- linyu0425·Last edited by linyu0425 on Nov 28, 2023Linked with GitHubContributed by
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Assignment2: GNU Toolchain
contributed by <linyu425>
Choose a Question
- Problem: I chose the Convert RGB image into grayscale by using RV32I ISA from 張正德
- Motivation: Because his topic also applies to problem C, and the grayscale image conversion is interesting.
The origin code
C code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
void swap(int32_t *x, int32_t *y){
int32_t t = *y;
*y = *x;
*x = t;
return;
}
static inline int32_t getbit(int32_t value, int n)
{
return (value >> n) & 1;
}
/* int32 multiply */
int32_t imul32(int32_t a, int32_t b)
{
int32_t r = 0;
while(b != 0){
if (b & 1){
r += a;
}
b = b >> 1;
r = r >> 1;
}
r = r << 1;
return r;
}
uint32_t count_leading_zeros(uint32_t x) {
x |= (x >> 1);
x |= (x >> 2);
x |= (x >> 4);
x |= (x >> 8);
x |= (x >> 16);
/* count ones (population count) */
x -= ((x >> 1) & 0x55555555);
x = ((x >> 2) & 0x33333333) + (x & 0x33333333);
x = ((x >> 4) + x) & 0x0F0F0F0F;
x += (x >> 8);
x += (x >> 16);
return (32 - (x & 0x7F));
}
float unsigned_fadd32(float a,float b){
int32_t ia = *(int32_t *)&a, ib = *(int32_t *)&b;
int32_t a_tmp = ia & 0x7FFFFFFF;
int32_t b_tmp = ib & 0x7FFFFFFF;
if (a_tmp < b_tmp)
swap(&ia, &ib);
/* mantissa */
int32_t ma = ia & 0x7FFFFF | 0x800000;
int32_t mb = ib & 0x7FFFFF | 0x800000;
/* exponent */
int32_t ea = (ia >> 23) & 0xFF;
int32_t eb = (ib >> 23) & 0xFF;
int32_t align = (ea - eb > 24) ? 24 : (ea - eb);
mb >>= align;
if ((ia ^ ib) >> 31) {
ma -= mb;
} else {
ma += mb;
}
int32_t clz = count_leading_zeros(ma);
int32_t shift = 0;
if (clz <= 8) {
shift = 8 - clz;
ma >>= shift;
ea += shift;
} else {
shift = clz - 8;
ma <<= shift;
ea -= shift;
}
int32_t r = ia & 0x80000000 | ea << 23 | ma & 0x7FFFFF;
return *(float *) &r;
}
/* float32 multiply */
float fmul32(float a, float b)
{
int32_t ia = *(int32_t *) &a, ib = *(int32_t *) &b;
/* sign */
int sa = ia >> 31;
int sb = ib >> 31;
/* mantissa */
int32_t ma = (ia & 0x7FFFFF) | 0x800000;
int32_t mb = (ib & 0x7FFFFF) | 0x800000;
/* exponent */
int32_t ea = ((ia >> 23) & 0xFF);
int32_t eb = ((ib >> 23) & 0xFF);
/* 'r' = result */
int32_t mrtmp = imul32(ma, mb);
int mshift = getbit(mrtmp, 24);
int32_t mr = mrtmp >> mshift;
int32_t ertmp = ea + eb - 127;
// int32_t er = mshift ? inc(ertmp) : ertmp;
int32_t er = mshift + ertmp;
int sr = sa ^ sb;
int32_t r = (sr << 31) | ((er & 0xFF) << 23) | (mr & 0x7FFFFF);
return *(float *) &r;
}
int main(){
float image[3][3][3] = {{{0.90251149,0.03265091,0.8831173},{0.2139775,0.0737501,0.0399187},{0.21527551,0.8881527,0.7846363}},
{{0.938326,0.64254336,0.0461617},{0.1413221,0.3307385,0.2508785},{0.3833867,0.689476,0.41071482}},
{{0.8925364,0.1480669,0.6812473},{0.9288288,0.23190344,0.3070017},{0.6414362,0.34707349,0.5142535}}};
float grayscale_image[3][3];
for(int i=0;i<3;i=i+1){
for(int j=0;j<3;j=j+1){
grayscale_image[i][j] = unsigned_fadd32(unsigned_fadd32(fmul32(image[i][j][0], 0.299) , fmul32(image[i][j][1], 0.587)) , fmul32(image[i][j][2], 0.114));
}
}
for(int i=0;i<3;i=i+1){
for(int j=0;j<3;j=j+1){
printf("%f ",grayscale_image[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
Modified code
Modified C code
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
extern uint64_t get_cycles();
extern uint64_t get_instret();
void swap(int32_t *x, int32_t *y){
int32_t t = *y;
*y = *x;
*x = t;
return;
}
static inline int32_t getbit(int32_t value, int n)
{
return (value >> n) & 1;
}
/* int32 multiply */
int32_t imul32(int32_t a, int32_t b)
{
int32_t r = 0;
while(b != 0){
if (b & 1){
r += a;
}
b = b >> 1;
r = r >> 1;
}
r = r << 1;
return r;
}
uint32_t count_leading_zeros(uint32_t x) {
x |= (x >> 1);
x |= (x >> 2);
x |= (x >> 4);
x |= (x >> 8);
x |= (x >> 16);
/* count ones (population count) */
x -= ((x >> 1) & 0x55555555);
x = ((x >> 2) & 0x33333333) + (x & 0x33333333);
x = ((x >> 4) + x) & 0x0F0F0F0F;
x += (x >> 8);
x += (x >> 16);
return (32 - (x & 0x7F));
}
float unsigned_fadd32(float a,float b){
int32_t ia = *(int32_t *)&a, ib = *(int32_t *)&b;
int32_t a_tmp = ia & 0x7FFFFFFF;
int32_t b_tmp = ib & 0x7FFFFFFF;
if (a_tmp < b_tmp)
swap(&ia, &ib);
/* mantissa */
int32_t ma = ia & 0x7FFFFF | 0x800000;
int32_t mb = ib & 0x7FFFFF | 0x800000;
/* exponent */
int32_t ea = (ia >> 23) & 0xFF;
int32_t eb = (ib >> 23) & 0xFF;
int32_t align = (ea - eb > 24) ? 24 : (ea - eb);
mb >>= align;
if ((ia ^ ib) >> 31) {
ma -= mb;
} else {
ma += mb;
}
int32_t clz = count_leading_zeros(ma);
int32_t shift = 0;
if (clz <= 8) {
shift = 8 - clz;
ma >>= shift;
ea += shift;
} else {
shift = clz - 8;
ma <<= shift;
ea -= shift;
}
int32_t r = ia & 0x80000000 | ea << 23 | ma & 0x7FFFFF;
return *(float *) &r;
}
/* float32 multiply */
float fmul32(float a, float b)
{
int32_t ia = *(int32_t *) &a, ib = *(int32_t *) &b;
/* sign */
int sa = ia >> 31;
int sb = ib >> 31;
/* mantissa */
int32_t ma = (ia & 0x7FFFFF) | 0x800000;
int32_t mb = (ib & 0x7FFFFF) | 0x800000;
/* exponent */
int32_t ea = ((ia >> 23) & 0xFF);
int32_t eb = ((ib >> 23) & 0xFF);
/* 'r' = result */
int32_t mrtmp = imul32(ma, mb);
int mshift = getbit(mrtmp, 24);
int32_t mr = mrtmp >> mshift;
int32_t ertmp = ea + eb - 127;
// int32_t er = mshift ? inc(ertmp) : ertmp;
int32_t er = mshift + ertmp;
int sr = sa ^ sb;
int32_t r = (sr << 31) | ((er & 0xFF) << 23) | (mr & 0x7FFFFF);
return *(float *) &r;
}
/*
* Taken from the Sparkle-suite which is a collection of lightweight symmetric
* cryptographic algorithms currently in the final round of the NIST
* standardization effort.
* See https://sparkle-lwc.github.io/
*/
#define WORDS 12
#define ROUNDS 7
int main(void)
{
unsigned int state[WORDS] = {0};
/* measure cycles */
uint64_t instret = get_instret();
uint64_t oldcount = get_cycles();
float image[3][3][3] = {{{0.90251149,0.03265091,0.8831173},{0.2139775,0.0737501,0.0399187},{0.21527551,0.8881527,0.7846363}},
{{0.938326,0.64254336,0.0461617},{0.1413221,0.3307385,0.2508785},{0.3833867,0.689476,0.41071482}},
{{0.8925364,0.1480669,0.6812473},{0.9288288,0.23190344,0.3070017},{0.6414362,0.34707349,0.5142535}}};
float grayscale_image[3][3];
for(int i=0;i<3;i=i+1){
for(int j=0;j<3;j=j+1){
grayscale_image[i][j] = unsigned_fadd32(unsigned_fadd32(fmul32(image[i][j][0], 0.299) , fmul32(image[i][j][1], 0.587)) , fmul32(image[i][j][2], 0.114));
}
}
for(int i=0;i<3;i=i+1){
for(int j=0;j<3;j=j+1){
printf("%f ",grayscale_image[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
uint64_t cyclecount = get_cycles() - oldcount;
printf("cycle count: %u\n", (unsigned int) cyclecount);
printf("instret: %x\n", (unsigned) (instret & 0xffffffff));
memset(state, 0, WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
return 0;
}
Compare Assembly Code
O1 Optimized Assembly Code
Assembly Code
000100b0 <main>:
100b0: f2010113 add sp,sp,-224
100b4: 0c112e23 sw ra,220(sp)
100b8: 0b712e23 sw s7,188(sp)
100bc: 0c812c23 sw s0,216(sp)
100c0: 0c912a23 sw s1,212(sp)
100c4: 0d212823 sw s2,208(sp)
100c8: 0d312623 sw s3,204(sp)
100cc: 0d412423 sw s4,200(sp)
100d0: 0d512223 sw s5,196(sp)
100d4: 0d612023 sw s6,192(sp)
100d8: 0b812c23 sw s8,184(sp)
100dc: 0b912a23 sw s9,180(sp)
100e0: 0ba12823 sw s10,176(sp)
100e4: 0bb12623 sw s11,172(sp)
100e8: 248000ef jal 10330 <get_instret>
100ec: 00a12623 sw a0,12(sp)
100f0: 22c000ef jal 1031c <get_cycles>
100f4: 0001c7b7 lui a5,0x1c
100f8: 31478793 add a5,a5,788 # 1c314 <__trunctfdf2+0x5b4>
100fc: 00050b93 mv s7,a0
10100: 03410713 add a4,sp,52
10104: 06478893 add a7,a5,100
10108: 0007a803 lw a6,0(a5)
1010c: 0047a503 lw a0,4(a5)
10110: 0087a583 lw a1,8(a5)
10114: 00c7a603 lw a2,12(a5)
10118: 0107a683 lw a3,16(a5)
1011c: 01072023 sw a6,0(a4)
10120: 00a72223 sw a0,4(a4)
10124: 00b72423 sw a1,8(a4)
10128: 00c72623 sw a2,12(a4)
1012c: 00d72823 sw a3,16(a4)
10130: 01478793 add a5,a5,20
10134: 01470713 add a4,a4,20
10138: fd1798e3 bne a5,a7,10108 <main+0x58>
1013c: f301ad03 lw s10,-208(gp) # 1d740 <__SDATA_BEGIN__+0x68>
10140: 0007a683 lw a3,0(a5)
10144: f341ac83 lw s9,-204(gp) # 1d744 <__SDATA_BEGIN__+0x6c>
10148: 0047a783 lw a5,4(a5)
1014c: f381ac03 lw s8,-200(gp) # 1d748 <__SDATA_BEGIN__+0x70>
10150: 01010993 add s3,sp,16
10154: 00d72023 sw a3,0(a4)
10158: 00f72223 sw a5,4(a4)
1015c: 03410913 add s2,sp,52
