Plate rolls 板卷
Heavy-duty bending rolls used for rolling shell plates etc. to the correct curvature are hydraulically operated. Two lower rolls are provided and are made to revolve in the same direction so that the plate is fed between them and a slightly larger diameter top roll that runs idly (see Figure 13.3). Either or both ends of the top roll may be adjusted for height, and the two lower rolls have adjustable centers. With modern bending rolls, plates up to 45 mm thick may be handled and it is possible to roll plates into a half circle. These large rolls are also supplied with accessories to allow them to undertake heavy flanging work with the pressure exerted by the upper beam, for example ‘troughing’ corrugated bulkhead sections.
用於軋製殼板等的重型彎曲輥採用液壓操作。 提供了兩個較低的輥子，並使其朝同一方向旋轉，以便板子在它們和一個直徑稍大的頂部輥子之間輸送，該卷子閒閒地執行（見圖13.3）。 頂部輥頭的任何一端或兩端都可以調整高度，兩個下部輥具有可調節的中心。 使用現代彎曲輥，可以處理高達45毫米厚的板材，並且可以將板材捲成半圓。 這些大輥還配備了配件，允許它們在上梁施加的壓力下進行沉重的翻邊工作，例如“槽”波紋艙壁部分。
Shorter pyramid full-circle rolls are also used in shipyards, these being very useful for rolling plates to a full circle. This may be done to obtain large mast and derrick post sections for example, or bow thruster tunnel. Arrangements are made for removing the rolled full-circle plate by releasing the top roller end bearing. Vertical rolls are also available and may be used to roll plates full circle, but can be much more useful for rolling heavy flats used as facing bars on transverses of large tankers, etc.
造船廠也使用較短的金字塔全圓卷，這些卷軸對於將板捲成一圈非常有用。 例如，這樣做可以獲得大型桅杆和井架柱部分，或船頭推進器隧道。 透過鬆開頂輥端軸承來拆卸軋製全圓板。 垂直輥子也可用，可用於圓盤子圓，但對於滾動用作大型油輪橫向的朝向杆等的重型平底盤更有用。
Heat-line bending 熱線彎曲
The ‘heat-line’ bending procedure is a widely used technique to obtain curvature in steel plates for shipbuilding purposes. It is, however, a process that until recently relied on highly skilled personnel and did not guarantee constant accuracy of shapes formed.
“熱線”彎曲程式是一種廣泛用於獲得鋼板曲率的技術，用於造船目的。 然而，直到最近，這是一個依靠高技能人員的過程，並不能保證形成的形狀的持續準確性。
Heat is applied in a line to the surface of a plate by a flame torch, with immediate cooling using air or water. The narrow heated line of material is prevented from expanding in the direction of the plate surface by the large mass of cold plate, and therefore expands outwards perpendicular to the plate surface. On cooling, contrac- tion will take place in the direction of the plate surface, causing the plate to become concave on the side to which heat was applied (see Figure 13.3). An experienced operator is able to make a pattern of such heat lines on a plate, producing controlled distortion to obtain a required shape. Heat-line bending can be more time consuming than using rolls or presses, but it has an advantage in that the plate holds its form more accurately when stiffening and other members are added later in the fabrication process. This is an important consideration since shape inaccuracy can be critical at the erection stage in terms of lost production time. Heat-line bending may be used after cold forming to obtain improved accuracy. It is also used where a double curvature is required, for example on bulbous bow plates.
火焰火炬將熱量施加到板的表面，並立即使用空氣或水冷卻。 材料的狹窄加熱線被大量冷板阻止向板表面方向膨脹，從而垂直於板面向外膨脹。 冷卻時，將沿板表面的方向進行矛盾，導致板在施加熱量的一面變得凹陷（見圖13.3）。 經驗豐富的操作員能夠在板上製作此類熱線的圖案，產生受控的失真，以獲得所需的形狀。 熱線彎曲可能比使用輥子或壓力機更耗時，但它有一個優勢，即當加固和稍後在製造過程中新增其他成員時，板材會更準確地保持其形狀。 這是一個重要的考慮因素，因為就生產時間損失而言，形狀不準確在安裝階段可能至關重要。 冷成型後可以使用熱線彎曲來提高精度。 它也用於需要雙重曲率的地方，例如在球狀弓板上。
In recent years fully automated heat-line bending systems have been developed and installed in shipyards. These numerically controlled heat-line bending machines permit highly accurate, reproducible thermal forming of any steel plate using the data originating from the shipyard’s CAD system. More than double the productivity of the traditional manual process is achieved.
