**What are surfactants?** *The compound that lower the surface tension between two phases, like between two liquids, a gas and a liquid, or a liquid and a solid are called surface-active agent or surfactant.* In aqueous solutions surfactants behave like organic compounds that are amphiphilic, meaning they contain both hydrophobic groups (their tails) and hydrophilic groups (their heads). The arrangement of the hydrophilic head is at the interface of water and the hydrophobic groups aligns toward oil. Therefore, a surfactant contains both a water-insoluble (or oil-soluble) component and a water-soluble component. Surfactants will diffuse in water and adsorb at interfaces between air and water or at the interface between oil and water, in the case where water is blended with oil. This property allows surfactants to act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. Many important surfactants include a polyether chain terminating in a polar anionic group. The polyether groups often comprise ethoxylated (polyethylene oxide-like) sequences inserted to increase the hydrophilic character of a surfactant. Polypropylene oxides conversely, may be inserted to increase the lipophilic character of a surfactant. Surfactant molecules have either one tail or two; those with two tails are said to be double-chained. Surfactant classification according to the composition of their head falls under nonionic, anionic, cationic, and amphoteric. A nonionic surfactant has no charged groups in its head. The head of an ionic surfactant carries a net positive, or negative charge. If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more specifically called anionic; if the charge is positive, it is called cationic. If a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed zwitterionic. Zwitterionic or amphoteric surfactants have both cationic and anionic centers attached to the same molecule. Two major [surfactants](https://****www.esteem-india.com/What-makes-a-surfactant.php), are linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and the alkyl phenol ethoxylates (APE). anionic surfactants contain anionic functional groups at their head, such as sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, and carboxylates. Prominent alkyl sulfates include sodium lauryl sulfate (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SLS, or SDS), and the related alkyl-ether sulfates sodium laureth sulfate (sodium lauryl ether sulfate or SLES), and sodium myreth sulfate. Nonionic surfactants have covalently bonded oxygen-containing hydrophilic groups, which are bonded to hydrophobic parent structures. The water-solubility of the oxygen groups is the result of hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding decreases with increasing temperature, and the water solubility of nonionic surfactants therefore decreases with increasing temperature. The characteristic feature of cloud point (CP) of nonionic surfactants is the temperature at which the surfactant separates out from an aqueous solution due to the weakening of hydrogen bonds between the surfactant and water molecules. Nonionic surfactants are less sensitive to water hardness than anionic surfactants, and they foam less strongly. Most anionic and nonionic surfactants are nontoxic, having LD50 comparable to sodium chloride. The toxicity of quaternary ammonium compounds, which are antibacterial and antifungal, varies. Prolonged exposure to surfactants can irritate and damage the skin because surfactants disrupt the lipid membrane that protects skin and other cells. Skin irritancy generally increases in the series nonionic, amphoteric, anionic, cationic surfactants.
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Process Of Emulsification. An emulsifier is an additive which helps two liquids mix. For example, equal amounts of water and oil when poured in a glass tend to separate after some time, but adding an emulsifier will help these liquids mix. This process of mixing two immiscible phases like oil and water using an additive to form one phase after mixing is called emulsification. Two liquids can form different types of emulsions. For example, oil and water can form, first, an oil-in-water emulsion, in which the oil is the dispersed phase, and water is the continuous phase. Secondly, when water is the dispersed phase and oil is the continuous phase they can form a water-in-oil emulsion.Basically an emulsifier consists of two parts one is a hydrophilic head (simply called water-loving) and the other a hydrophobic (or oil-loving) tail. The hydrophilic head being water loving associates with the aqueous phase. While the hydrophobic tail being water repellent associates more towards the oil phase (see figure 2). Accordingly, the emulsifier envelopes the water or oil molecules and improves the solubility of each other giving stable emulsions. Stable emulsions need the use of functional emulsifiers, to stabilize the suspension of small droplets (of either water or oil depending on the type of emulsion desired) and prevent them from coalescing to larger droplets. The reduction of interfacial area is the driving force for coalescence, which can reduce the thermodynamic energy level of the entire system. Therefore, emulsifiers create a physical barrier to prevent these small droplets from coming together. The emulsifier positions itself at the interfaces of oil/water or air/water depending on its structure. Then the reduction of the surface tension, has a stabilising effect on the emulsion.