10160: 00098a93 mv s5,s3
10164: 00300a13 li s4,3
10168: 000a8b13 mv s6,s5
1016c: 00090413 mv s0,s2
10170: 00000d93 li s11,0
10174: 00042503 lw a0,0(s0)
10178: 000d0593 mv a1,s10
1017c: 001d8d93 add s11,s11,1
10180: 37c000ef jal 104fc <fmul32>
10184: 00050493 mv s1,a0
10188: 00442503 lw a0,4(s0)
1018c: 000c8593 mv a1,s9
10190: 00c40413 add s0,s0,12
10194: 368000ef jal 104fc <fmul32>
10198: 00050593 mv a1,a0
1019c: 00048513 mv a0,s1
101a0: 274000ef jal 10414 <unsigned_fadd32>
101a4: 00050493 mv s1,a0
101a8: ffc42503 lw a0,-4(s0)
101ac: 000c0593 mv a1,s8
101b0: 004b0b13 add s6,s6,4
101b4: 348000ef jal 104fc <fmul32>
101b8: 00050593 mv a1,a0
101bc: 00048513 mv a0,s1
101c0: 254000ef jal 10414 <unsigned_fadd32>
101c4: feab2e23 sw a0,-4(s6)
101c8: fb4d96e3 bne s11,s4,10174 <main+0xc4>
101cc: 02490913 add s2,s2,36
101d0: 0a010793 add a5,sp,160
101d4: 00ca8a93 add s5,s5,12
101d8: f8f918e3 bne s2,a5,10168 <main+0xb8>
101dc: 02498a93 add s5,s3,36
101e0: 0001ca37 lui s4,0x1c
101e4: 00300913 li s2,3
101e8: 00098493 mv s1,s3
101ec: 00000413 li s0,0
101f0: 0004a503 lw a0,0(s1)
101f4: 00140413 add s0,s0,1
101f8: 00448493 add s1,s1,4
101fc: 38c000ef jal 10588 <__extendsfdf2>
10200: 00050613 mv a2,a0
10204: 00058693 mv a3,a1
10208: 010a0513 add a0,s4,16 # 1c010 <__trunctfdf2+0x2b0>
1020c: 06d000ef jal 10a78 <printf>
10210: ff2410e3 bne s0,s2,101f0 <main+0x140>
10214: 00a00513 li a0,10
10218: 00c98993 add s3,s3,12
1021c: 08f000ef jal 10aaa <putchar>
10220: fd5994e3 bne s3,s5,101e8 <main+0x138>
10224: 0f8000ef jal 1031c <get_cycles>
10228: 417505b3 sub a1,a0,s7
1022c: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
10230: 01450513 add a0,a0,20 # 1c014 <__trunctfdf2+0x2b4>
10234: 045000ef jal 10a78 <printf>
10238: 00c12583 lw a1,12(sp)
1023c: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
10240: 02850513 add a0,a0,40 # 1c028 <__trunctfdf2+0x2c8>
10244: 035000ef jal 10a78 <printf>
10248: 0dc12083 lw ra,220(sp)
1024c: 0d812403 lw s0,216(sp)
10250: 0d412483 lw s1,212(sp)
10254: 0d012903 lw s2,208(sp)
10258: 0cc12983 lw s3,204(sp)
1025c: 0c812a03 lw s4,200(sp)
10260: 0c412a83 lw s5,196(sp)
10264: 0c012b03 lw s6,192(sp)
10268: 0bc12b83 lw s7,188(sp)
1026c: 0b812c03 lw s8,184(sp)
10270: 0b412c83 lw s9,180(sp)
10274: 0b012d03 lw s10,176(sp)
10278: 0ac12d83 lw s11,172(sp)
1027c: 00000513 li a0,0
10280: 0e010113 add sp,sp,224
10284: 00008067 ret
00010344 <swap>:
10344: 00052703 lw a4,0(a0)
10348: 0005a783 lw a5,0(a1)
1034c: 00e5a023 sw a4,0(a1)
10350: 00f52023 sw a5,0(a0)
10354: 00008067 ret
00010358 <imul32>:
10358: 02058663 beqz a1,10384 <imul32+0x2c>
1035c: 00000713 li a4,0
10360: 0015f693 and a3,a1,1
10364: 00070793 mv a5,a4
10368: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
1036c: 00068463 beqz a3,10374 <imul32+0x1c>
10370: 00e507b3 add a5,a0,a4
10374: 4017d713 sra a4,a5,0x1
10378: fe0594e3 bnez a1,10360 <imul32+0x8>
1037c: ffe7f513 and a0,a5,-2
10380: 00008067 ret
10384: 00000513 li a0,0
10388: 00008067 ret
0001038c <count_leading_zeros>:
1038c: 00155793 srl a5,a0,0x1
10390: 00a7e533 or a0,a5,a0
10394: 00255793 srl a5,a0,0x2
10398: 00a7e7b3 or a5,a5,a0
1039c: 0047d513 srl a0,a5,0x4
103a0: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
103a4: 00855713 srl a4,a0,0x8
103a8: 00a76733 or a4,a4,a0
103ac: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
103b0: 00e7e7b3 or a5,a5,a4
103b4: 555556b7 lui a3,0x55555
103b8: 0017d713 srl a4,a5,0x1
103bc: 55568693 add a3,a3,1365 # 55555555 <__BSS_END__+0x555377f9>
103c0: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
103c4: 40e787b3 sub a5,a5,a4
103c8: 333336b7 lui a3,0x33333
103cc: 33368693 add a3,a3,819 # 33333333 <__BSS_END__+0x333155d7>
103d0: 0027d713 srl a4,a5,0x2
103d4: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
103d8: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
103dc: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
103e0: 00475793 srl a5,a4,0x4
103e4: 0f0f16b7 lui a3,0xf0f1
103e8: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
103ec: f0f68693 add a3,a3,-241 # f0f0f0f <__BSS_END__+0xf0d31b3>
103f0: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
103f4: 0087d713 srl a4,a5,0x8
103f8: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
103fc: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
10400: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
10404: 07f7f793 and a5,a5,127
10408: 02000513 li a0,32
1040c: 40f50533 sub a0,a0,a5
10410: 00008067 ret
00010414 <unsigned_fadd32>:
10414: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
10418: ff010113 add sp,sp,-16
1041c: fff78793 add a5,a5,-1 # 7fffffff <__BSS_END__+0x7ffe22a3>
10420: 00a7f733 and a4,a5,a0
10424: 00112623 sw ra,12(sp)
10428: 00812423 sw s0,8(sp)
1042c: 00912223 sw s1,4(sp)
10430: 01212023 sw s2,0(sp)
10434: 00b7f7b3 and a5,a5,a1
10438: 0af74463 blt a4,a5,104e0 <unsigned_fadd32+0xcc>
1043c: 00050913 mv s2,a0
10440: 00058693 mv a3,a1
10444: 008005b7 lui a1,0x800
10448: 41795413 sra s0,s2,0x17
1044c: 4176d793 sra a5,a3,0x17
10450: fff58713 add a4,a1,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e22a3>
10454: 0ff47413 zext.b s0,s0
10458: 0ff7f793 zext.b a5,a5
1045c: 00e97633 and a2,s2,a4
10460: 40f407b3 sub a5,s0,a5
10464: 00e6f733 and a4,a3,a4
10468: 01800513 li a0,24
1046c: 00b66633 or a2,a2,a1
10470: 00b76733 or a4,a4,a1
10474: 00f55463 bge a0,a5,1047c <unsigned_fadd32+0x68>
10478: 01800793 li a5,24
1047c: 40f75733 sra a4,a4,a5
10480: 00d946b3 xor a3,s2,a3
10484: 00e604b3 add s1,a2,a4
10488: 0006d463 bgez a3,10490 <unsigned_fadd32+0x7c>
1048c: 40e604b3 sub s1,a2,a4
10490: 00048513 mv a0,s1
10494: ef9ff0ef jal 1038c <count_leading_zeros>
10498: 00800793 li a5,8
1049c: 04a7c863 blt a5,a0,104ec <unsigned_fadd32+0xd8>
104a0: 40a787b3 sub a5,a5,a0
104a4: 40f4d4b3 sra s1,s1,a5
104a8: 00f40433 add s0,s0,a5
104ac: 00949493 sll s1,s1,0x9
104b0: 0094d493 srl s1,s1,0x9
104b4: 01741413 sll s0,s0,0x17
104b8: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
104bc: 00946433 or s0,s0,s1
104c0: 00f97533 and a0,s2,a5
104c4: 00c12083 lw ra,12(sp)
104c8: 00a46533 or a0,s0,a0
104cc: 00812403 lw s0,8(sp)
104d0: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
104d4: 00012903 lw s2,0(sp)
104d8: 01010113 add sp,sp,16
104dc: 00008067 ret
104e0: 00050693 mv a3,a0
104e4: 00058913 mv s2,a1
104e8: f5dff06f j 10444 <unsigned_fadd32+0x30>
104ec: ff850513 add a0,a0,-8
104f0: 00a494b3 sll s1,s1,a0
104f4: 40a40433 sub s0,s0,a0
104f8: fb5ff06f j 104ac <unsigned_fadd32+0x98>
000104fc <fmul32>:
104fc: 008006b7 lui a3,0x800
10500: fff68793 add a5,a3,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e22a3>
10504: 00a7f8b3 and a7,a5,a0
10508: 41755713 sra a4,a0,0x17
1050c: 00b7f7b3 and a5,a5,a1
10510: 4175d313 sra t1,a1,0x17
10514: 00d8e8b3 or a7,a7,a3
10518: 00d7e7b3 or a5,a5,a3
1051c: 0ff77813 zext.b a6,a4
10520: 0ff37313 zext.b t1,t1
10524: 00000693 li a3,0
10528: 0017f613 and a2,a5,1
1052c: 00068713 mv a4,a3
10530: 4017d793 sra a5,a5,0x1
10534: 00060463 beqz a2,1053c <fmul32+0x40>
10538: 00d88733 add a4,a7,a3
1053c: 40175693 sra a3,a4,0x1
10540: fe0794e3 bnez a5,10528 <fmul32+0x2c>
10544: 41875693 sra a3,a4,0x18
10548: ffe77793 and a5,a4,-2
1054c: 00680733 add a4,a6,t1
10550: 40d7d7b3 sra a5,a5,a3
10554: f8170713 add a4,a4,-127
10558: 00d70733 add a4,a4,a3
1055c: 00a5c533 xor a0,a1,a0
10560: 800006b7 lui a3,0x80000
10564: 00979793 sll a5,a5,0x9
10568: 00d57533 and a0,a0,a3
1056c: 0097d793 srl a5,a5,0x9
10570: 7f8006b7 lui a3,0x7f800
10574: 01771713 sll a4,a4,0x17
10578: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
1057c: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
10580: 00a76533 or a0,a4,a0
10584: 00008067 ret
elf size
text data bss dec hex filename
52702 1888 1528 56118 db36 main.elf
elf header
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x100c2
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 69836 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x1, RVC, soft-float ABI
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
execute
0.389692 0.111821 0.675161
0.662995 0.264999 0.566176
0.431446 0.448845 0.454146
cycle count: 58723
instret: 2de
inferior exit code 0
Avoid using screenshots that solely contain plain text. Here are the reasons why:
- Text-based content is more efficiently searchable than having to browse through images iteratively.