近年來，造船廠開發並安裝了全自動熱線彎曲系統。 這些數控熱線彎曲機允許使用來自造船廠CAD系統的資料對任何鋼板進行高精度、可重複的熱成型。實現了傳統手動流程生產力的兩倍多。
Frame bending 框架彎曲
The traditional system of bending side frames may still be in use for repair work, and is described as follows. A ‘set-bar’, which is a flat bar of soft iron, is bent to the scrieve line of the frame on the scrieve board and then taken to the frame bending slabs. On these solid cast-iron slabs pierced with holes the line of the frame is marked, and modified to agree with the line of the toe of the frame. As the heated frame on cooling will tend to bend, the set-bar is sprung to allow for this change in curvature before it is fixed down on the bending slabs by means of ‘dogs’ and pins inserted in the slab holes. Whilst the set-bar is being fixed the frame section is heated in a long oil-fired furnace adjacent to the bending slabs. When at the right temperature it is pulled out onto the slabs and fixed with dogs and pins against the set-bar, as quickly as possible. Tools are available for forcing the frame round against the set-bar, including a portable hydraulic ram, and the toe of the web may require constant hammering to avoid buckling under compression.
傳統的彎曲側框架系統可能仍在用於維修工作，描述如下。 一個“固定杆”，即軟鐵的扁平條，被彎曲到碎石板上框架的碎石線上，然後帶到框架彎曲板上。 在這些帶有孔的實心鑄鐵板上，框架的線條被標記，並進行了修改以與框架的腳趾線一致。 由於冷卻時的加熱框架會傾向於彎曲，在透過插入板孔中的“狗”和銷子固定在彎曲板上之前，設定杆被彈簧起來，以允許曲率的變化。 當固定杆時，框架部分在靠近彎曲板的長油爐中加熱。 當溫度適中時，它被拉到石板上，並儘快用狗和別針固定在設定杆上。 有工具可以迫使框架圓在設定杆上，包括行動式液壓衝壓器，捲筒紙的腳趾可能需要不斷錘擊以避免在壓縮下屈曲。
As the frames fitted have their webs perpendicular to the ship’s center line, all except those immediately amidships will require beveling. A beveling machine is available that is placed in front of the furnace door, and as the frame is removed it passes between its rollers, which are controlled so that the flange is bent at every point to an angle indicated by a bevel board prepared by the mold loft.
由於安裝的框架的網絡垂直於船的中心線，除了直接在船中間的框架外，所有框架都需要彎曲。 有一臺斜面機放置在爐門前，當框架被拆除時，它會穿過其滾子之間，輥子被控制，以便法蘭在每個點彎曲到模具閣樓準備的斜面板指示的角度。
Once bent, the bar is put aside to cool, but is fastened down to prevent its warping in the vertical direction. When cold it is checked against the frame line drawn on the slabs. Meanwhile, the set-bar is turned over and used to bend the corresponding frame for the opposite side of the ship.
一旦彎曲，杆被放在一邊冷卻，但被固定下來，以防止其垂直方向扭曲。 當寒冷時，根據板塊上繪製的框架線進行檢查。 與此同時，設定杆被翻過來，用於彎曲船舶另一側的相應框架。
Cold frame bending 冷框架彎曲
It is now almost universal practice to cold-bend ship frames using commercially available machines for this purpose. The frames are progressively bent by application of a horizontal ram whilst the frame is held by gripping levers (Figure 13.4). Any type of rolled section can be bent in some machines with a limitation on the size of section. Obtaining the correct frame curvature can be achieved by the ‘inverse curve’ method or numerical control. With the ‘inverse curve’ method the inverse curve information can be determined for each frame using a CAD/CAM system. The inverse curve is marked onto the straight frame and the frame bent until the inverse curve becomes straight on the curved frame (see Figure 13.4). A hydraulic cold-frame-bending machine can be controlled by numerical control tapes prepared in a similar manner to the numerically controlled flame profilers, the frame line being initially defined from the computer-stored faired hull.
