<h1>Chapter 2. Control statements and preprocessor</h1>

# Conditional statements <!-- 1. Numeroinnin voi toteuttaa jälkeenpäin -->

## If-statement <!-- 1.1. -->

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    printf("Program starts.\n");

    int firstInput;
    int secondInput;

    /* Asking user for two inputs of type integer */
    printf("Give an integer: ");
    scanf("%d", &firstInput);
    printf("Give second integer: ");
    scanf("%d", &secondInput);

    /* Doing conditional check for input equality */
    if(firstInput==secondInput) {
        printf("Inputs are equal.\n");
    } else if(firstInput>secondInput) {
        printf("First is greater than second.\n");
    } else if(firstInput<secondInput) {
        printf("Second is greater than first.\n");
    } else {
        printf("Something went wrong.\n");
    }
    /* This program is missing a check for user input variable type */
    printf("Program stops.\n");
    return(0);
}

Nested if-statements are hard to debug with poor indetation.

## Switch cases <!-- 1.2. -->

#include <stdio.h>
    
int main(void) {
    printf("Program starts.\n");
    int choice;
    printf("Choose a number (1-3): ");
    scanf("%d", &choice);
    
    switch (choice) {
        case 1:
            printf("You chose 1.\n");
            break;
        case 2:
            printf("You chose 2.\n");
            break;
        case 3:
            printf("You chose 3.\n");
            break;
        default:
            printf("Unknown input.\n");
            break;
    }
    printf("Program stops.\n");
    return(0);
}

Switch case syntax is very similar to python. Notice that the cases do not end in } or ; this is very rare in C.

## Ternary operation <!-- 1.3. -->

C offers alot of ways to compress code. For example an if-statement can be written on one line using ternary operator.

Ternary operation syntax:

`result = (condition) ? value_if_true : value if_false`{.clike}

In the example below, 3 variables are initialized as an integer. Then the last integer value is decided in ternary operation.

#include <stdio.h>
    
int main(void) {
    int number1 = 2, number2 = 13, bigger;
    bigger = (number1 > number2) ? number1 : number2; /* After ? cases are true : false*/ 
    printf("The bigger number is %d.\n", bigger);
    return(0);
}

**Example program run:**

The bigger number is 13.

Here we compare `number1` and `number2`. Based on if its true or false we choose

# Repetition structures <!-- 2. -->

## While structure <!-- 2.1 -->

While loops don't require loop counts but is still required the programmer to choose how the loop ends.

#include <stdio.h>
    
int main(void) {
    printf("Program starts.\n");
    int loops = 5, loopCount = 0;
    while (loops > loopCount) {
        printf("Current loop number is: %d!\n", loopCount);
        loopCount++;
    }
    printf("Program stops.\n");
    return(0);
}

**Example program run:**

Program starts.
Current loop number is: 0.
Current loop number is: 1.
Current loop number is: 2.
Current loop number is: 3.
Current loop number is: 4.
Program stops.

## For structure <!-- 2.2 -->

Works exactly the same way as in python but syntax is closer to JavaScript.

#include <stdio.h>
    
int main(void) {
    int i = 0;
    printf("Program starts.\n");
    for (i = 0; i <= 10; i++) {
        printf("%d ", i);
    }
    printf("\nProgram stops.\n");
    return(0);
}

**Example program run:**

Program starts.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
Program stops.

## Do-while structure <!-- 2.3 -->

This is a new one that is not found in python.

#include <stdio.h>
    
int main(void) {
    int stop = 5, start = 10;
    printf("Program starts.\n");
    printf("Do runs atleast once.\n");
    
    do {
        if (stop < start) {
            printf("Stop is already less than start:\n");
        }
        printf("Stop: %d and start: %d\n", stop, start);
        start++;
    } while (start < stop);
    printf("Program stops.\n");
    return(0);
}

**Example program run:**

Program starts.
Do runs atleast once.
Stop is allready less than start:
Stop: 5 and start: 10
Program stops.

Do-while is best used for checking a condition and doing loops after. Even tough the example numbers are already twice larger it still runs it once.

# Other control commands (return,continue,break,goto) <!-- 3. -->

C has the familiar return, continue and break commands from python and a new one goto. Pass command is not found in c.

#include <stdio.h>
    
int main(void) {
    int start = 30, end = 100;
    printf("Program starts.\n");
    do {    
        start++;
        /* Check parity and continue */
        if (start % 2 != 0) {
            printf("Odd number, going for a new loop...\n");
            continue;
        }
        /* Substract 42 */
        if (start - 42 != 0) {
            printf("The difference is %d\n", start - 42);
        } else { 
        /* Break when start is 42 */
            printf("Found 42!\n");
            break;
        }
    } while (start < end);
    printf("Program stops.\n");
    return(0);
}

**Example program run:**

Program starts.
Odd number, lets continue...
The difference is -10
Odd number, lets continue...
The difference is -8
Odd number, lets continue...
The difference is -6
Odd number, lets continue...
The difference is -4
Odd number, lets continue...
The difference is -2
Odd number, lets continue...
Found 42!
Program stops.

Why goto is bad?

Goto statement lets you skip to a certain part of your program. This leads to spaghetti code. You might run into it when handling legacy code.

# Preprocessors <!-- 4. -->

Most common preprocessors are `include`, `define` and `if-endif` statements. These statements start with a `#` (hashtag). They can be used for example in minimizing the memory requirements, maximizing the runtime or enabling debugging in a program.

## Include <!-- 4.1. -->

Include command is used to import libraries into your program. The most common imported library is `stdio.h` which contains basic numerical and printing functions.

<h4>Common C-libraries</h4>

| Library | Functionality |
| -------- | -------- |
| stdlib.h | Type convertion, memory management and system commands |
| time.h | Time and date functions |
| math.h | Mathematical functions |
| string.h | String handling functions |

## Define <!-- 4.2. -->

Define is essentially complicated version of constants from other programming languages. There constant are defined using ``#define name value`` syntax.

These constant are string literals meaning the preprocessor replaces the given string with their values.

#define TRUE 1

Example use is to give ``TRUE`` the value of ``1``.

#include <stdio.h>

#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
#define NUMBER 1234
int main(void) {
    int a = TRUE;
    int b = 0;
    printf("%d\n", NUMBER);
    if (a == TRUE) {
    printf("a is TRUE even as an integer!\n");
    }
    if (b == FALSE) {
    printf("It also works the otherway around.\n");
    }
    return(0);
}

**Example program run:**

1234
a is TRUE even as an integer!
It also works the otherway around.

## if-endif <!-- 4.3. -->

These are used for excluding certain pieces of code from the final program run. Basicly the same way as commenting out code but more useful.

#if 0
/* These are visible in sourcecode. 
* Preprocessor deletes between if 0 and endif from the users view.
* Rows can be made visible by making the if 0 to if 1.
*/
#endif

There is also a ``ìfndef`` (if not defined) which is basicly used to set a default value for a variable

// By leaving NUMBER undefined ifndef get triggered and gives it value of 10
#ifndef NUMBER
#define NUMBER 10
#endif