- The rendering engine of HackMD can consistently generate well-structured layouts with annotated text instead of relying on arbitrary pictures.
- It provides a more accessible and user-friendly experience for individuals with visual impairments.
Image Not Showing
Possible Reasons
- The image file may be corrupted
- The server hosting the image is unavailable
- The image path is incorrect
- The image format is not supported
O2 Optimized Assembly code
Assembly Code
000100b0 <main>:
100b0: f2010113 add sp,sp,-224
100b4: 0c112e23 sw ra,220(sp)
100b8: 0b712e23 sw s7,188(sp)
100bc: 0c812c23 sw s0,216(sp)
100c0: 0c912a23 sw s1,212(sp)
100c4: 0d212823 sw s2,208(sp)
100c8: 0d312623 sw s3,204(sp)
100cc: 0d412423 sw s4,200(sp)
100d0: 0d512223 sw s5,196(sp)
100d4: 0d612023 sw s6,192(sp)
100d8: 0b812c23 sw s8,184(sp)
100dc: 0b912a23 sw s9,180(sp)
100e0: 0ba12823 sw s10,176(sp)
100e4: 0bb12623 sw s11,172(sp)
100e8: 248000ef jal 10330 <get_instret>
100ec: 00a12623 sw a0,12(sp)
100f0: 22c000ef jal 1031c <get_cycles>
100f4: 0001c7b7 lui a5,0x1c
100f8: 31478793 add a5,a5,788 # 1c314 <__trunctfdf2+0x5b4>
100fc: 00050b93 mv s7,a0
10100: 03410713 add a4,sp,52
10104: 06478893 add a7,a5,100
10108: 0007a803 lw a6,0(a5)
1010c: 0047a503 lw a0,4(a5)
10110: 0087a583 lw a1,8(a5)
10114: 00c7a603 lw a2,12(a5)
10118: 0107a683 lw a3,16(a5)
1011c: 01072023 sw a6,0(a4)
10120: 00a72223 sw a0,4(a4)
10124: 00b72423 sw a1,8(a4)
10128: 00c72623 sw a2,12(a4)
1012c: 00d72823 sw a3,16(a4)
10130: 01478793 add a5,a5,20
10134: 01470713 add a4,a4,20
10138: fd1798e3 bne a5,a7,10108 <main+0x58>
1013c: f301ad03 lw s10,-208(gp) # 1d740 <__SDATA_BEGIN__+0x68>
10140: 0007a683 lw a3,0(a5)
10144: f341ac83 lw s9,-204(gp) # 1d744 <__SDATA_BEGIN__+0x6c>
10148: 0047a783 lw a5,4(a5)
1014c: f381ac03 lw s8,-200(gp) # 1d748 <__SDATA_BEGIN__+0x70>
10150: 01010993 add s3,sp,16
10154: 00d72023 sw a3,0(a4)
10158: 00f72223 sw a5,4(a4)
1015c: 03410913 add s2,sp,52
10160: 00098a93 mv s5,s3
10164: 00300a13 li s4,3
10168: 000a8b13 mv s6,s5
1016c: 00090413 mv s0,s2
10170: 00000d93 li s11,0
10174: 00042503 lw a0,0(s0)
10178: 000d0593 mv a1,s10
1017c: 001d8d93 add s11,s11,1
10180: 37c000ef jal 104fc <fmul32>
10184: 00050493 mv s1,a0
10188: 00442503 lw a0,4(s0)
1018c: 000c8593 mv a1,s9
10190: 00c40413 add s0,s0,12
10194: 368000ef jal 104fc <fmul32>
10198: 00050593 mv a1,a0
1019c: 00048513 mv a0,s1
101a0: 274000ef jal 10414 <unsigned_fadd32>
101a4: 00050493 mv s1,a0
101a8: ffc42503 lw a0,-4(s0)
101ac: 000c0593 mv a1,s8
101b0: 004b0b13 add s6,s6,4
101b4: 348000ef jal 104fc <fmul32>
101b8: 00050593 mv a1,a0
101bc: 00048513 mv a0,s1
101c0: 254000ef jal 10414 <unsigned_fadd32>
101c4: feab2e23 sw a0,-4(s6)
101c8: fb4d96e3 bne s11,s4,10174 <main+0xc4>
101cc: 02490913 add s2,s2,36
101d0: 0a010793 add a5,sp,160
101d4: 00ca8a93 add s5,s5,12
101d8: f8f918e3 bne s2,a5,10168 <main+0xb8>
101dc: 02498a93 add s5,s3,36
101e0: 0001ca37 lui s4,0x1c
101e4: 00300913 li s2,3
101e8: 00098493 mv s1,s3
101ec: 00000413 li s0,0
101f0: 0004a503 lw a0,0(s1)
101f4: 00140413 add s0,s0,1
101f8: 00448493 add s1,s1,4
101fc: 38c000ef jal 10588 <__extendsfdf2>
10200: 00050613 mv a2,a0
10204: 00058693 mv a3,a1
10208: 010a0513 add a0,s4,16 # 1c010 <__trunctfdf2+0x2b0>
1020c: 06d000ef jal 10a78 <printf>
10210: ff2410e3 bne s0,s2,101f0 <main+0x140>
10214: 00a00513 li a0,10
10218: 00c98993 add s3,s3,12
1021c: 08f000ef jal 10aaa <putchar>
10220: fd5994e3 bne s3,s5,101e8 <main+0x138>
10224: 0f8000ef jal 1031c <get_cycles>
10228: 417505b3 sub a1,a0,s7
1022c: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
10230: 01450513 add a0,a0,20 # 1c014 <__trunctfdf2+0x2b4>
10234: 045000ef jal 10a78 <printf>
10238: 00c12583 lw a1,12(sp)
1023c: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
10240: 02850513 add a0,a0,40 # 1c028 <__trunctfdf2+0x2c8>
10244: 035000ef jal 10a78 <printf>
10248: 0dc12083 lw ra,220(sp)
1024c: 0d812403 lw s0,216(sp)
10250: 0d412483 lw s1,212(sp)
10254: 0d012903 lw s2,208(sp)
10258: 0cc12983 lw s3,204(sp)
1025c: 0c812a03 lw s4,200(sp)
10260: 0c412a83 lw s5,196(sp)
10264: 0c012b03 lw s6,192(sp)
10268: 0bc12b83 lw s7,188(sp)
1026c: 0b812c03 lw s8,184(sp)
10270: 0b412c83 lw s9,180(sp)
10274: 0b012d03 lw s10,176(sp)
10278: 0ac12d83 lw s11,172(sp)
1027c: 00000513 li a0,0
10280: 0e010113 add sp,sp,224
10284: 00008067 ret
00010344 <swap>:
10344: 00052703 lw a4,0(a0)
10348: 0005a783 lw a5,0(a1)
1034c: 00e5a023 sw a4,0(a1)
10350: 00f52023 sw a5,0(a0)
10354: 00008067 ret
00010358 <imul32>:
10358: 02058663 beqz a1,10384 <imul32+0x2c>
1035c: 00000713 li a4,0
10360: 0015f693 and a3,a1,1
10364: 00070793 mv a5,a4
10368: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
1036c: 00068463 beqz a3,10374 <imul32+0x1c>
10370: 00e507b3 add a5,a0,a4
10374: 4017d713 sra a4,a5,0x1
10378: fe0594e3 bnez a1,10360 <imul32+0x8>
1037c: ffe7f513 and a0,a5,-2
10380: 00008067 ret
10384: 00000513 li a0,0
10388: 00008067 ret
0001038c <count_leading_zeros>:
1038c: 00155793 srl a5,a0,0x1
10390: 00a7e533 or a0,a5,a0
10394: 00255793 srl a5,a0,0x2
10398: 00a7e7b3 or a5,a5,a0
1039c: 0047d513 srl a0,a5,0x4
103a0: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
103a4: 00855713 srl a4,a0,0x8
103a8: 00a76733 or a4,a4,a0
103ac: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
103b0: 00e7e7b3 or a5,a5,a4
103b4: 555556b7 lui a3,0x55555
103b8: 0017d713 srl a4,a5,0x1
103bc: 55568693 add a3,a3,1365 # 55555555 <__BSS_END__+0x555377f9>
103c0: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
103c4: 40e787b3 sub a5,a5,a4
103c8: 333336b7 lui a3,0x33333
103cc: 33368693 add a3,a3,819 # 33333333 <__BSS_END__+0x333155d7>
103d0: 0027d713 srl a4,a5,0x2
103d4: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
103d8: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
103dc: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
103e0: 00475793 srl a5,a4,0x4
103e4: 0f0f16b7 lui a3,0xf0f1
103e8: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
103ec: f0f68693 add a3,a3,-241 # f0f0f0f <__BSS_END__+0xf0d31b3>
103f0: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
103f4: 0087d713 srl a4,a5,0x8
103f8: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
103fc: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
10400: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
10404: 07f7f793 and a5,a5,127
10408: 02000513 li a0,32
1040c: 40f50533 sub a0,a0,a5
10410: 00008067 ret
00010414 <unsigned_fadd32>:
10414: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
10418: ff010113 add sp,sp,-16
1041c: fff78793 add a5,a5,-1 # 7fffffff <__BSS_END__+0x7ffe22a3>
10420: 00a7f733 and a4,a5,a0
10424: 00112623 sw ra,12(sp)
10428: 00812423 sw s0,8(sp)
1042c: 00912223 sw s1,4(sp)
10430: 01212023 sw s2,0(sp)
10434: 00b7f7b3 and a5,a5,a1
10438: 0af74463 blt a4,a5,104e0 <unsigned_fadd32+0xcc>
1043c: 00050913 mv s2,a0
10440: 00058693 mv a3,a1
10444: 008005b7 lui a1,0x800
10448: 41795413 sra s0,s2,0x17
1044c: 4176d793 sra a5,a3,0x17
10450: fff58713 add a4,a1,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e22a3>
10454: 0ff47413 zext.b s0,s0
10458: 0ff7f793 zext.b a5,a5
1045c: 00e97633 and a2,s2,a4
10460: 40f407b3 sub a5,s0,a5
10464: 00e6f733 and a4,a3,a4
10468: 01800513 li a0,24
1046c: 00b66633 or a2,a2,a1
10470: 00b76733 or a4,a4,a1
10474: 00f55463 bge a0,a5,1047c <unsigned_fadd32+0x68>
10478: 01800793 li a5,24
1047c: 40f75733 sra a4,a4,a5
10480: 00d946b3 xor a3,s2,a3
10484: 00e604b3 add s1,a2,a4
10488: 0006d463 bgez a3,10490 <unsigned_fadd32+0x7c>
1048c: 40e604b3 sub s1,a2,a4
10490: 00048513 mv a0,s1
10494: ef9ff0ef jal 1038c <count_leading_zeros>
10498: 00800793 li a5,8
1049c: 04a7c863 blt a5,a0,104ec <unsigned_fadd32+0xd8>
104a0: 40a787b3 sub a5,a5,a0
104a4: 40f4d4b3 sra s1,s1,a5
104a8: 00f40433 add s0,s0,a5
104ac: 00949493 sll s1,s1,0x9
104b0: 0094d493 srl s1,s1,0x9
104b4: 01741413 sll s0,s0,0x17
104b8: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
104bc: 00946433 or s0,s0,s1
104c0: 00f97533 and a0,s2,a5