現在，為此目的使用商用機器冷彎船舶框架幾乎是普遍的做法。 框架透過應用水準衝壓器逐漸彎曲，而框架則由抓握槓桿固定（圖13.4）。 在某些對截面尺寸有限制的機器中，任何型別的軋製截面都可以彎曲。 透過“逆曲線”方法或數控可以獲得正確的框架曲率。 使用“逆曲線”方法，可以使用CAD/CAM系統確定每個幀的逆曲線資訊。 逆曲線標記在直線框架上，框架彎曲，直到逆曲線在彎曲框架上變得筆直（見圖13.4）。 液壓冷框架彎曲機可以透過與數控火焰剖析器相似的方式準備的數控膠帶來控制，框架線最初是從計算機儲存的公平船體中定義的。
Section profilers 部分剖析器
Plate profilers produce very accurate plate components for assembly into ship units and it is important that the supporting stiffening members of the structure are produced with the same accuracy. Section profilers accurately cut, scallop, and bevel, as necessary, the profile edge to be welded to the plate. Cutting is by oxy-fuel gas or plasma and in modern systems is undertaken by a compact robot operating in a viewable enclosed workstation with integral fume extraction. Prior to cutting, the stiffening member can be moved through a marking cell where part identification and, where required, bending lines for inverse curve frame bending (see Figure 13.4) can be marked.
板材剖析器生產非常精確的板材元件，用於組裝成船舶單元，重要的是結構的支撐加固構件以相同的精度生產。 部分剖面器根據需要精確切割、扇貝和斜面，將型材邊緣焊接到板上。 切割是透過氧燃料氣體或等離子體進行的，在現代系統中，切割是由一個緊湊型機器人在具有整體煙霧提取的可檢視的封閉工作站中執行。 在切割之前，加固構件可以透過標記單元移動，在那裡可以標記零件識別，並在需要時標記逆曲線框架彎曲的彎曲線（見圖13.4）。
Robotics 機器人
Robots have in recent years been provided with improved control features that have made them more adaptable to the workshop floor situation. For example, most robots are now available with some form of ‘adaptive control’, which provides feedback from the environment permitting, say, automatic adjustment of the robots path and/or its functions. Also, the provision of ‘off-line’ programming and simulation packages makes it possible to develop and test programs for the robot remotely. Thus, the robot carries on working whilst new programs are produced for it.
Many of the world’s shipyards and shipyard systems suppliers have been devel- oping and implementing robots in shipbuilding. A large proportion of these devel- opments have been in fully automating the machine welding processes described in Chapter 9, but other areas of adoption and trial have involved flame and plasma-arc cutting, local shot-blasting and painting, and marking. Robots developed to date for shipyard usage are either associated with large gantry structures or are small portable units. The former often have the movable robot mounted on the traveling gantry with sensors providing the adaptive control, and are employed for cutting and welding processes. The latter can be manually transported or self-propelled, even climbing vertically, or for robotic transportation, and have been used for local welding in difficult situations and cleaning and painting.
近年來，機器人獲得了改進的控制功能，使它們更能適應車間地板的情況。 例如，大多數機器人現在都有某種形式的“自適應控制”，它提供來自環境的反饋，例如，允許自動調整機器人路徑和/或其功能。 此外，“離線”寫程式和模擬包的提供使遠端為機器人開發和測試程式成為可能。 因此，機器人在為它製作新程式的同時繼續工作。 世界上許多造船廠和造船廠系統供應商一直在開發並實施造船機器人。 這些發展中的很大一部分是將第9章中描述的機器焊接過程完全自動化，但其他採用和試驗領域涉及火焰和等離子弧切割、區域性噴砂和噴漆以及標記。 迄今為止為造船廠開發的機器人要麼與大型龍門結構有關，要麼是小型行動式單元。 前者通常將可移動機器人安裝在移動龍門上，感測器提供自適應控制，並用於切割和焊接過程。 後者可以手動運輸或自行推進，甚至可以垂直攀登，或用於機器人運輸，並已用於困難情況下的區域性焊接以及清潔和油漆。