4/17/2023
Application Lauryl alcohol Ethoxylate?

The natural source and biodegradable nature of lauryl alcohol ethoxylates prompts their use in shampoo and liquid detergent formulations for personal care segments. Several lauryl alcohol ethoxylate find use in personal care and cosmetics as emulsifiers in creams, cleansing agents in shampoos and liquid detergents, solubilizers for fragrances. lauryl alcohol ethoxylate function as a foaming agent in personal care products such as shampoos and bath gels as it reduces the surface tension in liquid. The effective wetting property of lauryl alcohol ethoxylates finds use in household cleaning products including detergents, laundry pre-spotters and hard surface cleaners. While in industrial settings like textile and leather processing the wetting property effectively helps, reduce surface tension.

9/14/2022
Glycerol monostearate uses

Glycerol monostearate or monostearin, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods. Chemically it is the monoglycerol ester of stearic acid. Glyceryl stearate is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent, an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents a protective coating for hygroscopic powders, a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals, and a resin lubricant. Glyceryl stearate is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products. It is generally a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic.

9/13/2022
**What are surfactants?**

The compound that lower the surface tension between two phases, like between two liquids, a gas and a liquid, or a liquid and a solid are called surface-active agent or surfactant. In aqueous solutions surfactants behave like organic compounds that are amphiphilic, meaning they contain both hydrophobic groups (their tails) and hydrophilic groups (their heads). The arrangement of the hydrophilic head is at the interface of water and the hydrophobic groups aligns toward oil. Therefore, a surfactant contains both a water-insoluble (or oil-soluble) component and a water-soluble component. Surfactants will diffuse in water and adsorb at interfaces between air and water or at the interface between oil and water, in the case where water is blended with oil. This property allows surfactants to act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. Many important surfactants include a polyether chain terminating in a polar anionic group. The polyether groups often comprise ethoxylated (polyethylene oxide-like) sequences inserted to increase the hydrophilic character of a surfactant. Polypropylene oxides conversely, may be inserted to increase the lipophilic character of a surfactant. Surfactant molecules have either one tail or two; those with two tails are said to be double-chained. Surfactant classification according to the composition of their head falls under nonionic, anionic, cationic, and amphoteric. A nonionic surfactant has no charged groups in its head. The head of an ionic surfactant carries a net positive, or negative charge. If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more specifically called anionic; if the charge is positive, it is called cationic. If a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed zwitterionic. Zwitterionic or amphoteric surfactants have both cationic and anionic centers attached to the same molecule. Two major surfactants, are linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and the alkyl phenol ethoxylates (APE). anionic surfactants contain anionic functional groups at their head, such as sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, and carboxylates. Prominent alkyl sulfates include sodium lauryl sulfate (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SLS, or SDS), and the related alkyl-ether sulfates sodium laureth sulfate (sodium lauryl ether sulfate or SLES), and sodium myreth sulfate. Nonionic surfactants have covalently bonded oxygen-containing hydrophilic groups, which are bonded to hydrophobic parent structures. The water-solubility of the oxygen groups is the result of hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding decreases with increasing temperature, and the water solubility of nonionic surfactants therefore decreases with increasing temperature. The characteristic feature of cloud point (CP) of nonionic surfactants is the temperature at which the surfactant separates out from an aqueous solution due to the weakening of hydrogen bonds between the surfactant and water molecules. Nonionic surfactants are less sensitive to water hardness than anionic surfactants, and they foam less strongly. Most anionic and nonionic surfactants are nontoxic, having LD50 comparable to sodium chloride. The toxicity of quaternary ammonium compounds, which are antibacterial and antifungal, varies. Prolonged exposure to surfactants can irritate and damage the skin because surfactants disrupt the lipid membrane that protects skin and other cells. Skin irritancy generally increases in the series nonionic, amphoteric, anionic, cationic surfactants.

9/13/2022
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