# Really English Academic ## Telephone ### What effect did the difficulty in communicating cause hundreds of years ago? 正解は It helped villages keep their own character.（村々が独自性を維持できる要因になっていた）です。 ### When people first began to use the telephone, how was this different from using the phone today? 正解は You could only make calls from certain public buildings.（特定の公共の建物からのみ、電話をかけることができた）です。 ### How did the telephone change social communication? 正解は People realized it was useful to communicate without waiting.（人々は、待つことなく連絡を取り合うことが便利だと気付いた）です。 ### What effect did the telephone have on the world of work? 正解は Businesses could sell to more people in different places.（企業はさまざまな場所で、より多くの人に対して販売することが可能になった）です ### The telephone was especially important for women because ... 正解は it gave them an opportunity to get a job（彼女たちに仕事を得る機会を与えた）です。 ### The introduction of the cell phone helped society because people could now ... 正解は give faster and better help in emergencies.（緊急時により迅速に、より優れた支援をする）です。 ### What effect has the cell phone had on the economy? 正解は Many jobs have been created around the world.（世界中で多くの仕事が創出された）です。 ### Women may use smartphones more than men because ... 正解は they usually use more details and questions when they communicate.（通常、彼女たちは、コミュニケーションの中で、より詳細な情報や質問を交わす）です。 ### What effect will the next smartphone developments have on our lives? 正解は We should have easier lives than now.（今よりももっと楽な生活をしているはずだ）です。 ### How has the telephone resulted in economic growth? 正解は Companies have been able to work more effectively.（企業はより効率的にビジネスができるようになった）です。 ## pirates ### According to the text, the usual meaning of "piracy" is … 正解は taking something from a boat.（ボートから何かを奪うこと）です。 ### Who had the most power in the Americas around four hundred years ago? 正解は Spain（スペイン）です。 ### What happened to the privateers after 1713? 正解は They lost their jobs.（彼らは職を失った）です ### What is NOT mentioned as something Caribbean pirates stole? 正解は Food and drink（食べ物と飲み物）です。 ### If a pirate lost part of their body in a conflict, they would … 正解は receive some money.（幾らかの収入を得る）です。 ### What is NOT mentioned as something you might see on a pirate in a novel? 正解は Funny clothes（奇妙な服装）です。 ### How many boats have experienced problems with Somali pirates? 正解は At least a few hundred（少なくとも数百隻）です。 ### What does the writer mention as one reason why Nigeria has so many poor people? 正解は Foreign businesses（外国の企業）です。 ### According to the writer, who might not consider that taking from others is always a crime? 正解は People with money（お金を持っている人たち）です。 ### What is NOT mentioned as an item that was taken from the African and American continents? 正解は Animals（動物）です。 ## ideas in education ### Why does the writer say a good education is important? 正解は It's hard to find work without one. ### How/Where did Maria Montessori get the idea for the Montessori method? 正解は From children's natural interest in things ### What's unusual about young Montessori students? 正解は They make their own learning choices. ### What does the teacher do in Montessori classes? 正解は Tries to understand what motivates students ### What helps older Montessori students understand things better? 正解は Teaching younger students（年下の生徒を教えること）です。 ### What might a Waldorf pre-school student do? 正解は Tell the class a story（クラスの児童たちに物語を話す）です。 ### How could you describe Waldorf classrooms? 正解は Teacher-centered（教師が中心）です。 ### What do Montessori high school students focus on? 正解は Getting real-life skills and experience（実生活に必要な技能と経験を身に付けること）です。 ### What can you say about high school at Waldorf? 正解は The emphasis is on studying academic subjects. ### What's the author's final opinion about Waldorf and Montessori? 正解は They might get the same results in different ways ## Murals ### Mexican artists painted street murals because the government wanted ... 正解は people to meet and do things together. ### Why did the American cities allow artists to paint street murals? 正解は To make the streets more beautiful ### Why was Diego Rivera special and different? 正解は He could paint in many different ways. ### Rivera never finished his mural "Man at the Crossroads" because he ... 正解は didn't want to make a change to the painting. ### What is the main theme of Rivera's mural "Man, Controller of the Universe"? 正解は Politics（政治）です。 ### What do Rivera and Baca have in common? 正解は They both wanted everyone to see their murals. ### How do artists in different countries paint the "World Wall"? 正解は They each make their own part of the painting. ### Why did Judith Baca choose the idea of a "World Wall" for a mural? 