# To understand Trump’s support, we must think in terms of multiracial Whiteness 大致譯稿與重點整理 ### 「小邊:」則是我個人的解讀和意見,如果不滿意也可以跟我討論 [原文網址](https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/15/understand-trumps-support-we-must-think-terms-multiracial-whiteness/) The Trump administration’s anti-immigration, anti-civil rights stance has made it easy to classify the president’s loyalists as a homogenous mob of white nationalists. But take a look at the FBI’s posters showing people wanted in the insurrectionist assault on the U.S. Capitol: Among the many White faces are a few that are clearly Latino or African American. 開場作者已經先下斷言:支持川普的群眾很大一部分是反移民、反民權的白人國家主義份子。接著他提出一個問題,為什麼在這次反新政府的動亂通緝名單中有拉丁裔和黑人族群,我(作者)以為你們都很討厭川普耶? --- Such diversity highlights the fact that President Trump’s share of the Latino vote in November actually rose over 2016, notwithstanding years of incendiary rhetoric targeting Mexicans and other Latino communities. Yes, Trump’s voters — and his mob — are disproportionately White, but one of the more unsettling exit-poll data points of the 2020 election was that a quarter to a third of Latino voters voted to reelect Trump. 川普在拉丁裔及黑人的支持率於2016之後有實質增長的,雖然川普的白人支持者很多,但也有超過三分之一的拉丁裔支持他。 小邊:**作者在這邊提出的問題是:為什麼一個對少數族群沒有好臉色的總統能得到支持度,一般來說我們可以得到兩個答案:** 1. 他並沒有對少數族群很壞 2. 有些其他原因 --- And while the vast majority of Latinos and an overwhelming majority of African American voters supported the Biden-Harris ticket and were crucial to its success, many Black and brown voters have family and friends who fervently backed the MAGA policy agenda, including its delusions and conspiracy theories. 是有很多黑人跟拉丁裔投給拜登沒錯,但他們也有不少朋友或家人會支持*Make America Great Again*這個口號所代表的政策與議題,也包含在這個議題背後所涉及的妄想與陰謀論。 小邊:**MAGA的政策議題是什麼?**川普這幾年力推的議題就是,移民、或是說,外來勢力(如中國等)對美國造成的問題太大了,他要著重處理這件事情,這一點無論你是進步、保守、反中親中都一樣,川普主張的事情就擺在那裡,他要怎麼處理移民等議題是另一回事,重點是他把這件事擺在政策中心。 --- One of the organizers of the “Stop the Steal” movement is Ali Alexander, a Trump supporter who identifies as Black and Arab. The chairman of the neo-fascist Proud Boys is Enrique Tarrio, a Latino raised in Miami’s Little Havana who identifies as Afro-Cuban; when he arrived in Washington for the Jan. 6 march, he was arrested for allegedly burning a Black Lives Matter banner taken from a Black church the month before. 作者丟出一些例子,好比說「停止偷竊」社團——這是一個主張美國選舉陰謀論的社群——他的創辦人是一個黑人阿拉伯裔,驕傲男孩(被認為是新法西斯社群)的主席是個拉丁裔。(這裡說他曾燒了BLM的旗子,但存疑) --- **What are we to make of Tarrio — and, more broadly, of Latino voters inspired by Trump? And what are we to make of unmistakably White mob violence that also includes non-White participants? I call this phenomenon multiracial whiteness — the promise that they, too, can lay claim to the politics of aggression, exclusion and domination.** 小邊:注意這一段,作者提出他的主張,**我們該怎麼理解「少數族群支持川普」這件事**,這裡其實暗藏一些前提,好比說我們要認為川普的確仇視少數族群、做這些事的人真的支持川普,有了這些前提,我們才能問出「你們怎麼能」這句話。