104c4: 00c12083 lw ra,12(sp)
104c8: 00a46533 or a0,s0,a0
104cc: 00812403 lw s0,8(sp)
104d0: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
104d4: 00012903 lw s2,0(sp)
104d8: 01010113 add sp,sp,16
104dc: 00008067 ret
104e0: 00050693 mv a3,a0
104e4: 00058913 mv s2,a1
104e8: f5dff06f j 10444 <unsigned_fadd32+0x30>
104ec: ff850513 add a0,a0,-8
104f0: 00a494b3 sll s1,s1,a0
104f4: 40a40433 sub s0,s0,a0
104f8: fb5ff06f j 104ac <unsigned_fadd32+0x98>
000104fc <fmul32>:
104fc: 008006b7 lui a3,0x800
10500: fff68793 add a5,a3,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e22a3>
10504: 00a7f8b3 and a7,a5,a0
10508: 41755713 sra a4,a0,0x17
1050c: 00b7f7b3 and a5,a5,a1
10510: 4175d313 sra t1,a1,0x17
10514: 00d8e8b3 or a7,a7,a3
10518: 00d7e7b3 or a5,a5,a3
1051c: 0ff77813 zext.b a6,a4
10520: 0ff37313 zext.b t1,t1
10524: 00000693 li a3,0
10528: 0017f613 and a2,a5,1
1052c: 00068713 mv a4,a3
10530: 4017d793 sra a5,a5,0x1
10534: 00060463 beqz a2,1053c <fmul32+0x40>
10538: 00d88733 add a4,a7,a3
1053c: 40175693 sra a3,a4,0x1
10540: fe0794e3 bnez a5,10528 <fmul32+0x2c>
10544: 41875693 sra a3,a4,0x18
10548: ffe77793 and a5,a4,-2
1054c: 00680733 add a4,a6,t1
10550: 40d7d7b3 sra a5,a5,a3
10554: f8170713 add a4,a4,-127
10558: 00d70733 add a4,a4,a3
1055c: 00a5c533 xor a0,a1,a0
10560: 800006b7 lui a3,0x80000
10564: 00979793 sll a5,a5,0x9
10568: 00d57533 and a0,a0,a3
1056c: 0097d793 srl a5,a5,0x9
10570: 7f8006b7 lui a3,0x7f800
10574: 01771713 sll a4,a4,0x17
10578: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
1057c: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
10580: 00a76533 or a0,a4,a0
10584: 00008067 ret
elf size
text data bss dec hex filename
52674 1888 1528 56090 db1a main.elf
elf header
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x1029a
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 69852 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x1, RVC, soft-float ABI
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
execute
0.389692 0.111821 0.675161
0.662995 0.264999 0.566176
0.431446 0.448845 0.454146
cycle count: 58610
instret: 2de
inferior exit code 0
O3 Optimized Assembly code
Assembly Code
000100b0 <main>:
100b0: f2010113 add sp,sp,-224
100b4: 0c112e23 sw ra,220(sp)
100b8: 0c812c23 sw s0,216(sp)
100bc: 0c912a23 sw s1,212(sp)
100c0: 0d212823 sw s2,208(sp)
100c4: 0d312623 sw s3,204(sp)
100c8: 0d412423 sw s4,200(sp)
100cc: 0d512223 sw s5,196(sp)
100d0: 0d612023 sw s6,192(sp)
100d4: 0b712e23 sw s7,188(sp)
100d8: 0b812c23 sw s8,184(sp)
100dc: 0b912a23 sw s9,180(sp)
100e0: 0ba12823 sw s10,176(sp)
100e4: 0bb12623 sw s11,172(sp)
100e8: 3cc000ef jal 104b4 <get_instret>
100ec: 00a12423 sw a0,8(sp)
100f0: 3b0000ef jal 104a0 <get_cycles>
100f4: 0001c7b7 lui a5,0x1c
100f8: 51c78793 add a5,a5,1308 # 1c51c <__trunctfdf2+0x5b0>
100fc: 00a12623 sw a0,12(sp)
10100: 03410713 add a4,sp,52
10104: 06478893 add a7,a5,100
10108: 0007a803 lw a6,0(a5)
1010c: 0047a503 lw a0,4(a5)
10110: 0087a583 lw a1,8(a5)
10114: 00c7a603 lw a2,12(a5)
10118: 0107a683 lw a3,16(a5)
1011c: 01072023 sw a6,0(a4)
10120: 00a72223 sw a0,4(a4)
10124: 00b72423 sw a1,8(a4)
10128: 00c72623 sw a2,12(a4)
1012c: 00d72823 sw a3,16(a4)
10130: 01478793 add a5,a5,20
10134: 01470713 add a4,a4,20
10138: fd1798e3 bne a5,a7,10108 <main+0x58>
1013c: 0007a683 lw a3,0(a5)
10140: 0047a783 lw a5,4(a5)
10144: 01010b13 add s6,sp,16
10148: 00800937 lui s2,0x800
1014c: 3e991cb7 lui s9,0x3e991
10150: 3f164c37 lui s8,0x3f164
10154: 3de98bb7 lui s7,0x3de98
10158: 00d72023 sw a3,0(a4)
1015c: 00f72223 sw a5,4(a4)
10160: 03410a93 add s5,sp,52
10164: 01612223 sw s6,4(sp)
10168: fff90d93 add s11,s2,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e1247>
1016c: 687c8c93 add s9,s9,1671 # 3e991687 <__BSS_END__+0x3e9728cf>
10170: 80000a37 lui s4,0x80000
10174: 7f8009b7 lui s3,0x7f800
10178: 5a2c0c13 add s8,s8,1442 # 3f1645a2 <__BSS_END__+0x3f1457ea>
1017c: 8d5b8b93 add s7,s7,-1835 # 3de978d5 <__BSS_END__+0x3de78b1d>
10180: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
10184: 000a8d13 mv s10,s5
10188: 00000413 li s0,0
1018c: 000d2e03 lw t3,0(s10)
10190: 009915b7 lui a1,0x991
10194: 01800513 li a0,24
10198: 01be7333 and t1,t3,s11
1019c: 417e5793 sra a5,t3,0x17
101a0: 01236333 or t1,t1,s2
101a4: 0ff7f893 zext.b a7,a5
101a8: 00000713 li a4,0
101ac: 68758593 add a1,a1,1671 # 991687 <__BSS_END__+0x9728cf>
101b0: 0015f793 and a5,a1,1
101b4: 00e30833 add a6,t1,a4
101b8: fff50513 add a0,a0,-1
101bc: 22078e63 beqz a5,103f8 <main+0x348>
101c0: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
101c4: 40185713 sra a4,a6,0x1
101c8: fe0514e3 bnez a0,101b0 <main+0x100>
101cc: 00080713 mv a4,a6
101d0: 41875593 sra a1,a4,0x18
101d4: 004d2303 lw t1,4(s10)
101d8: ffe77713 and a4,a4,-2
101dc: ffe88793 add a5,a7,-2
101e0: 019e4533 xor a0,t3,s9
101e4: 40b75733 sra a4,a4,a1
101e8: 00b787b3 add a5,a5,a1
101ec: 01b77733 and a4,a4,s11
101f0: 01779793 sll a5,a5,0x17
101f4: 01457533 and a0,a0,s4
101f8: 00e56533 or a0,a0,a4
101fc: 01b37eb3 and t4,t1,s11
10200: 0137f733 and a4,a5,s3
10204: 009645b7 lui a1,0x964
10208: 41735793 sra a5,t1,0x17
1020c: 00e56533 or a0,a0,a4
10210: 012eeeb3 or t4,t4,s2
10214: 0ff7fe13 zext.b t3,a5
10218: 01800813 li a6,24
1021c: 00000713 li a4,0
10220: 5a258593 add a1,a1,1442 # 9645a2 <__BSS_END__+0x9457ea>
10224: 0015f793 and a5,a1,1
10228: 00ee88b3 add a7,t4,a4
1022c: fff80813 add a6,a6,-1
10230: 1a078a63 beqz a5,103e4 <main+0x334>
10234: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
10238: 4018d713 sra a4,a7,0x1
1023c: fe0814e3 bnez a6,10224 <main+0x174>
10240: 00088713 mv a4,a7
10244: 41875813 sra a6,a4,0x18
10248: fffe0793 add a5,t3,-1
1024c: ffe77713 and a4,a4,-2
10250: 018345b3 xor a1,t1,s8
10254: 41075733 sra a4,a4,a6
10258: 010787b3 add a5,a5,a6
1025c: 01b77733 and a4,a4,s11
10260: 0145f5b3 and a1,a1,s4
10264: 01779793 sll a5,a5,0x17
10268: 00e5e5b3 or a1,a1,a4
1026c: 0137f7b3 and a5,a5,s3
10270: 00f5e5b3 or a1,a1,a5
10274: 330000ef jal 105a4 <unsigned_fadd32>
10278: 008d2e83 lw t4,8(s10)
1027c: 00e985b7 lui a1,0xe98
10280: 01800813 li a6,24
10284: 01befe33 and t3,t4,s11
10288: 417ed793 sra a5,t4,0x17
1028c: 012e6e33 or t3,t3,s2
10290: 0ff7f313 zext.b t1,a5
10294: 00000713 li a4,0
10298: 8d558593 add a1,a1,-1835 # e978d5 <__BSS_END__+0xe78b1d>
1029c: 0015f793 and a5,a1,1
102a0: 00ee08b3 add a7,t3,a4
102a4: fff80813 add a6,a6,-1
102a8: 12078463 beqz a5,103d0 <main+0x320>
102ac: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
102b0: 4018d713 sra a4,a7,0x1
102b4: fe0814e3 bnez a6,1029c <main+0x1ec>
102b8: 00088713 mv a4,a7
102bc: 41875813 sra a6,a4,0x18
102c0: ffc30793 add a5,t1,-4
102c4: ffe77713 and a4,a4,-2
102c8: 017ec5b3 xor a1,t4,s7
102cc: 41075733 sra a4,a4,a6
102d0: 010787b3 add a5,a5,a6
102d4: 01b77733 and a4,a4,s11
102d8: 0145f5b3 and a1,a1,s4
102dc: 01779793 sll a5,a5,0x17
102e0: 0137f7b3 and a5,a5,s3
102e4: 00e5e5b3 or a1,a1,a4
102e8: 00f5e5b3 or a1,a1,a5
102ec: 2b8000ef jal 105a4 <unsigned_fadd32>
102f0: 00a4a023 sw a0,0(s1)
102f4: 00140413 add s0,s0,1
102f8: 00300793 li a5,3
102fc: 00cd0d13 add s10,s10,12
10300: 00448493 add s1,s1,4
10304: e8f414e3 bne s0,a5,1018c <main+0xdc>
10308: 00412783 lw a5,4(sp)
1030c: 024a8a93 add s5,s5,36
10310: 00c78793 add a5,a5,12
10314: 00f12223 sw a5,4(sp)
10318: 0a010793 add a5,sp,160
1031c: e75792e3 bne a5,s5,10180 <main+0xd0>
10320: 024b0a13 add s4,s6,36
10324: 0001c9b7 lui s3,0x1c
10328: 00300913 li s2,3
1032c: 000b0493 mv s1,s6
10330: 00000413 li s0,0
10334: 0004a503 lw a0,0(s1)
10338: 00140413 add s0,s0,1
1033c: 00448493 add s1,s1,4
10340: 458000ef jal 10798 <__extendsfdf2>
10344: 00050613 mv a2,a0
10348: 00058693 mv a3,a1
1034c: 21898513 add a0,s3,536 # 1c218 <__trunctfdf2+0x2ac>
10350: 139000ef jal 10c88 <printf>
10354: ff2410e3 bne s0,s2,10334 <main+0x284>
10358: 00a00513 li a0,10
1035c: 00cb0b13 add s6,s6,12
10360: 15b000ef jal 10cba <putchar>
10364: fd4b14e3 bne s6,s4,1032c <main+0x27c>
10368: 138000ef jal 104a0 <get_cycles>
1036c: 00c12783 lw a5,12(sp)
