# 2.3/2.4 - Exchange in the Indian Ocean & Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

## Essential Question
"What were the cause & effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200 & how did environmental knowledge support that expansion?"

## Causes of expanded exchange in the Indian ocean
Islamic Merchants will help connect all the trade routes just like they did with the silk road. Muslims, Persians, and Arabs are the most dominant of the sea-farers.

### Cities
On the west coast of India cities are going to grow as centers of trade. Where people are going to set up communities that are great trading cities, places to trade goods. Trading partners exist in East Africa, East, and Southeast Asia.

Major cities are Calicut, Huge point for spices and just meeting up with more merchants.

### Monsoon Winds
Better knowledge of monsoon winds would allow for knowing when to leave. For example if the winds are going towards India you wouldn't want to be pushing against that.

Spring and summer winds lead towards India, it's a wet season. And the opposite towards East Asia and Africa

### New Technology
**Lateen Sails** - The triangular sail that would be very good at catching winds.

**Stern Rudder** - Piece of wood in the back of a ship that would help you steer.

**Astrolabe** - You would measure the distance from the stars to the horizon line to determine where you are by deciphering how far away you are from the equator.


## Increased Demand for Specialized Product
| Various Places | Various Goods |
|:---------------------------------------------------- |:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| India | High Quality Fabrics(Cotton), Woven Carpets, High-Carbon Steel, Tanned Leather, artisan-crafted stonework. |
| Malaysia & Indonesia | Spice Islands, Nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom. |
| Swahili Coastal cities of Mombasa, Mogadishu, Sofala | Enslaved People(Ocran Slave Trade)-Different people from the Atlantic Slave trade and ended up working in seaport communites, Ivory and Gold |
| China | Silk, Porcelain |
| Southwest Asia | Horses, Figs, and Dates |

## Growth of Different States
These trade networks forced the growth of states to help institutionalize the revenue from trade.

They would no longer be trying to make the product but be a middle man and tax to get their cut of money.

### Malacca


> The strait of Malacca would transport things from the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean.

Any people that would go through that strait would have to pay a tax to go through. The sultan of Malacca becomes so powerful that he would eventually end up expanding the empire. The empire of Malacca ends up falling when the Portuguese end up taking control of the spice trade and any power that the local government would have.

## Effects of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean
People would end up residing in a place like India for 6 months or some period of time where Islamic merchants build a community and do various things. Marry locals, and teach Islam to their newborns.

### Diaspora
A settlement of people that would be away from their homeland, people that would settle in different regions for economic purposes in this case. They end up introducing their own traditions into the Indiginous culture, like the people of southeast asia taking muslim traditions because of the large amount of people and cities for example. The same thing happens to the merchants where they also pick up the traditions of the area that they're in.

> Cultural Infusion - A blending of cultures.

**Very Important Idea**

## Merchants in Diasporic Communities

| Merchant Community | Region(s) | Products |
|:---------------------- |:---------------------------------------------- |:-------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Muslim | China, Indian Ocean Basin, Europe | Silk, Paper, Porcelain, Spices, gems, woods, gold, salt, amber, furs |
| Chinese | Southeast Asia, Africa | Cotton, Tea, Silk, Metals, Opium, Salt |
| Sogdian (in Samarkand) | Main caravan merchants along Silk Roads, China | SIlk, Gold, Wine, Linens |
| Jewish | China, India, Europe | Glass beads, Linens, Dyes, Spices |
| Malay | Sri Lanka | Nutmeg, Pepper, Cloves |

## Swahili
They would trade ivory, gold, and slaves. They would also have other small various goods in small quantities such as Tortoise shells, peacock feathers, and rhinoceros horns.

#### The Zanj
People from the Swahili coast as they were referred to in Arabic.

Since there would be alot of wealthy people here some of them would go on to move away from clay houses and make them out of something like clay or coral.

## Significant Cultural Transfer
The transfer of knowledge, culture, technology and commerce as a result of thriving trade.

### Zheng He
Chinese Mulsim, he has an important characteristic, he is a Eunuch
(Explain what a Eunuch is)

In 1405 the Ming Emperor Yongle would end up displaying the power and might of the Ming dynasty to the rest of the world by sending off his navy. They would end up carrying around 300 ships that would end up being shown in these port cities. The Chinese end up bringing back items and knowledge from people like Arabs scholars from around the globe.