畢竟要是川普對大家有大愛,或是這些人真的是基於公平正義在追逐「真相」(據他們所說是這樣沒錯),那這問題就沒什麼意義,但這是作者觀察與分析,所以我們繼續看。 --- Before Trump, conservatives seeking to appeal to Latinos typically embraced the politics of conservative multiculturalism. Politicians such as George W. Bush reached out to Latino voters by showing a familiarity with their language and history, emphasizing the values of diversity and inclusion. Depicting Latinos as a distinct and valuable part of America’s democratic mosaic, conservative multiculturalism connected Latino culture to Republican values, emphasizing conservative approaches to faith, patriotism and the traditional family. 這一段容易被誤讀,但他要說的很簡單,保守派(非貶義)怎麼吸引少數族群?端出他們也信奉的價值,傳統基督信仰、家庭價值、愛國心。這些都很常見(EX:可可夜總會),作者並沒有丟出新名詞,保守多元文化主義就是:美國可以包容大家,因為大家都覺得這些事(傳統基督信仰、家庭價值、愛國心)很重要。 --- Trump, by contrast, knows nothing of the history of Latinos in the United States and rarely even pretends to find value in Latinos’ distinct identities. Rather than offering his non-White voters recognition, Trump has offered them multiracial whiteness. 作者更進一步將川普與傳統保守派切割(其實這件事在美國大家也看多了,一堆共和黨的人在切割川普),川普不重視也不在乎少數族裔的族群認同與獨特價值,他不打算認可、看見(recognition)他們,相反的,他給他們**多元種族的白人主義** 小邊:對,這裡是爭點的開始,我們來看看作者要怎麼既多元又白人。 --- Rooted in America’s ugly history of white supremacy, indigenous dispossession and anti-blackness, multiracial whiteness is an ideology invested in the unequal distribution of land, wealth, power and privilege — a form of hierarchy in which the standing of one section of the population is premised on the debasement of others. Multiracial whiteness reflects an understanding of whiteness as a political color and not simply a racial identity — a discriminatory worldview in which feelings of freedom and belonging are produced through the persecution and dehumanization of others. 白人特權是什麼?不是保守價值(尊重傳統、信奉榮譽),白人特權指的是這種體制以壓迫非我群類為根基,對原住民的迫害、對黑人族群的掠奪,一種不平等的體制,根植於對土地、財富、權力和特權的不平等分配。多元的白人主義內化了這種思考模式,白人不僅僅只是種族不同,而是承認「白人政治」本身的意義,它的意義在於——自由和擁有權力必須建立在壓迫及非人道對待非我群類的意義上。 小邊:這一段很重要,因為他將白人主義跟白人支持脫鉤了。白人主義指的是一種壓迫非我群類以掌握控制資源的制度,更是一種美國對於自己壓迫少數族群的歷史產生的反省,而非單指膚色或是種族。有了這個脫鉤,在美國不管你是什麼族群當然都可以支持白人主義,因為白人主義重點不再於膚色,而是壓迫其他少數族群獲得利益的這種特性。 --- Multiracial whiteness promises Latino Trump supporters freedom from the politics of diversity and recognition. For voters who see the very act of acknowledging one’s racial identity as itself racist, the politics of multiracial whiteness reinforces their desired approach to colorblind individualism. In the politics of multiracial whiteness, anyone can join the MAGA movement and engage in the wild freedom of unbridled rage and conspiracy theories. 多元的白人主義承諾他的少數族群支持(川普)份子從多樣性與種族認可的議題中掙脫獲得自由,對那些認為「承認種族認同」=「種族主義者」的人來說,多元白人主義強化了他們渴望的一種色盲式的個人主義。在多元的白人主義中,所有人都可以加入MAGA的運動裡,去參與、釋放自己的憤怒與陰謀論。 