* 高宜芝、王欣宜(2005)。當前我國融合教育實施成敗相關因素之探討。特殊教育教學與趨勢,55-68。 https://spc.ntcu.edu.tw/download.php?dir=archive&filename=0fe4d656665559a2c8a34bb1cf2f1053.pdf&title=%E7%95%B6%E5%89%8D%E6%88%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AF%A6%E6%96%BD%E6%88%90%E6%95%97%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E4%B9%8B%E6%8E%A2%E8%A8%8E-%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%9C%E8%8A%9D%E3%80%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%AC%A3%E5%AE%9C * 郝佳華 (2021) 。國民中學融合環境中身障生之「霸凌議題」探討,融合乎?標記乎?霸凌乎?。特殊教育發展期刊,72 , 35-50。 https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A2022196691 * 陶曉麗(2024)。浙江省國小一般學生對身心障礙同儕接納態度之研究。障礙者理解學刊, 20 (2), 103-137。 https://onedrive.live.com/?redeem=aHR0cHM6Ly8xZHJ2Lm1zL2IvYy9lYzY3MzhiMmU4YWY5YzM3L0VUSkRmOHNrUFRSRWw3NUc5bmJpMUwwQnh6eVYxV2g0bFVBX0hPWXRvVEdZR1E%5FZT1aVHhScXM&cid=EC6738B2E8AF9C37&id=EC6738B2E8AF9C37%21scb7f43323d24443497be46f676e2d4bd&parId=EC6738B2E8AF9C37%21104&o=OneUp * Gal, C., Ryder, C. H., Amsalem, S. R., & On, O. (2025). Shaping Inclusive Classrooms: Key Factors Influencing Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Inclusion of Students with Special Needs. Education Sciences, 15(5), 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050541 * Jenny Lenkeit.(2024).Social referencing processes in inclusive classrooms—Relationships between teachers' attitudes, students' attitudes, social integration and classroom climate.Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 24(4), 1190–1205. https://nasenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-3802.12703 # 評註書目 ## 9/28 浙江省國小一般學生對身心障礙同儕接納態度之研究 ### Summarize: * 隨著年齡增大,會產生一些厭惡或不想與他們同一班的點,但本研究中國小一般學生對身心障礙同儕的整體接納態度為中等(王衝,2015;江小英、王婧,2013;琚四化,2017,p.124) * 台灣相關接納態度現況的研究中,國小一般學生對身心障礙同儕的接納態度總體處於正向、積極(孔秀麗,2008;彭素真, 2006;黃玉文,2007;黃翠琴,2005;葉振彰,2006,p. 124)。 * 不同年級段的國小一般學生對身心障礙者的接納態度存在顯著差異(孔秀麗,2008;邱嘉琳,2007;洪淑玲,2009;黃玉文,2007;黃翠琴,2005; Alnahdi, 2019; Armstrong et al., 2016; de Laat et al., 2013,p.126) * 中年級接納態度最佳的原因,可能與特定年級段學生的認知、社會和情緒發展相關。與低年級相比,中年級學生,既比較能適應國小階段學習,也沒有高年級的學業壓力,因此,能夠對班内的身障同儕給予關注,並對障礙相關訊息理解最為敏感。高年級段認知、社會情緒雖然在不斷發展,由於課業壓力和升學壓力也在增加,較少有精力關注身心障礙同儕,可能是導致接納態度較低的原因(Law et al., 2017; Ottoboni et al.,2017,p.126)。 ### Assess: 本研究採用問卷調查法,探討浙江省國小學生對身心障礙同儕的接納態度,並分析性別、年級與有無共學經驗等變項對接納態度的影響。研究結果顯示,有與身心障礙學生共學經驗的學生普遍展現出較正向的態度,顯示教育融合經驗有助於提升學生的同理與接納意願。本文具有實證基礎,數據分析嚴謹,對特殊教育推行與融合教育政策具高度參考價值。然而,研究樣本僅限於浙江省,結果的範圍會有一定有限度,未來可擴展至不同地區或納入質性研究以增強深度與廣度。 ### Reflect: 我覺得這個研究具有一定可信度,也為我提供新的觀點──浙江省與身心障礙學生共學經驗的學生普遍展現出較正向的態度,代表他們接納意願比較高,而我本人對身障的態度是比較無感,可能遇到的感覺與普通人無異,但最近在Threads的社群平台掀起一般學生不想讓特殊生進入普通班,所以想做一下問卷去看一下這世代會產生新的變化與答案。 ## 10/17 國民中學融合環境中身障生之「霸凌議題」探討,融合乎?標記乎?霸凌乎? ### Summarize: * 融合教育是個具挑戰性的教育模式,各個教育階段的特教資源能否滿足安置於融合教育現場的身障生、整體環境人的包容接納度、相關行政支持系統的健全及完善、適性的生涯轉銜機制等,都是融合教育推動下,待接軌且正克服中的重要內在意涵(陳志福,2011,p.36) * 研究也指出教師亦可能出現對學生肢體或情緒霸凌的行為,國高中教師較國小教師更易如此。是故,身障生的霸凌處境,亦有可能與老師的態度和回應有關。(蘇鈺喬,2020,p.41) * 研究也指出身障生霸凌行為的最顯著預測因素是缺乏社交和溝通技巧。(Rose, C. A., Monda‐Amaya, L. E., &Espelage, D. L. ,2011,p.41). * 研究也驗證社會能力差是身障者受凌的重要危險因素。