10370: 40f505b3 sub a1,a0,a5
10374: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
10378: 21c50513 add a0,a0,540 # 1c21c <__trunctfdf2+0x2b0>
1037c: 10d000ef jal 10c88 <printf>
10380: 00812583 lw a1,8(sp)
10384: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
10388: 23050513 add a0,a0,560 # 1c230 <__trunctfdf2+0x2c4>
1038c: 0fd000ef jal 10c88 <printf>
10390: 0dc12083 lw ra,220(sp)
10394: 0d812403 lw s0,216(sp)
10398: 0d412483 lw s1,212(sp)
1039c: 0d012903 lw s2,208(sp)
103a0: 0cc12983 lw s3,204(sp)
103a4: 0c812a03 lw s4,200(sp)
103a8: 0c412a83 lw s5,196(sp)
103ac: 0c012b03 lw s6,192(sp)
103b0: 0bc12b83 lw s7,188(sp)
103b4: 0b812c03 lw s8,184(sp)
103b8: 0b412c83 lw s9,180(sp)
103bc: 0b012d03 lw s10,176(sp)
103c0: 0ac12d83 lw s11,172(sp)
103c4: 00000513 li a0,0
103c8: 0e010113 add sp,sp,224
103cc: 00008067 ret
103d0: 40175793 sra a5,a4,0x1
103d4: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
103d8: ee0802e3 beqz a6,102bc <main+0x20c>
103dc: 00078713 mv a4,a5
103e0: ebdff06f j 1029c <main+0x1ec>
103e4: 40175793 sra a5,a4,0x1
103e8: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
103ec: e4080ce3 beqz a6,10244 <main+0x194>
103f0: 00078713 mv a4,a5
103f4: e31ff06f j 10224 <main+0x174>
103f8: 40175793 sra a5,a4,0x1
103fc: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
10400: dc0508e3 beqz a0,101d0 <main+0x120>
10404: 00078713 mv a4,a5
10408: da9ff06f j 101b0 <main+0x100>
000104c8 <swap>:
104c8: 00052703 lw a4,0(a0)
104cc: 0005a783 lw a5,0(a1)
104d0: 00e5a023 sw a4,0(a1)
104d4: 00f52023 sw a5,0(a0)
104d8: 00008067 ret
000104dc <imul32>:
104dc: 02058c63 beqz a1,10514 <imul32+0x38>
104e0: 00000713 li a4,0
104e4: 0015f793 and a5,a1,1
104e8: 00a706b3 add a3,a4,a0
104ec: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
104f0: 00078a63 beqz a5,10504 <imul32+0x28>
104f4: 4016d713 sra a4,a3,0x1
104f8: fe0596e3 bnez a1,104e4 <imul32+0x8>
104fc: 00171513 sll a0,a4,0x1
10500: 00008067 ret
10504: 40175713 sra a4,a4,0x1
10508: fc059ee3 bnez a1,104e4 <imul32+0x8>
1050c: 00171513 sll a0,a4,0x1
10510: 00008067 ret
10514: 00000513 li a0,0
10518: 00008067 ret
0001051c <count_leading_zeros>:
1051c: 00155793 srl a5,a0,0x1
10520: 00a7e533 or a0,a5,a0
10524: 00255793 srl a5,a0,0x2
10528: 00a7e7b3 or a5,a5,a0
1052c: 0047d513 srl a0,a5,0x4
10530: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
10534: 00855713 srl a4,a0,0x8
10538: 00a76733 or a4,a4,a0
1053c: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
10540: 00e7e7b3 or a5,a5,a4
10544: 555556b7 lui a3,0x55555
10548: 0017d713 srl a4,a5,0x1
1054c: 55568693 add a3,a3,1365 # 55555555 <__BSS_END__+0x5553679d>
10550: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
10554: 40e787b3 sub a5,a5,a4
10558: 333336b7 lui a3,0x33333
1055c: 33368693 add a3,a3,819 # 33333333 <__BSS_END__+0x3331457b>
10560: 0027d713 srl a4,a5,0x2
10564: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
10568: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
1056c: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
10570: 00475793 srl a5,a4,0x4
10574: 0f0f16b7 lui a3,0xf0f1
10578: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
1057c: f0f68693 add a3,a3,-241 # f0f0f0f <__BSS_END__+0xf0d2157>
10580: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
10584: 0087d713 srl a4,a5,0x8
10588: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
1058c: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
10590: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
10594: 07f7f793 and a5,a5,127
10598: 02000513 li a0,32
1059c: 40f50533 sub a0,a0,a5
105a0: 00008067 ret
000105a4 <unsigned_fadd32>:
105a4: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
105a8: fff78793 add a5,a5,-1 # 7fffffff <__BSS_END__+0x7ffe1247>
105ac: 00a7f733 and a4,a5,a0
105b0: 00b7f7b3 and a5,a5,a1
105b4: 00050813 mv a6,a0
105b8: 00058613 mv a2,a1
105bc: 00f74663 blt a4,a5,105c8 <unsigned_fadd32+0x24>
105c0: 00050613 mv a2,a0
105c4: 00058813 mv a6,a1
105c8: 008008b7 lui a7,0x800
105cc: 41765713 sra a4,a2,0x17
105d0: 41785793 sra a5,a6,0x17
105d4: fff88693 add a3,a7,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e1247>
105d8: 0ff77713 zext.b a4,a4
105dc: 0ff7f793 zext.b a5,a5
105e0: 00d675b3 and a1,a2,a3
105e4: 40f707b3 sub a5,a4,a5
105e8: 00d876b3 and a3,a6,a3
105ec: 01800513 li a0,24
105f0: 0115e5b3 or a1,a1,a7
105f4: 0116e6b3 or a3,a3,a7
105f8: 00f55463 bge a0,a5,10600 <unsigned_fadd32+0x5c>
105fc: 01800793 li a5,24
10600: 40f6d7b3 sra a5,a3,a5
10604: 01064833 xor a6,a2,a6
10608: 00f586b3 add a3,a1,a5
1060c: 00085463 bgez a6,10614 <unsigned_fadd32+0x70>
10610: 40f586b3 sub a3,a1,a5
10614: 0016d793 srl a5,a3,0x1
10618: 00d7e7b3 or a5,a5,a3
1061c: 0027d593 srl a1,a5,0x2
10620: 00b7e7b3 or a5,a5,a1
10624: 0047d593 srl a1,a5,0x4
10628: 00b7e7b3 or a5,a5,a1
1062c: 0087d593 srl a1,a5,0x8
10630: 00b7e7b3 or a5,a5,a1
10634: 0107d593 srl a1,a5,0x10
10638: 00b7e7b3 or a5,a5,a1
1063c: 55555537 lui a0,0x55555
10640: 0017d593 srl a1,a5,0x1
10644: 55550513 add a0,a0,1365 # 55555555 <__BSS_END__+0x5553679d>
10648: 00a5f5b3 and a1,a1,a0
1064c: 40b787b3 sub a5,a5,a1
10650: 33333537 lui a0,0x33333
10654: 33350513 add a0,a0,819 # 33333333 <__BSS_END__+0x3331457b>
10658: 0027d593 srl a1,a5,0x2
1065c: 00a5f5b3 and a1,a1,a0
10660: 00a7f7b3 and a5,a5,a0
10664: 00f585b3 add a1,a1,a5
10668: 0045d793 srl a5,a1,0x4
1066c: 0f0f1537 lui a0,0xf0f1
10670: 00b787b3 add a5,a5,a1
10674: f0f50513 add a0,a0,-241 # f0f0f0f <__BSS_END__+0xf0d2157>
10678: 00a7f7b3 and a5,a5,a0
1067c: 0087d593 srl a1,a5,0x8
10680: 00b787b3 add a5,a5,a1
10684: 0107d593 srl a1,a5,0x10
10688: 00b787b3 add a5,a5,a1
1068c: 07f7f793 and a5,a5,127
10690: 02000593 li a1,32
10694: 40f585b3 sub a1,a1,a5
10698: 00800513 li a0,8
1069c: 02b54863 blt a0,a1,106cc <unsigned_fadd32+0x128>
106a0: fe878793 add a5,a5,-24
106a4: 40f6d6b3 sra a3,a3,a5
106a8: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
106ac: 00969693 sll a3,a3,0x9
106b0: 0096d693 srl a3,a3,0x9
106b4: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
106b8: 01771713 sll a4,a4,0x17
106bc: 00d76733 or a4,a4,a3
106c0: 00f67533 and a0,a2,a5
106c4: 00a76533 or a0,a4,a0
106c8: 00008067 ret
106cc: 01800593 li a1,24
106d0: 40f587b3 sub a5,a1,a5
106d4: 00f696b3 sll a3,a3,a5
106d8: 40f70733 sub a4,a4,a5
106dc: 00969693 sll a3,a3,0x9
106e0: 0096d693 srl a3,a3,0x9
106e4: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
106e8: 01771713 sll a4,a4,0x17
106ec: 00d76733 or a4,a4,a3
106f0: 00f67533 and a0,a2,a5
106f4: 00a76533 or a0,a4,a0
106f8: 00008067 ret
000106fc <fmul32>:
106fc: 008006b7 lui a3,0x800
10700: fff68793 add a5,a3,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e1247>
10704: 00a7f8b3 and a7,a5,a0
10708: 41755713 sra a4,a0,0x17
1070c: 00b7f7b3 and a5,a5,a1
10710: 4175d313 sra t1,a1,0x17
10714: 00d8e8b3 or a7,a7,a3
10718: 00d7e7b3 or a5,a5,a3
1071c: 0ff77613 zext.b a2,a4
10720: 0ff37313 zext.b t1,t1
10724: 00000693 li a3,0
10728: 0017f713 and a4,a5,1
1072c: 00d88833 add a6,a7,a3
10730: 4017d793 sra a5,a5,0x1
10734: 04070a63 beqz a4,10788 <fmul32+0x8c>
10738: 40185693 sra a3,a6,0x1
1073c: fe0796e3 bnez a5,10728 <fmul32+0x2c>
10740: 00080693 mv a3,a6
10744: 4186d813 sra a6,a3,0x18
10748: ffe6f793 and a5,a3,-2
1074c: 00660733 add a4,a2,t1
10750: 4107d7b3 sra a5,a5,a6
10754: f8170713 add a4,a4,-127
10758: 01070733 add a4,a4,a6
1075c: 00a5c533 xor a0,a1,a0
10760: 800006b7 lui a3,0x80000
10764: 00979793 sll a5,a5,0x9
10768: 00d57533 and a0,a0,a3
1076c: 0097d793 srl a5,a5,0x9
10770: 7f8006b7 lui a3,0x7f800
10774: 01771713 sll a4,a4,0x17
10778: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
1077c: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
10780: 00a76533 or a0,a4,a0
10784: 00008067 ret
10788: 4016d713 sra a4,a3,0x1
1078c: fa078ce3 beqz a5,10744 <fmul32+0x48>
10790: 00070693 mv a3,a4
10794: f95ff06f j 10728 <fmul32+0x2c>
elf size
text data bss dec hex filename
53198 1876 1528 56602 dd1a main.elf
elf header
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x1041e
