# 波蘭語中的情態動詞

[toc]

Book
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- [Polish grammar in a nut shell](http://www.placedauphine.net/random/PolishGrammar.pdf)

Preface
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紀錄情態動詞

# Modal Expression (P.90)

The most important modals (items referring to duty, need, obligation), arranged according to the most common English gloss, are the following. All of these items are followed by the infinitive of the main verb.

|中文|英語|波蘭語|
|---|---|---|
|必須|must, have to|[musieć](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/polish-english/musiec?q=musieć), muszę, musisz or [mieć](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/polish-english/miec?q=mieć), mam, masz|
|需要|need to, should|musieć, muszę, musisz or [trzeba](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/polish-english/trzeba)|
|應該要|supposed to|mieć, mam, masz|
|應該要|ought to, should|[powinien](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/polish-english/powinien) (完成體動詞) ,powinienem, powinnam, powinniśmy|

中文對情態動詞沒有分這麼細。

|波蘭語|英語|中文|
|---|---|---|
|Muszę się uczyć. |I have to study.| 我必須學習|
|Trzeba go zapytać.| One should ask him.|誰該去問他一下 |
|Powinnaś się śpieszyć. |You-fem. ought to hurry.| 要快一點了|
|Mam być w domu o ósmej. |I'm supposed to be at home by 8:00.|我應該要在八點到家|

## [musieć](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/musieć) To have to

|現在式|單數 |複數 |
|:---:|:------:|:-------:|
| 1st | muszę | musimy |
| 2nd | musisz | musicie |
| 3rd | musi | muszą |

## [mieć](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mieć) To have

|現在式|單數 |複數 |
|:---:|:------:|:-------:|
| 1st | mam | mamy |
| 2nd | masz | macie |
| 3rd | ma | mają |

## [trzeba](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trzeba) To need to be

Used to express necessity. To be necessary, to need, it is needed to.

| 時態 | 變化 |
|--------------------|--------------------------|
| infinitive | — |
| present indicative | trzeba |
| past indicative | trzeba było |
| future tense | trzeba będzie |
| conditional | trzeba by/ trzeba byłoby |

## [powinien](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/powinien#Polish) Should

完成體動詞。只有過去未來。

|過去式| Person | masculine | feminine | neuter | virile | nonvirile |
|--|------------|-------------|----------|---------|-------------|-------------|
|| 1st | powinienem | powinnam | | powinniśmy | powinnyśmy |
|| 2nd | powinieneś | powinnaś | | powinniście | powinnyście |
|| 3rd | powinien | powinna | powinno | powinni | powinny |
|| impersonal | powinno się | | | | |

## 小結

要表達情態動詞，需要學到的文法很多也很難，難怪無法一下就教。