# 1.3 - Developments in South and Southeast Asia.

## Essential Question
How did various beliefs and practices in South and Southeast Asia affect the development of states.

## Earlier than 1200
India after 1550 is going to be the end of the Gupta empire. The golden age of the Indian Empire, the last time India was united under 1 rule for nearly 1500 years.

> Heterodox population - Not the orthadox but a mix of different cultures and differs from the main way.

Arab merchants had been trading with India since the very early days.

Arab merchants had been trading with India for years, establishing trading communities in India.
- Port city of Cambay

## Political Structures in South Asia
Only occasionally united as a single state. usually having many regional governments. Northern and southern India have very different political structures.

- Southern India
- Vijayanagara Empire(1336-1646)
- More Stable
- Northern India
- Rajput Kingdoms
- Hindu kingdoms led by leaders of numerous clans who were often at war with one another.
- Lack of centralization made everyone vulnerable to attack.
- Can be picked off one by one.
- Himalayas protected from attack
- Some passes allowed for Muslim attack.

## The Delhi Sultanate
As the Gupta Empire falls, Islamic forces take Dehli and much of southern Asia. In the long run, they can not take over all of the land.

Still long rnning interactions inetween Islam and Hinduism. Some accepted, others resented.

- Tax on non-muslim expect people of the book, but Hinduism has so many gods.

Never organized an efficient bureaucracy?? to control the land like Chia. Was still mostly a regional government. The sultan relied on the cooperation of Hindu kings.
- One of the reasons that they don't take over all of the subcontinent is having to fight the mongols.

The Sultanate prevented the Mongols from South Asia and succeeded! They are still weakedne by attacks however.

## Religion in South Asia
Mahmud of Ghazni - Raiding party to plunder India but not conquer it.

> Prostezly - Attempting to convert someone to another religion.

THey were trying to push equity, attracting low level hindus. Unlike muslim where everyone was seen as equal. This would attract people in the low level social structure in Hinduism.

Largest number of converts would be from Buddhism, raisin temples to the ground, onverting many to Islam.

## Social Structures in South Asia
Did very little to change the social structure because the caste system is too strong.

Muslim merchants and migriants would be able ti find a place within the system by making their own guild like sub-caste system.

Women continue to lose their Social Standing.

## Cultural Interactions in South Asia
The islamic world got math, mostly geometry, from India. Arabic numerals were gained from india but labeled as Arabic when the Europens interacted with Arabs.
New languages were developed such as Urda, a blending of multiple languages. The rise of the Bhakti movemtn, trying to bring Islam and India together.
- Spiritual belifs that could be shared between Hinduism and Islam.

## Non Traditional and Spreading Religion
Some practivers of both Islam and Hinduism became less tradtional, trying to bring people together some ideas would be come tangled or mishapen.

Sufis - Islam

- Emphasis introspection to grasp truths that they believed could not be understood through learning
- may have been a response to the massive luxury and wealth of the Caliphate
- Missionaries played a large role in spreading the religion especially East

Bhakti - Hindu
- Also appealed to people outside the tradition
- Less strict adherence to beliefs

## Southeast Asia
Strongly influenced by south asia, important for trade and merchants had lots of contact with SE Asia throughout the years so lots of shared knowledge.

Important for trade, controlled sea routes.

Had very successful agriculture output with great irrigation and drainage. The drainage would be from monsoons which would reduce flooding.

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###### tags: `AP World` `Unit 1`