 內六角螺絲
    • 有六個承重面,能有效分配壓力,減少材料損耗
    • 能承受高扭矩,適合高精度的需求。
    • 此外內六角螺絲可搭配球頭六角板手

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🛠️好用工具: 內六角扳手

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🛠️好用工具: 球頭六角扳手

球頭六角扳手可傾斜使用,能夠方便的鎖到空間較狹窄處的內六角螺絲。(普通內六角扳手只能垂直插入並轉動,經常受空間限制)

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螺絲表示法(公制)

  • 螺絲的表示可能包含幾個部分: 表示公/英制、螺絲外徑、螺距、螺紋種類和長度
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  • 常使用的表示方法如「M3*12」
    • 意思是「公制:M」、「螺絲外徑:3mm」、「長度:12mm」
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  • 公制螺絲中,根據螺紋牙距(pitch)會有「粗牙螺紋」、「細牙螺紋」
  • 通常不指定時,指的是粗牙螺紋。細牙螺紋通常用在精密機械和壁厚薄的部分

左/右手定則

當你不知道該順時鐘或逆時鐘轉時

  1. 判斷為左螺紋或右螺紋
    • (基本上都是右螺紋,可以跳過這一步)
  2. 拇指指向希望螺絲移動方向
    • (右螺紋→使用右手)
  3. 四指旋轉方向就是該轉的方向囉🎉
補充: 左右手螺紋

右手螺紋為朝右上傾斜,左螺紋為朝左上傾斜。
會使用左螺紋通常是安全考量,像是鎖風扇的螺絲、瓦斯開關等等。

左右手螺紋

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螺母

一般螺母

配合螺絲尺寸使用

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防鬆螺母

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  • 尾端尼龍材質的內圈增加內外螺紋摩擦力,防止因震動鬆脫
  • 正確裝法為平面朝下
  • ⚠️一定要鎖到他,不然就反著裝

熱壓螺母

  • 可以加溫嵌入塑膠材料中,常搭配3D印件使用

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  • 三種(外)螺紋類型(裡面還是普通內螺紋)

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🛠️好用工具: 套筒

快速拆裝外角螺帽!

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防止螺絲鬆動

材料老化、鎖太緊及震動都可能導致螺絲鬆動,所以我們必須透過一些方法來確保螺絲的穩固。

1. 防鬆螺母(見:螺帽)

2. 螺絲膠

  • 螺絲用的黏著劑有分兩種:
    • 一種是使用在今後將不再拆裝的情形,相當堅固
    • 另一種類型雖然在震動時不易鬆動,但是想要拆卸螺絲時,只要確實地插入工具即可拆除
  • 考量維護等工作,謹慎選擇、分開使用是必要的

3. 墊圈

使用螺絲、螺帽緊固元件時,為了不讓零件損傷或發生鬆動,會使用墊圈。尤其是在使用時會變形的零件,如3D列印、木材等,需藉由加裝墊圈以增加和零件間的接觸面積,並且可以防止螺絲和螺帽陷入零件裡。

  • 平墊圈:防止素材變形陷入、增加接觸面積
  • 彈簧墊圈:利用預張力使螺母螺絲緊緊貼合。
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🌟平墊圈(下)、彈簧墊圈(上) 可同時混用 !