(Törn, P., Pettersson, E., Lichtenstein, P., Anckarsäter, H., Lundström, S., Hellner Gumpert, C., Larsson, H., Kollberg, L., Långström, N., & Halldner, L. ,2015,p.41) * 研究亦指出身障生在普通班不被接受的原因不是因為被貼標籤的關係,而是因為缺乏適當的社交技巧。(羅丰苓、盧台華,2013,p.41) ### Assess: 本文質性訪談,能夠真實呈現身障生在班級中的互動困境,而且作者聚焦在融合教育理想與現實的落差,特別是在實務中「融合是否反成標籤與排擠」的議題,具批判性與時代關懷。但本研究卻沒有提供清楚的研究方法,並且沒有考慮到有可能是其他因素在影響,所以覺得資訊偏以一個視角去看待這件事情。 ### Reflect: 雖然與我們問題研究的方向不同,但議題高度相關且互補。 這篇文章對我相當有幫助,因為它讓我意識到: 身心障礙學生在「被融合」的過程中,常常處於結構性弱勢與隱性排除的處境,這些問題不僅來自制度,也來自人際互動與文化態度。 ## 11/02 當前我國融合教育實施成敗相關因素之探討 ### Summarize: * 融合教育的理念是希望在融合教育的環境下,讓特殊學生與一般學生有更 多互動的機會,以增加學生學習的機會,也是基於對基本人權的尊重與貫徹教 育均等的理念。(高宜芝、王欣宜,2005,p.56) * 綜合上述,我國目前實施融合教育可能遇到問題包括: 1.支持系統方面: 學校缺乏明確的行政支持方案,行政人員對融合教育的顧慮,及相關設備之 制度缺乏彈性且對融合教育之意涵缺乏了解,以至於難以提供行政支持。 2.課程與教學方面: 在融合教育情境中,一般學生容易受到忽略;而身心障礙學生個別化教育落 實困難,因此老師教學的品質易受到質疑。 3.教師方面: 老師因專業知能的限,擔心時間不夠,難以兼顧所有的學生。再者,普通班 老師、特教老師與專業輔導團隊間整合的困難,難以落實身心障礙學生在融合教育擎境中個別化教育計畫。 4.家長方面: 身心障礙學生擔心子女是否受到適當的教育;普通學生家長擔心子女權益是 否受到影響;社會人士及家長對身心障礙學生缺乏了解,都會造成融合教育 施行的困難。(高宜芝、王欣宜,2005,p.62-63) ### Assess: 本研究的優點在於能全面性地整合當時我國融合教育的實施現況,清楚點出制度、學校與教師層面的關鍵問題,對後續研究具有參考價值。然而,由於研究以文獻分析與經驗歸納為主,較缺乏量化或實證數據的支持,使研究結果在推論上仍有一定限制。 ### Reflect: 透過本研究,我更加理解融合教育的推動並非僅靠理想或政策宣示即可達成,而需要完整的支持系統與教師專業成長作為後盾。融合教育的成功,除了需要教師的努力,更仰賴學校、家庭與政策層面的共同配合,才能真正落實教育公平與包容的理念。 ## 11/07 Social referencing processes in inclusive classrooms-Relationships between teachers' attitudes, students' attitudes, social integration and classroom climate (融合課堂中的社會參照過程-教師態度、學生態度、社會融合與課堂氣氛之間的關係) ### Summarize: #### 背景 * There is evidence that students' attitudes towards joint lessons with students with special educational needs (SEN) affect peer relations in classrooms. But much less is currently known about the relationships between teachers' and students' attitudes and their effects on inclusive processes.(Jenny Lenkeit,2024,p.1190) (有證據表明,學生對與有特殊教育需求(SEN)學生共同上課的態度會影響課堂上的同儕關係。然而,目前人們對教師和學生的態度及其對融合過程的影響知之甚少。) * Evidence in this line of research suggests that students generally hold neutral to positive attitudes towards peers with SEN. (e.g. de Boer et al., 2012; Schwab, 2015,p.1191) (該領域的研究表明,學生對有特殊教育需求(SEN)的同伴普遍持中立或積極的態度。) * Students are more negatively minded towards peers with behavioural difficulties compared to those with intellectual or physical difficulties. (de Boer et al., 2012; Hellmich & Loeper, 2018; Tsakiridou & Polyzopoulou, 2019,p.1191) (與有智力或身體障礙的同儕相比,學生對有行為障礙的同儕往往持有較負面的態度。) * Students' attitudes towards peers with SEN or towards instructional adaptations are important factors for social integration in inclusive classrooms, because they have shown to not only affect perceptions and behaviour in classrooms. (Ajzen, 2012; MacFarlane & Woolfson, 2013,p.1192) but also to affect peer relations associated with classroom climate. (de Boer et al., 2013; Spörer et al., 2020,p.1192) (學生對有特殊教育需求的同儕或對教學調整的態度是融合課堂中社會融合的重要因素,因為研究表明,這些態度不僅會影響課堂上的看法和行為 ,還會影響與課堂氛圍相關的同伴關係。) * Here, they do not only interact with other