小邊:你一定聽過有人說「不要分本省外省大家都一家人」或是「不要分原住民漢人大家都一家人」這種說法吧?多元至上的白人主義就是這種形式的極端版本,不去看少數族群自己有什麼特殊性,需要怎樣特殊的文化認同,他們只要一種「單一的」平等,這種單一的平等卻只能是美夢一場,因為是誰的單一?保守派可能還可以說這種單一是對傳統價值尊崇,但這個假象最終被利用,引向陰謀論和無止盡的仇恨。 --- Multiracial whiteness offers citizens of every background the freedom to call Muslims terrorists, demand that undocumented immigrants be rounded up and deported, deride BLM as a movement of thugs and criminals, and accuse Democrats of being blood-drinking pedophiles. 多元的白人主義讓支持者可以主張:穆斯林都是恐怖份子,非法移民(或是說,沒有登記的移民)應該被拘捕和遣送出境,嘲笑BLM族群都是毒蟲和罪犯,並指控民主黨支持者盡是一群嗜血戀童癖。 小邊:這一段推論有點快,我自己也有點質疑,至少在這些懷疑者當中也有不少僅僅是「無知」,我會認為多元的白人主義可能助長了這種無知存在的正當性,但原因應該要更複雜些。 --- Here, the politics of exclusion, violence and demonization are available to all. If you want to speak Spanish and celebrate a quinceañera in your family, go ahead. If you want to be a Proud Boy, be a Proud Boy. Trump doesn’t care. As long as you love him, he’ll love you. 在這裡,你可以支持任何你想要的關於排斥、暴力和妖魔化的政治議題——對任何人,你想在家做傳統成人禮講西班牙語,隨便你,你想當一個Proud Boy(前面提到的新法西斯份子),就當。川普不在意,只要你愛(支持)他,他就愛你。 小邊:這裡當然是有點反諷性的說法,意思就是川普也沒在管你們傳統如何,你想怎樣隨便,反正只要你支持美國的問題就是蓋牆、殺光穆斯林、把移民統統趕出去,那OK,川普的愛就是你的了。 --- America’s racial divide is not simply between Whites and non-Whites. Thinking in terms of multiracial whiteness helps us recognize that much of today’s political rift is a division between those who are drawn to and remain invested in a politics of whiteness and those who seek something better. 美國的種族分裂當然不是白與不白的問題而已,去思考少數族群支持白人主義(多元的白人主義)這件事可以讓我們瞭解到,裂痕到底在哪裡?實際上可能在那些被白人主義吸引的人,和認為事情應該有更好的解決辦法的人之間。 --- We witnessed this very divide in Georgia, when a significant segment of White voters broke with Georgia’s White majority, joining a multiracial coalition that sent Raphael Warnock and Jon Ossoff to the U.S. Senate, following the leadership of Black women whose organizing made that electoral victory possible. 還是例子,這種分裂在喬治亞州體現,一直以來共和黨統治的這個州,有一部份白人選民「居然」選擇了民主黨的候選人當議員,這相當於有一部分的白人加入了多種族聯盟(這兩位議員一黑一白)。黑人婦女的組織與領導使得在當地的勝選成為可能。 小邊:這一段我翻得很爛,但點進去看新聞就知道,在拜登於喬治亞險勝之後,大家認知到需要催出更多票,所以黑人婦女組織做了很多事情來鼓勵黑人們出來投票,而不只是黑人,也有白人不再相信白人至上,而跳到一個認同多種族執政的議員陣營,才讓他們贏得了大選,這觀察是不是正確,我不清楚,但作者認為這說明了分裂並不在於白不白,而是「我們還要堅持白人主義」嗎? --- This is the hopeful side of the shifting and diverging politics of whiteness. In the post-Trump era, the challenge will be to prevail over the extremism of Trump’s White majority while trying to prevent the politics of whiteness from becoming an increasingly multiracial affair. 白人主義的政治正在出現分歧與變化,在川普下台之後,未來的挑戰將會是阻止極端的白人至上主義,以及這種多元的白人主義在多個種族之間蔓延。 小邊:這段應該沒什麼爭議,反正就是川普下台了,大家還是要小心他的徒子徒孫。 --- 結束,我選擇不翻出全部的譯文一方面是因為我力有未逮,另一方面則是我認為翻譯都有立場,我盡可能的把我認為中性的解讀方式提出,但也不否認我的確討厭川普,所以在很多議題上面難以中立,只能說,退開一步去看這件事,所以我在文中其實並不很想將這種分裂跟川普執政直接劃上等號,也希望大家看完之後能對自己的生活有點調劑與幫助,謝謝。 #### PS:如何反駁這篇報導?這邊也額外給大家一些思考空間 1. 川普在執政期間的發言或政策有沒有壓迫少數族群? 2. 種族分裂的關鍵真的在於白人主義的復興或是蔓延嗎? 3. 什麼叫做對少數族群平等的政策,所謂的積極性差異政策、文化多元主義政策是適當、正當的嗎?