# 5G

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**Resources:**
1. [Qualcomm "5G"](https://www.qualcomm.com/5g/what-is-5g)
2. [5G New Radio: The technical background](https://www.zdnet.com/article/5g-new-radio-the-technical-background/)
3. [5G 101 Part 1 by BrightTALK](https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/16515/349885?utm_source=brighttalk-portal&utm_medium=web&utm_content=Parallel%20Wireless&utm_campaign=webcasts-search-results-feed)
4. [Wilfrid's notes](https://hackmd.io/8n7BZiJgRD-BrIGJ_DxkvQ)
5. [Ferlinda's notes](https://hackmd.io/@ferlinda/rkqC-jlWU)
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## INTRODUCTION TO 5G
5G is 5th generation mobile network. 5G wireless technology is meant to **deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users**.

5G New Radio, on the other hand, refers specifically to the **radio access technology (RAT) developed for 5G networks**. It's the radio standard for 5G deployments

## UNDERYLYING TECHNOLOGIES

- **OFDM** (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), a method of modulating a digital signal across several different channels to reduce interference.
- **5G NR air interface**, can further enhance OFDM to deliver a much higher degree of flexibility and scalability ---> provide more 5G access to more people and things for a variety
- **Wider bandwidth technologies** by expanding the usage of spectrum resources, such as sub-6 GHz and mmWave. 5G can operate in both lower bands (e.g., sub-6 GHz) as well as mmWave (e.g., 24 GHz and up), which will bring extreme capacity, multi-Gbps throughput, and low latency.
- The high bands will be used to overlay existing LTE networks, providing much higher bandwidth on demand to reduce LTE (and eventually, 5G) mid- and low-band congestion.


***Non-standalone 5G** is the first stage of 5G, using a 5G NR access network overlaid on an existing 4G LTE network core. **Standalone 5G** uses the 5G NR access network on a brand new 5G network core.*

5G New Radio (NR) in Non-Standalone operation (NSA), enabling 5G NR deployements using existing 4G systems. 5G enables a new kind of network that's designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.


**5G System includes:**
- **eMBB** (enhanced Mobile BroadBand)
It is a 5G use case class that sets a target for 5G to deliver peak download speeds of over 10 Gbps
- **URLLC** (Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications)
It is a use case class that defines the minimum requirement for 5G networks to offer communication with high reliability (99.99%), extremely low latencies (below one ms), and support for low data rates (bps/kbps)
- **mMTC** (massive Machine Type Communications)
It is a 5G use case class that defines the minimum requirement for 5G to support 1 million low powered, low cost, low-complexity devices per square kilometre with a battery life of up to ten years

Initial phase of 5G NSA deployments focuses on eMBB -> provides greater data-bandwith complemented by moderate latency improvements on both 5G NR and 4G LTE.

URLLC provides ultra responsive connections and offers high speed mobility


***5G -> IMT-2020***


## Technology Foundation of 5G

#### Milimeter waves
- The key to unlocking the blazing-fast internet speeds that 5G promises. mmWave technology ---> **Higher data capacity** ---> Enable more users, more data, and faster connection
- Mobile spectrum showing the radio frequency range from 3-100 GHz with new 5G spectrum abouve 6GHz. Additional mobile spectrum above 6 GHz, including the 26-28 GHz bands often referred to as millimeter (mm) Wave

#### Small cell
- Solution to mmWave disadvantages -- inability to travel through building/obstacles and tend to be absorbed by plants/rain--
- Low power mini base station is used for switching to solve obstacles problem

#### Massive MIMO (Multiple-input multiple-output)
- MIMO system with an especially high number of antennas.
- More responsive to devices transmitting in higher frequency bands, which will improve coverage.
- Can cause serious interference due to its broadcast tendency to every direction at once. Thus, ***beamforming*** is needed

#### Beamforming
- A technology that **allows the massive MIMO base station antennas to direct the radio signal to the users and devices rather than in all direction**
- The beam steering technology uses advanced signal processing algorithms to determine the best path for the radio signal to reach the user ---> Increases efficiency as it reduces interference.

#### Full Duplex

- With 5G, a transceiver will be able to transmit and receive data at the same time, on the same frequency.

## 5G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
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I've written 5G network architecture in background knowledge session
**https://hackmd.io/aMdL_n68SnmeRo-3ueM3AQ**
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