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 69944 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x1, RVC, soft-float ABI
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
execute
0.389692 0.111821 0.675161
0.662995 0.264999 0.566176
0.431446 0.448845 0.454146
cycle count: 59137
instret: 2c8
inferior exit code 0
Os Optimized Assembly code
Assembly Code
000100b0 <main>:
100b0: f2010113 add sp,sp,-224
100b4: 0c112e23 sw ra,220(sp)
100b8: 0c812c23 sw s0,216(sp)
100bc: 0c912a23 sw s1,212(sp)
100c0: 0d312623 sw s3,204(sp)
100c4: 0d412423 sw s4,200(sp)
100c8: 0b712e23 sw s7,188(sp)
100cc: 0b912a23 sw s9,180(sp)
100d0: 0ba12823 sw s10,176(sp)
100d4: 0bb12623 sw s11,172(sp)
100d8: 0d212823 sw s2,208(sp)
100dc: 0d512223 sw s5,196(sp)
100e0: 0d612023 sw s6,192(sp)
100e4: 0b812c23 sw s8,184(sp)
100e8: 208000ef jal 102f0 <get_instret>
100ec: 00a12623 sw a0,12(sp)
100f0: 1ec000ef jal 102dc <get_cycles>
100f4: 0001c5b7 lui a1,0x1c
100f8: 00050a13 mv s4,a0
100fc: 06c00613 li a2,108
10100: 2cc58593 add a1,a1,716 # 1c2cc <__trunctfdf2+0x5ae>
10104: 03410513 add a0,sp,52
10108: 4ed000ef jal 10df4 <memcpy>
1010c: f301ac83 lw s9,-208(gp) # 1d740 <__SDATA_BEGIN__+0x68>
10110: f341ad03 lw s10,-204(gp) # 1d744 <__SDATA_BEGIN__+0x6c>
10114: f381ad83 lw s11,-200(gp) # 1d748 <__SDATA_BEGIN__+0x70>
10118: 01010493 add s1,sp,16
1011c: 03410413 add s0,sp,52
10120: 00048b93 mv s7,s1
10124: 00300993 li s3,3
10128: 000b8b13 mv s6,s7
1012c: 00040913 mv s2,s0
10130: 00000a93 li s5,0
10134: 00092503 lw a0,0(s2)
10138: 000c8593 mv a1,s9
1013c: 001a8a93 add s5,s5,1
10140: 370000ef jal 104b0 <fmul32>
10144: 00050c13 mv s8,a0
10148: 00492503 lw a0,4(s2)
1014c: 000d0593 mv a1,s10
10150: 00c90913 add s2,s2,12
10154: 35c000ef jal 104b0 <fmul32>
10158: 00050593 mv a1,a0
1015c: 000c0513 mv a0,s8
10160: 268000ef jal 103c8 <unsigned_fadd32>
10164: 00050c13 mv s8,a0
10168: ffc92503 lw a0,-4(s2)
1016c: 000d8593 mv a1,s11
10170: 004b0b13 add s6,s6,4
10174: 33c000ef jal 104b0 <fmul32>
10178: 00050593 mv a1,a0
1017c: 000c0513 mv a0,s8
10180: 248000ef jal 103c8 <unsigned_fadd32>
10184: feab2e23 sw a0,-4(s6)
10188: fb3a96e3 bne s5,s3,10134 <main+0x84>
1018c: 02440413 add s0,s0,36
10190: 0a010793 add a5,sp,160
10194: 00cb8b93 add s7,s7,12
10198: f8f418e3 bne s0,a5,10128 <main+0x78>
1019c: 02448a93 add s5,s1,36
101a0: 0001cb37 lui s6,0x1c
101a4: 00300b93 li s7,3
101a8: 00048913 mv s2,s1
101ac: 00000413 li s0,0
101b0: 00092503 lw a0,0(s2)
101b4: 00140413 add s0,s0,1
101b8: 00490913 add s2,s2,4
101bc: 390000ef jal 1054c <__extendsfdf2>
101c0: 00050613 mv a2,a0
101c4: 00058693 mv a3,a1
101c8: fc8b0513 add a0,s6,-56 # 1bfc8 <__trunctfdf2+0x2aa>
101cc: 071000ef jal 10a3c <printf>
101d0: ff7410e3 bne s0,s7,101b0 <main+0x100>
101d4: 00a00513 li a0,10
101d8: 00c48493 add s1,s1,12
101dc: 093000ef jal 10a6e <putchar>
101e0: fd5494e3 bne s1,s5,101a8 <main+0xf8>
101e4: 0f8000ef jal 102dc <get_cycles>
101e8: 414505b3 sub a1,a0,s4
101ec: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
101f0: fcc50513 add a0,a0,-52 # 1bfcc <__trunctfdf2+0x2ae>
101f4: 049000ef jal 10a3c <printf>
101f8: 00c12583 lw a1,12(sp)
101fc: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
10200: fe050513 add a0,a0,-32 # 1bfe0 <__trunctfdf2+0x2c2>
10204: 039000ef jal 10a3c <printf>
10208: 0dc12083 lw ra,220(sp)
1020c: 0d812403 lw s0,216(sp)
10210: 0d412483 lw s1,212(sp)
10214: 0d012903 lw s2,208(sp)
10218: 0cc12983 lw s3,204(sp)
1021c: 0c812a03 lw s4,200(sp)
10220: 0c412a83 lw s5,196(sp)
10224: 0c012b03 lw s6,192(sp)
10228: 0bc12b83 lw s7,188(sp)
1022c: 0b812c03 lw s8,184(sp)
10230: 0b412c83 lw s9,180(sp)
10234: 0b012d03 lw s10,176(sp)
10238: 0ac12d83 lw s11,172(sp)
1023c: 00000513 li a0,0
10240: 0e010113 add sp,sp,224
10244: 00008067 ret
00010304 <swap>:
10304: 00052703 lw a4,0(a0)
10308: 0005a783 lw a5,0(a1)
1030c: 00e5a023 sw a4,0(a1)
10310: 00f52023 sw a5,0(a0)
10314: 00008067 ret
00010318 <imul32>:
10318: 00000793 li a5,0
1031c: 00059663 bnez a1,10328 <imul32+0x10>
10320: 00179513 sll a0,a5,0x1
10324: 00008067 ret
10328: 0015f713 and a4,a1,1
1032c: 00070463 beqz a4,10334 <imul32+0x1c>
10330: 00a787b3 add a5,a5,a0
10334: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
10338: 4017d793 sra a5,a5,0x1
1033c: fe1ff06f j 1031c <imul32+0x4>
00010340 <count_leading_zeros>:
10340: 00155793 srl a5,a0,0x1
10344: 00a7e533 or a0,a5,a0
10348: 00255793 srl a5,a0,0x2
1034c: 00a7e7b3 or a5,a5,a0
10350: 0047d513 srl a0,a5,0x4
10354: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
10358: 00855713 srl a4,a0,0x8
1035c: 00a76733 or a4,a4,a0
10360: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
10364: 00e7e7b3 or a5,a5,a4
10368: 555556b7 lui a3,0x55555
1036c: 0017d713 srl a4,a5,0x1
10370: 55568693 add a3,a3,1365 # 55555555 <__BSS_END__+0x555377f9>
10374: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
10378: 40e787b3 sub a5,a5,a4
1037c: 333336b7 lui a3,0x33333
10380: 33368693 add a3,a3,819 # 33333333 <__BSS_END__+0x333155d7>
10384: 0027d713 srl a4,a5,0x2
10388: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
1038c: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
10390: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
10394: 00475793 srl a5,a4,0x4
10398: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
1039c: 0f0f1737 lui a4,0xf0f1
103a0: f0f70713 add a4,a4,-241 # f0f0f0f <__BSS_END__+0xf0d31b3>
103a4: 00e7f7b3 and a5,a5,a4
103a8: 0087d713 srl a4,a5,0x8
103ac: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
103b0: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
103b4: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
103b8: 07f7f793 and a5,a5,127
103bc: 02000513 li a0,32
103c0: 40f50533 sub a0,a0,a5
103c4: 00008067 ret
000103c8 <unsigned_fadd32>:
103c8: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
103cc: ff010113 add sp,sp,-16
103d0: fff78793 add a5,a5,-1 # 7fffffff <__BSS_END__+0x7ffe22a3>
103d4: 00a7f733 and a4,a5,a0
103d8: 00112623 sw ra,12(sp)
103dc: 00812423 sw s0,8(sp)
103e0: 00912223 sw s1,4(sp)
103e4: 01212023 sw s2,0(sp)
103e8: 00b7f7b3 and a5,a5,a1
103ec: 0af74463 blt a4,a5,10494 <unsigned_fadd32+0xcc>
103f0: 00050913 mv s2,a0
103f4: 00058693 mv a3,a1
103f8: 00800737 lui a4,0x800
103fc: fff70793 add a5,a4,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e22a3>
10400: 00f97633 and a2,s2,a5
10404: 00f6f7b3 and a5,a3,a5
10408: 00e66633 or a2,a2,a4
1040c: 00e7e7b3 or a5,a5,a4
10410: 41795413 sra s0,s2,0x17
10414: 4176d713 sra a4,a3,0x17
10418: 0ff47413 zext.b s0,s0
1041c: 0ff77713 zext.b a4,a4
10420: 40e40733 sub a4,s0,a4
10424: 01800593 li a1,24
10428: 00e5d463 bge a1,a4,10430 <unsigned_fadd32+0x68>
1042c: 01800713 li a4,24
10430: 40e7d7b3 sra a5,a5,a4
10434: 00d946b3 xor a3,s2,a3
10438: 00f604b3 add s1,a2,a5
1043c: 0006d463 bgez a3,10444 <unsigned_fadd32+0x7c>
10440: 40f604b3 sub s1,a2,a5
10444: 00048513 mv a0,s1
10448: ef9ff0ef jal 10340 <count_leading_zeros>
1044c: 00800793 li a5,8
10450: 04a7c863 blt a5,a0,104a0 <unsigned_fadd32+0xd8>
10454: 40a787b3 sub a5,a5,a0
10458: 40f4d4b3 sra s1,s1,a5
1045c: 00f40433 add s0,s0,a5
10460: 00949493 sll s1,s1,0x9
10464: 0094d493 srl s1,s1,0x9
10468: 01741413 sll s0,s0,0x17
1046c: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
10470: 00946433 or s0,s0,s1
10474: 00f97533 and a0,s2,a5
10478: 00c12083 lw ra,12(sp)
1047c: 00a46533 or a0,s0,a0
10480: 00812403 lw s0,8(sp)
10484: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
10488: 00012903 lw s2,0(sp)
1048c: 01010113 add sp,sp,16
10490: 00008067 ret
10494: 00050693 mv a3,a0
10498: 00058913 mv s2,a1
1049c: f5dff06f j 103f8 <unsigned_fadd32+0x30>
104a0: ff850513 add a0,a0,-8
104a4: 00a494b3 sll s1,s1,a0
104a8: 40a40433 sub s0,s0,a0
104ac: fb5ff06f j 10460 <unsigned_fadd32+0x98>
000104b0 <fmul32>:
104b0: ff010113 add sp,sp,-16
104b4: 008007b7 lui a5,0x800
104b8: 01212023 sw s2,0(sp)
104bc: fff78913 add s2,a5,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e22a3>
