---
# System prepended metadata

title: Coref annotation paradigms and edge cases.

---

# Coref annotation paradigms and edge cases.

## Ontonotes annotation details

### Identical references (IDENT)

- For example, in “She had a good suggestion and it was unanimously accepted”, we mark a case of IDENT coreference (identical reference) between “a good suggestion” and “it”, which then allows correct interpretation of the subject argument of the “accepted” predicate.

### Verb coreferenced with a NP
- Verbs that are coreferenced with a noun phrase can also be marked as IDENT; for example “grew” and “the strong growth” would be linked in the following case: “Sales of passenger cars grew 22%. The strong growth followed year-to-year increases.”

### Only intra-document anaphoric coreferences are marked

- In order to keep the annotation feasible at high agreement levels, only intra-document anaphoric coreference is being marked.

### Generic NPs are not annotated
- noun phrases that are generic, underspecified, or abstract are not annotated

### Attributive NPs are not annotated
- For example, in “New York is a large city”, the connection between New York and the attributive NP “a large city”

### Appositive constructions are marked with special labels
- For example, in “Washington, the capital city, is on the East coast”, we annotate an appositive link between Washington (marked as HEAD) and “the capital city” (marked as ATTRIBUTE).

## [A Typology of Near-Identity Relations for Coreference](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=AC6299ADB74FE60664AB9053908411E9?doi=10.1.1.165.7276&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
- It's difficult to decide when two referring expressions refer to the 'same' entity/event. This is difficult because identity is never adequately defined.
- Paper proposes a middle ground between identity and non-identity called 'near-identity'(NIDENT). They propose that there are **15 types**
- Idea:
    - select some NIDENTs  from this paper and treat them as IDENTs. 


## Example Ideas:
- `New York is a large city`
    - **Annotation**: No annotations should be made. as 'is a large city is a attributive NP'
- `Washington, the capital city, is on the East coast`
    - **Annotation**: Though Ontonotes has a special case for appositive constructions, to make the task easier for turkers, we can just say that "Washington" and "the capital city" refer to the same discorse entity.
- `Sales of passenger cars grew 22%. The strong growth followed year-to-year increases.`
    - **Annotation**: The verb "grew" and the NP "The strong growth" constructed from (NP --> NP VP) refer to the same discourse entity.