正解は To improve the lives of people ### What is the problem with many outdoor murals? 正解は The cold weather makes the paint come off the walls. ### With new technology, murals can ... 正解は be touched and parts can be moved ## Laughter ### Which of the following feelings is shown in a different way across countries? 正解は Being happy about winning something（何かを得て幸福を感じること）です。 ### Why do we feel like we lose our strength when we laugh? 正解は Laughing affects our muscles. ### Why do apes groom each other? 正解は To make friendships（友好関係を築くため）です。 ### How do monkeys groom each other? 正解は In groups of two（2 頭の組で）です。 ### Why are human social groups bigger than ape and monkey groups? 正解は Humans can bond with more than one person at the same time. ### Why is it good for a couple to laugh together? 正解は It makes their relationship stronger. ### What do people mostly laugh at? 正解は Things that are not funny（面白くないこと）です。 ### Why do people pretend to laugh? 正解は To bond with the other person（他者と絆を深めるため）です。 ### When the two types of not-funny situations happen at the same time, it results in something that ... 正解は makes you laugh（人を笑わせる）です。 ### How does Professor Jaak Panksepp know that rats laugh? 正解は They produce a known laughter chemical. ## Adulthood ### Which of these factors is NOT mentioned as a way of deciding if someone is an adult in Western countries? 正解は Voting in elections（選挙で投票する）です。 ### "Initiation rites" are used ... 正解は to test whether teenagers are ready to be adults ### What is NOT true about the traditional Aboriginal "walkabout"? 正解は It is done by older teenagers ### How do the Maasai people equip boys with the skills they need to be adults? 正解は They make them experience pain ### When Maasai boys return from initiation, they ... 正解は sometimes have their hair removed ### During their initiation, boys of the Xavante people of Brazil ... 正解は are watched very carefully by adults ### In parts of Uganda, initiation ceremonies ... 正解は often involve girls showing they can deal with pain ### In parts of Peru, girls in initiation ceremonies ... 正解は are taught what their duties as an adult will be ### In the South American "quinceañera", ... 正解は many actions and objects have a special meaning ### What does the writer say about initiations in the final paragraph? 正解は Young people who have been through initiation feel lucky compared to Western children ## Mutualism ### Which statement is TRUE about "mutualism"? 正解は The two species behave in a different way to normal. ### The rhino lets the oxpecker near its eyes and ears. This tells us that ... 正解は the cleaning service is important to the rhino. ### How do the plover and Nile crocodile benefit from their partnership? 正解は The partnership is probably not real so they don't benefit. ### Which fact do scientists want to find out about the partnership of shrimps and gobies? 正解は How the partnerships start（パートナーシップがどのように始まるか）です。 ### Why haven't all types of clownfish got a thick layer to cover their skin? 正解は Only the clownfish who live in anemones need the thick layer. ### What does the writer say about "cleaning stations"? 正解は Larger fish know their teeth can be cleaned in these. ### What does the writer say about dogs? 正解は Dogs can perform quite a lot of useful roles. ### The statistics in the text tell us that … 正解は one in four UK households have at least one dog. ### What is the main benefit to humans of interacting with a pet dog? 正解は The dog provides a kind of friendship. ### What are the most common benefits from mutualism in nature? 正解は Cleaning and protection（掃除と保護）です。 ## The Darien project ### What did Paterson plan to do first? 正解は Build a town in Panama. ### What does the writer imply about Scots' investment? 正解は The size and speed of the investment was surprising. ### Why did some people want to be colonists? 正解は They didn't have enough food to eat or sell. ### What was one of the first problems the settlers had when they arrived? 正解は There were lots of insects. ### What problem did the settlers have in the early days? 正解は They didn't have enough to eat. ### Why did a second group go to Darien? 正解は They had had positive reports from the settlers ### What did the Spanish do in Darien? 正解は They set fire to the first settlers' homes. ### What happened to the settlers in the end? 正解は People criticized them for not succeeding. ### What was the state of international relations when the Darien project failed? 正解は Scotland wanted help from the English. ### What was the end result of the project's failure? 正解は Scotland and England joined to form one country.