104c0: 00812423 sw s0,8(sp)
104c4: 00912223 sw s1,4(sp)
104c8: 00058413 mv s0,a1
104cc: 00050493 mv s1,a0
104d0: 00b975b3 and a1,s2,a1
104d4: 00a97533 and a0,s2,a0
104d8: 00f5e5b3 or a1,a1,a5
104dc: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
104e0: 00112623 sw ra,12(sp)
104e4: e35ff0ef jal 10318 <imul32>
104e8: 4174d793 sra a5,s1,0x17
104ec: 41745693 sra a3,s0,0x17
104f0: 0ff6f693 zext.b a3,a3
104f4: 0ff7f793 zext.b a5,a5
104f8: 41855713 sra a4,a0,0x18
104fc: 00d787b3 add a5,a5,a3
10500: 00177713 and a4,a4,1
10504: f8178793 add a5,a5,-127
10508: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
1050c: 7f8006b7 lui a3,0x7f800
10510: 01779793 sll a5,a5,0x17
10514: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
10518: 00944433 xor s0,s0,s1
1051c: 800006b7 lui a3,0x80000
10520: 40e55533 sra a0,a0,a4
10524: 00d47433 and s0,s0,a3
10528: 01257533 and a0,a0,s2
1052c: 00c12083 lw ra,12(sp)
10530: 00a46533 or a0,s0,a0
10534: 00812403 lw s0,8(sp)
10538: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
1053c: 00012903 lw s2,0(sp)
10540: 00a7e533 or a0,a5,a0
10544: 01010113 add sp,sp,16
10548: 00008067 ret
elf size
text data bss dec hex filename
52608 1888 1528 56024 dad8 main.elf
elf header
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x1025a
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 69852 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x1, RVC, soft-float ABI
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
execute
0.389692 0.111821 0.675161
0.662995 0.264999 0.566176
0.431446 0.448845 0.454146
cycle count: 59036
instret: 2de
inferior exit code 0
Ofast Optimized Assembly code
Assembly Code
000100b0 <main>:
100b0: f2010113 add sp,sp,-224
100b4: 0c112e23 sw ra,220(sp)
100b8: 0c812c23 sw s0,216(sp)
100bc: 0c912a23 sw s1,212(sp)
100c0: 0d212823 sw s2,208(sp)
100c4: 0d312623 sw s3,204(sp)
100c8: 0d412423 sw s4,200(sp)
100cc: 0d512223 sw s5,196(sp)
100d0: 0d612023 sw s6,192(sp)
100d4: 0b712e23 sw s7,188(sp)
100d8: 0b812c23 sw s8,184(sp)
100dc: 0b912a23 sw s9,180(sp)
100e0: 0ba12823 sw s10,176(sp)
100e4: 0bb12623 sw s11,172(sp)
100e8: 3cc000ef jal 104b4 <get_instret>
100ec: 00a12423 sw a0,8(sp)
100f0: 3b0000ef jal 104a0 <get_cycles>
100f4: 0001c7b7 lui a5,0x1c
100f8: 51c78793 add a5,a5,1308 # 1c51c <__trunctfdf2+0x5b0>
100fc: 00a12623 sw a0,12(sp)
10100: 03410713 add a4,sp,52
10104: 06478893 add a7,a5,100
10108: 0007a803 lw a6,0(a5)
1010c: 0047a503 lw a0,4(a5)
10110: 0087a583 lw a1,8(a5)
10114: 00c7a603 lw a2,12(a5)
10118: 0107a683 lw a3,16(a5)
1011c: 01072023 sw a6,0(a4)
10120: 00a72223 sw a0,4(a4)
10124: 00b72423 sw a1,8(a4)
10128: 00c72623 sw a2,12(a4)
1012c: 00d72823 sw a3,16(a4)
10130: 01478793 add a5,a5,20
10134: 01470713 add a4,a4,20
10138: fd1798e3 bne a5,a7,10108 <main+0x58>
1013c: 0007a683 lw a3,0(a5)
10140: 0047a783 lw a5,4(a5)
10144: 01010b13 add s6,sp,16
10148: 00800937 lui s2,0x800
1014c: 3e991cb7 lui s9,0x3e991
10150: 3f164c37 lui s8,0x3f164
10154: 3de98bb7 lui s7,0x3de98
10158: 00d72023 sw a3,0(a4)
1015c: 00f72223 sw a5,4(a4)
10160: 03410a93 add s5,sp,52
10164: 01612223 sw s6,4(sp)
10168: fff90d93 add s11,s2,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e1247>
1016c: 687c8c93 add s9,s9,1671 # 3e991687 <__BSS_END__+0x3e9728cf>
10170: 80000a37 lui s4,0x80000
10174: 7f8009b7 lui s3,0x7f800
10178: 5a2c0c13 add s8,s8,1442 # 3f1645a2 <__BSS_END__+0x3f1457ea>
1017c: 8d5b8b93 add s7,s7,-1835 # 3de978d5 <__BSS_END__+0x3de78b1d>
10180: 00412483 lw s1,4(sp)
10184: 000a8d13 mv s10,s5
10188: 00000413 li s0,0
1018c: 000d2e03 lw t3,0(s10)
10190: 009915b7 lui a1,0x991
10194: 01800513 li a0,24
10198: 01be7333 and t1,t3,s11
1019c: 417e5793 sra a5,t3,0x17
101a0: 01236333 or t1,t1,s2
101a4: 0ff7f893 zext.b a7,a5
101a8: 00000713 li a4,0
101ac: 68758593 add a1,a1,1671 # 991687 <__BSS_END__+0x9728cf>
101b0: 0015f793 and a5,a1,1
101b4: 00e30833 add a6,t1,a4
101b8: fff50513 add a0,a0,-1
101bc: 22078e63 beqz a5,103f8 <main+0x348>
101c0: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
101c4: 40185713 sra a4,a6,0x1
101c8: fe0514e3 bnez a0,101b0 <main+0x100>
101cc: 00080713 mv a4,a6
101d0: 41875593 sra a1,a4,0x18
101d4: 004d2303 lw t1,4(s10)
101d8: ffe77713 and a4,a4,-2
101dc: ffe88793 add a5,a7,-2
101e0: 019e4533 xor a0,t3,s9
101e4: 40b75733 sra a4,a4,a1
101e8: 00b787b3 add a5,a5,a1
101ec: 01b77733 and a4,a4,s11
101f0: 01779793 sll a5,a5,0x17
101f4: 01457533 and a0,a0,s4
101f8: 00e56533 or a0,a0,a4
101fc: 01b37eb3 and t4,t1,s11
10200: 0137f733 and a4,a5,s3
10204: 009645b7 lui a1,0x964
10208: 41735793 sra a5,t1,0x17
1020c: 00e56533 or a0,a0,a4
10210: 012eeeb3 or t4,t4,s2
10214: 0ff7fe13 zext.b t3,a5
10218: 01800813 li a6,24
1021c: 00000713 li a4,0
10220: 5a258593 add a1,a1,1442 # 9645a2 <__BSS_END__+0x9457ea>
10224: 0015f793 and a5,a1,1
10228: 00ee88b3 add a7,t4,a4
1022c: fff80813 add a6,a6,-1
10230: 1a078a63 beqz a5,103e4 <main+0x334>
10234: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
10238: 4018d713 sra a4,a7,0x1
1023c: fe0814e3 bnez a6,10224 <main+0x174>
10240: 00088713 mv a4,a7
10244: 41875813 sra a6,a4,0x18
10248: fffe0793 add a5,t3,-1
1024c: ffe77713 and a4,a4,-2
10250: 018345b3 xor a1,t1,s8
10254: 41075733 sra a4,a4,a6
10258: 010787b3 add a5,a5,a6
1025c: 01b77733 and a4,a4,s11
10260: 0145f5b3 and a1,a1,s4
10264: 01779793 sll a5,a5,0x17
10268: 00e5e5b3 or a1,a1,a4
1026c: 0137f7b3 and a5,a5,s3
10270: 00f5e5b3 or a1,a1,a5
10274: 330000ef jal 105a4 <unsigned_fadd32>
10278: 008d2e83 lw t4,8(s10)
1027c: 00e985b7 lui a1,0xe98
10280: 01800813 li a6,24
10284: 01befe33 and t3,t4,s11
10288: 417ed793 sra a5,t4,0x17
1028c: 012e6e33 or t3,t3,s2
10290: 0ff7f313 zext.b t1,a5
10294: 00000713 li a4,0
10298: 8d558593 add a1,a1,-1835 # e978d5 <__BSS_END__+0xe78b1d>
1029c: 0015f793 and a5,a1,1
102a0: 00ee08b3 add a7,t3,a4
102a4: fff80813 add a6,a6,-1
102a8: 12078463 beqz a5,103d0 <main+0x320>
102ac: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
102b0: 4018d713 sra a4,a7,0x1
102b4: fe0814e3 bnez a6,1029c <main+0x1ec>
102b8: 00088713 mv a4,a7
102bc: 41875813 sra a6,a4,0x18
102c0: ffc30793 add a5,t1,-4
102c4: ffe77713 and a4,a4,-2
102c8: 017ec5b3 xor a1,t4,s7
102cc: 41075733 sra a4,a4,a6
102d0: 010787b3 add a5,a5,a6
102d4: 01b77733 and a4,a4,s11
102d8: 0145f5b3 and a1,a1,s4
102dc: 01779793 sll a5,a5,0x17
102e0: 0137f7b3 and a5,a5,s3
102e4: 00e5e5b3 or a1,a1,a4
102e8: 00f5e5b3 or a1,a1,a5
102ec: 2b8000ef jal 105a4 <unsigned_fadd32>
102f0: 00a4a023 sw a0,0(s1)
102f4: 00140413 add s0,s0,1
102f8: 00300793 li a5,3
102fc: 00cd0d13 add s10,s10,12
10300: 00448493 add s1,s1,4
10304: e8f414e3 bne s0,a5,1018c <main+0xdc>
10308: 00412783 lw a5,4(sp)
1030c: 024a8a93 add s5,s5,36
10310: 00c78793 add a5,a5,12
10314: 00f12223 sw a5,4(sp)
10318: 0a010793 add a5,sp,160
1031c: e75792e3 bne a5,s5,10180 <main+0xd0>
10320: 024b0a13 add s4,s6,36
10324: 0001c9b7 lui s3,0x1c
10328: 00300913 li s2,3
1032c: 000b0493 mv s1,s6
10330: 00000413 li s0,0
10334: 0004a503 lw a0,0(s1)
10338: 00140413 add s0,s0,1
1033c: 00448493 add s1,s1,4
10340: 458000ef jal 10798 <__extendsfdf2>
10344: 00050613 mv a2,a0
10348: 00058693 mv a3,a1
1034c: 21898513 add a0,s3,536 # 1c218 <__trunctfdf2+0x2ac>
10350: 139000ef jal 10c88 <printf>
10354: ff2410e3 bne s0,s2,10334 <main+0x284>
10358: 00a00513 li a0,10
1035c: 00cb0b13 add s6,s6,12
10360: 15b000ef jal 10cba <putchar>
10364: fd4b14e3 bne s6,s4,1032c <main+0x27c>
10368: 138000ef jal 104a0 <get_cycles>
1036c: 00c12783 lw a5,12(sp)
10370: 40f505b3 sub a1,a0,a5
10374: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
10378: 21c50513 add a0,a0,540 # 1c21c <__trunctfdf2+0x2b0>
1037c: 10d000ef jal 10c88 <printf>
10380: 00812583 lw a1,8(sp)
10384: 0001c537 lui a0,0x1c
10388: 23050513 add a0,a0,560 # 1c230 <__trunctfdf2+0x2c4>
1038c: 0fd000ef jal 10c88 <printf>
10390: 0dc12083 lw ra,220(sp)
10394: 0d812403 lw s0,216(sp)
10398: 0d412483 lw s1,212(sp)
1039c: 0d012903 lw s2,208(sp)
103a0: 0cc12983 lw s3,204(sp)
103a4: 0c812a03 lw s4,200(sp)
