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# System prepended metadata

title: Hyperledger vs Polkadot comparison

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|                               | **Hyperledger Besu**                      | **Hyperledger Fabric**                                    | **Polkadot SDK (Substrate)**                             |
|:----------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- |:-------------------------------------------------------- |
| **Definition**                    | Ethereum-compatible execution client      | Enterprise grade permissioned distributed ledger platform | Customizable multi-chain blockchain platform             |
| **Permission**                | Public & Private                          | Private (Permissioned)                                    | Public & Private (Configurable)                          |
| **Platform Languages**        | Java                                      | Go                                                        | Rust                                                     |
| **Smart Contracts Languages** | Solidity, Vyper (EVM)                     | Go, Node.js (Chaincode)                                   | Ink! (Wasm-based) / RISC-V VM in the future (PVM) |
| **Governance**                | Off-chain, consortium-based               | Off-chain, consortium-based                               | On-chain, decentralized                                  |
| **Upgrades**                  | Requires off-chain coordination | Requires off-chain coordination                 | Forkless, trustless (via on-chain governance)            |
| **Consensus**                 | Clique, IBFT 2.0 (PoA), Ethash (PoW)                   | Kafka/Zookeeper, Raft (non-BFT), Pluggable                          | BABE + GRANDPA (PoS), Aura (PoA), Customizable           |
| **TPS (Transactions per Second)** | 10-30 TPS on Ethereum mainnet | 3,000+ TPS (in optimized environments)  | 1,000+ TPS per chain / 100,000-1MM TPS with parallel chains  |
| **Interoperability**     | Limited (ERC standards, bridges)       | Limited (Integration with other Fabric networks) | High (Native cross-chain with XCMP)     |