> That would be around 300 of these ships


### Confucianism
Since they were based around farming then they would have a fear that they would bring in different information that would be different from what they already have.

## Essential Question
"What were the cause & effects on Trans-Saharan trade, & how did the growth of empires influence & communications?"

## Trans-saharan Trade
The saharan desert is 3.6 million square miles, trying to get across would be very difficult. Muslim merchants from Southwest asia would travel on camels.

### Innovation
Camel saddles would differ for different uses, Some would allow them to be closer to a camel's head and make it more maneuverable, Others would have it on the hump to have a better advantage for warfare.

> Gold is the most precious from places like Ghana and Mali would be brought into Egypt and the Middle East.

## Comparing Animals

### Camel


#### Location
Northern Africa & Sub-Saharan West Africa

#### Benefits
- Able to travel long distances
- Can eat thorny plants and drink salty water found in deserts
- Has long eyelashes that protect against winds
- Only animal that can cross deserts
- Does not spook easily
- Can carry up to 600 pounds

#### Drawbacks
- Requires high level of salt to stay healthy
- Can be very aggressive & even vengeful
- Cannot be controlled with a bit
- Cannot be boarded in a stall

### Ox

#### Location
Eurasia & the Americas

#### Benefits
- Has high level of stamina
- Can pull heaviest loads
- Unlikely to stray or be stolen
- Can survive on local grazing
- Tolerates various climates & diets

#### Drawbacks
- Moves slowly compared to other pack animals
- Requires more water and food than other pack animals

### Horse


#### Location
Worldwide

#### Benefits
- Can run at high speeds
- Can be controlled with a bit
- Can be used in battle
- Can adapt to most climates and terrains

#### Drawbacks
- Requires grain to keep fit
- Spooks easily
- Can be stolen easily
- Strays easily
- Less sure-footed than other pack animals
- Cannot tolerate high heat

### Llamas


#### Location
Americas

#### Benefits
- Maintains traction in mountains
- Has calm disposition
- Requires little water
- Adapts well to cold and mountainous climates

#### Drawbacks
- Cannot pull heavy loads
- Can carry less than other pack animals
- Cannot tolerate high heat

## West African Empire Expansion
Mali would grow out of the falling Ghaninan Empire, Mali would end up taking taxes and *please go back to the last slide.*

Timbuktu would be a very large trading center and would also be an Islamic Learning Center with great scholars, a very similar situation with Gao.

### Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa would be the richest man to ever exist, adding inflation for today he would be worth 400 Billion Dollars. He would go on the Trans-Saharan track, he would bring lots of slaves and end up bringing lots of wealth. A story that is commonly told is that he would spend so much money that it would start to cause inflation across an entire city. Along with that he would also end up spreading Islam to a very large degree.

## Empires in Western Eurasia Africa in the 13th Century
| | Mali | Al-Andalus | Byzantine Empire| Kievan Rus |
|:----------- |:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Location | West Africa | Spain | Middle East | Russia |
| Major City | Timbuktu| Cordoba | Constantinople | Kiev |
| Peak Years | 1200s to 1400s | 711 to 1492 | 330 to 1453 | 900-1200s |
| Key Figures | Sundiata - founder who built a strong trade network -- Mansa Musa - Political and Religious leader | Ibn Rushd - Islamic legal scholar and philosopher - Maimonides - Jewish scholar of ethics | Justinian - ruler responsible for the Body of Civil Law -- Heraclius - shifted focus to the East | Vladmir I - Converted to Christianity in 989 -- Yaroslav I - Codified the Legal System |
| Legacy | Connected West and North Africa through trade and spread Islam through Africa. | Creates a vibrant tolerant society and preserved classical Greek learning. | Fostered Trade between Asia, Europe, and Africa. Would be carried on by Roman legacy. | Developed first large scale civilization in Russia and would spread Christianity Eastward |

## From Freemanpedia - Good To Know
- The Sub-Saharan world joined the Global Tapestry via this trade route
- Sources are limited on this route compared to the others (Ibn Battuta was the first person to go from north of the Sahara and back and write about it and he died in 1369)
- The goods being traded along this route are simple: Salt, Gold, Slaves
- This area will become overwhelmingly Islmaic due to their trading partners across the desert
- Timbuktu is your major trade city to know. It was the Sub-Saharan center of knowledge and culture for centuries.

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###### tags: `AP World` `Unit 2`