103a8: 0c412a83 lw s5,196(sp)
103ac: 0c012b03 lw s6,192(sp)
103b0: 0bc12b83 lw s7,188(sp)
103b4: 0b812c03 lw s8,184(sp)
103b8: 0b412c83 lw s9,180(sp)
103bc: 0b012d03 lw s10,176(sp)
103c0: 0ac12d83 lw s11,172(sp)
103c4: 00000513 li a0,0
103c8: 0e010113 add sp,sp,224
103cc: 00008067 ret
103d0: 40175793 sra a5,a4,0x1
103d4: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
103d8: ee0802e3 beqz a6,102bc <main+0x20c>
103dc: 00078713 mv a4,a5
103e0: ebdff06f j 1029c <main+0x1ec>
103e4: 40175793 sra a5,a4,0x1
103e8: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
103ec: e4080ce3 beqz a6,10244 <main+0x194>
103f0: 00078713 mv a4,a5
103f4: e31ff06f j 10224 <main+0x174>
103f8: 40175793 sra a5,a4,0x1
103fc: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
10400: dc0508e3 beqz a0,101d0 <main+0x120>
10404: 00078713 mv a4,a5
10408: da9ff06f j 101b0 <main+0x100>
000104c8 <swap>:
104c8: 00052703 lw a4,0(a0)
104cc: 0005a783 lw a5,0(a1)
104d0: 00e5a023 sw a4,0(a1)
104d4: 00f52023 sw a5,0(a0)
104d8: 00008067 ret
000104dc <imul32>:
104dc: 02058c63 beqz a1,10514 <imul32+0x38>
104e0: 00000713 li a4,0
104e4: 0015f793 and a5,a1,1
104e8: 00a706b3 add a3,a4,a0
104ec: 4015d593 sra a1,a1,0x1
104f0: 00078a63 beqz a5,10504 <imul32+0x28>
104f4: 4016d713 sra a4,a3,0x1
104f8: fe0596e3 bnez a1,104e4 <imul32+0x8>
104fc: 00171513 sll a0,a4,0x1
10500: 00008067 ret
10504: 40175713 sra a4,a4,0x1
10508: fc059ee3 bnez a1,104e4 <imul32+0x8>
1050c: 00171513 sll a0,a4,0x1
10510: 00008067 ret
10514: 00000513 li a0,0
10518: 00008067 ret
0001051c <count_leading_zeros>:
1051c: 00155793 srl a5,a0,0x1
10520: 00a7e533 or a0,a5,a0
10524: 00255793 srl a5,a0,0x2
10528: 00a7e7b3 or a5,a5,a0
1052c: 0047d513 srl a0,a5,0x4
10530: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
10534: 00855713 srl a4,a0,0x8
10538: 00a76733 or a4,a4,a0
1053c: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
10540: 00e7e7b3 or a5,a5,a4
10544: 555556b7 lui a3,0x55555
10548: 0017d713 srl a4,a5,0x1
1054c: 55568693 add a3,a3,1365 # 55555555 <__BSS_END__+0x5553679d>
10550: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
10554: 40e787b3 sub a5,a5,a4
10558: 333336b7 lui a3,0x33333
1055c: 33368693 add a3,a3,819 # 33333333 <__BSS_END__+0x3331457b>
10560: 0027d713 srl a4,a5,0x2
10564: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
10568: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
1056c: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
10570: 00475793 srl a5,a4,0x4
10574: 0f0f16b7 lui a3,0xf0f1
10578: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
1057c: f0f68693 add a3,a3,-241 # f0f0f0f <__BSS_END__+0xf0d2157>
10580: 00d7f7b3 and a5,a5,a3
10584: 0087d713 srl a4,a5,0x8
10588: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
1058c: 01075793 srl a5,a4,0x10
10590: 00e787b3 add a5,a5,a4
10594: 07f7f793 and a5,a5,127
10598: 02000513 li a0,32
1059c: 40f50533 sub a0,a0,a5
105a0: 00008067 ret
000105a4 <unsigned_fadd32>:
105a4: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
105a8: fff78793 add a5,a5,-1 # 7fffffff <__BSS_END__+0x7ffe1247>
105ac: 00a7f733 and a4,a5,a0
105b0: 00b7f7b3 and a5,a5,a1
105b4: 00050813 mv a6,a0
105b8: 00058613 mv a2,a1
105bc: 00f74663 blt a4,a5,105c8 <unsigned_fadd32+0x24>
105c0: 00050613 mv a2,a0
105c4: 00058813 mv a6,a1
105c8: 008008b7 lui a7,0x800
105cc: 41765713 sra a4,a2,0x17
105d0: 41785793 sra a5,a6,0x17
105d4: fff88693 add a3,a7,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e1247>
105d8: 0ff77713 zext.b a4,a4
105dc: 0ff7f793 zext.b a5,a5
105e0: 00d675b3 and a1,a2,a3
105e4: 40f707b3 sub a5,a4,a5
105e8: 00d876b3 and a3,a6,a3
105ec: 01800513 li a0,24
105f0: 0115e5b3 or a1,a1,a7
105f4: 0116e6b3 or a3,a3,a7
105f8: 00f55463 bge a0,a5,10600 <unsigned_fadd32+0x5c>
105fc: 01800793 li a5,24
10600: 40f6d7b3 sra a5,a3,a5
10604: 01064833 xor a6,a2,a6
10608: 00f586b3 add a3,a1,a5
1060c: 00085463 bgez a6,10614 <unsigned_fadd32+0x70>
10610: 40f586b3 sub a3,a1,a5
10614: 0016d793 srl a5,a3,0x1
10618: 00d7e7b3 or a5,a5,a3
1061c: 0027d593 srl a1,a5,0x2
10620: 00b7e7b3 or a5,a5,a1
10624: 0047d593 srl a1,a5,0x4
10628: 00b7e7b3 or a5,a5,a1
1062c: 0087d593 srl a1,a5,0x8
10630: 00b7e7b3 or a5,a5,a1
10634: 0107d593 srl a1,a5,0x10
10638: 00b7e7b3 or a5,a5,a1
1063c: 55555537 lui a0,0x55555
10640: 0017d593 srl a1,a5,0x1
10644: 55550513 add a0,a0,1365 # 55555555 <__BSS_END__+0x5553679d>
10648: 00a5f5b3 and a1,a1,a0
1064c: 40b787b3 sub a5,a5,a1
10650: 33333537 lui a0,0x33333
10654: 33350513 add a0,a0,819 # 33333333 <__BSS_END__+0x3331457b>
10658: 0027d593 srl a1,a5,0x2
1065c: 00a5f5b3 and a1,a1,a0
10660: 00a7f7b3 and a5,a5,a0
10664: 00f585b3 add a1,a1,a5
10668: 0045d793 srl a5,a1,0x4
1066c: 0f0f1537 lui a0,0xf0f1
10670: 00b787b3 add a5,a5,a1
10674: f0f50513 add a0,a0,-241 # f0f0f0f <__BSS_END__+0xf0d2157>
10678: 00a7f7b3 and a5,a5,a0
1067c: 0087d593 srl a1,a5,0x8
10680: 00b787b3 add a5,a5,a1
10684: 0107d593 srl a1,a5,0x10
10688: 00b787b3 add a5,a5,a1
1068c: 07f7f793 and a5,a5,127
10690: 02000593 li a1,32
10694: 40f585b3 sub a1,a1,a5
10698: 00800513 li a0,8
1069c: 02b54863 blt a0,a1,106cc <unsigned_fadd32+0x128>
106a0: fe878793 add a5,a5,-24
106a4: 40f6d6b3 sra a3,a3,a5
106a8: 00f70733 add a4,a4,a5
106ac: 00969693 sll a3,a3,0x9
106b0: 0096d693 srl a3,a3,0x9
106b4: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
106b8: 01771713 sll a4,a4,0x17
106bc: 00d76733 or a4,a4,a3
106c0: 00f67533 and a0,a2,a5
106c4: 00a76533 or a0,a4,a0
106c8: 00008067 ret
106cc: 01800593 li a1,24
106d0: 40f587b3 sub a5,a1,a5
106d4: 00f696b3 sll a3,a3,a5
106d8: 40f70733 sub a4,a4,a5
106dc: 00969693 sll a3,a3,0x9
106e0: 0096d693 srl a3,a3,0x9
106e4: 800007b7 lui a5,0x80000
106e8: 01771713 sll a4,a4,0x17
106ec: 00d76733 or a4,a4,a3
106f0: 00f67533 and a0,a2,a5
106f4: 00a76533 or a0,a4,a0
106f8: 00008067 ret
000106fc <fmul32>:
106fc: 008006b7 lui a3,0x800
10700: fff68793 add a5,a3,-1 # 7fffff <__BSS_END__+0x7e1247>
10704: 00a7f8b3 and a7,a5,a0
10708: 41755713 sra a4,a0,0x17
1070c: 00b7f7b3 and a5,a5,a1
10710: 4175d313 sra t1,a1,0x17
10714: 00d8e8b3 or a7,a7,a3
10718: 00d7e7b3 or a5,a5,a3
1071c: 0ff77613 zext.b a2,a4
10720: 0ff37313 zext.b t1,t1
10724: 00000693 li a3,0
10728: 0017f713 and a4,a5,1
1072c: 00d88833 add a6,a7,a3
10730: 4017d793 sra a5,a5,0x1
10734: 04070a63 beqz a4,10788 <fmul32+0x8c>
10738: 40185693 sra a3,a6,0x1
1073c: fe0796e3 bnez a5,10728 <fmul32+0x2c>
10740: 00080693 mv a3,a6
10744: 4186d813 sra a6,a3,0x18
10748: ffe6f793 and a5,a3,-2
1074c: 00660733 add a4,a2,t1
10750: 4107d7b3 sra a5,a5,a6
10754: f8170713 add a4,a4,-127
10758: 01070733 add a4,a4,a6
1075c: 00a5c533 xor a0,a1,a0
10760: 800006b7 lui a3,0x80000
10764: 00979793 sll a5,a5,0x9
10768: 00d57533 and a0,a0,a3
1076c: 0097d793 srl a5,a5,0x9
10770: 7f8006b7 lui a3,0x7f800
10774: 01771713 sll a4,a4,0x17
10778: 00d77733 and a4,a4,a3
1077c: 00f56533 or a0,a0,a5
10780: 00a76533 or a0,a4,a0
10784: 00008067 ret
10788: 4016d713 sra a4,a3,0x1
1078c: fa078ce3 beqz a5,10744 <fmul32+0x48>
10790: 00070693 mv a3,a4
10794: f95ff06f j 10728 <fmul32+0x2c>
elf size
text data bss dec hex filename
53198 1876 1528 56602 dd1a main.elf
elf header
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: RISC-V
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x1041e
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 69944 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x1, RVC, soft-float ABI
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 3
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 14
execute
0.389692 0.111821 0.675161
0.662995 0.264999 0.566176
0.431446 0.448845 0.454146
cycle count: 59137
instret: 2c8
inferior exit code 0
conclusion
- O2 uses the minimum number of cycles.
- O3 and Ofast use the maximum number of cycles.
- Although O3 and Ofast have the fewest instret, they require more cycles. On the contrary, O1 using the fewest cycles, has a higher instret.
Show me the handwritten RISC-V assembly code.
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