students but also with teachers. The attitudes of teachers in inclusive settings may thus affect the development of students' attitudes. (Hughes et al., 2001,p.1192) (教師在融合教育環境中的態度可能會影響學生態度的發展。) * Moreover, teachers can serve as social references for their students and would thus affect student attitudes. (e.g. Hughes et al., 2001; Wullschleger et al., 2020,p.1192) (此外,教師可以作為學生的社會參照,從而影響學生的態度。) * Put differently, students decide whether to like or dislike a classmate based on the perceived interactions of the teacher with the classmate.Consequently, students' acceptance by their peer group depends on how their interactions with the teacher are perceived by the peer group. (Chang et al., 2004; Hendrickx, Mainhard, Boor- Klip, & Brekelmans, 2017; Hughes et al., 2014,p.1193) (學生會根據感知到的教師與同學的互動來決定是否喜歡或討厭該同學。因此,學生能否被同儕團體接納取決於同儕團體如何看待他們與教師的互動。) #### 目的 * This paper draws on social referencing theory to frame how teachers may affect students' attitudes.(Jenny Lenkeit,2024,p.1190) (本文運用社會參考理論,探討教師如何影響學生的態度。) #### 方法 * Using a sample of 1.365 German 6th and 7th graders from 64 classes, we run a series of multilevel path models to investigate relationships between teachers' and students' attitudes with social integration and classroom climate. Attitudes are differentiated by a cognitive and affective facet and by whether they relate to students with emotional–social difficulties (SEN-ESD) or learning difficulties.(Jenny Lenkeit,2024,p.1190) (研究以64個班級的1365名德國六、七年級學生為樣本,採用多層路徑模型分析教師和學生態度與社會融合及課堂氛圍之間的關係。態度根據認知與情感兩個維度進行區分,並依其針對有情緒社交困難(SEN-ESD)或學習困難學生而有所區分。) #### 結果 * Results show social referencing for cognitive attitudes towards inclusive practices for students with SEN-ESD. Results also indicate that teachers' cognitive attitudes and students' affective attitudes directly affect social integration and classroom climate.(Jenny Lenkeit,2024,p.1190) (研究結果表明,社會參照因素會影響對有特殊教育需求和學習障礙學生的融合教育實踐的認知態度。研究結果還表明,教師的認知態度和學生的情緒態度直接影響社會融合和課堂氛圍。) #### 討論 * There is evidence that students' attitudes affect peer relations that are related to classroom climate. (de Boer et al., 2013; Spörer et al., 2020,p.1193) (有證據表明,學生的態度會影響與課堂氛圍相關的同儕關係。。) * Classroom climate captures the shared experiences in the classroom, including what can be de-scribed as interpersonal or peer relations. (Alonso- Tapia & Ruiz- Díaz, 2022; Schmuck & Schmuck, 1975,p.1194) (課堂氛圍反映了課堂中的共同經驗,包括人際關係或同儕關係。) * In line with previous research literature , the descriptive results show that both teachers' and students' attitudes towards students with SEN- ESD are more adverse than those for students with SEN- LD. (Laws & Kelly, 2005; Sipperstein et al., 2007,p.1201) (與以往研究文獻一致 ,描述性結果表明,教師和學生對有特殊教育需求-情緒障礙的學生的態度比對有特殊教育需求-學習障礙的學生的態度更為消極。) ### Assess: 本文是用量化問卷,把一些影響因素做成可量化,找出統計相關,這樣也容易比較不同班級或學生群體差異。但有可能因受社會期望影響,表達出友善的態度,並且缺乏一些深度質性資訊,如學生對特殊教育同學的實際互動經驗。 ### Reflect: 我覺得Lenkeit 等人(2024)的研究指出,教師態度與學生態度透過社會參照過程影響班級的社交融合與教室氣氛,提供了分析學生態度形成的理論基礎。看完這篇文獻後,我回想起在國中觀察過一些班級的經驗,我發現學生往往會模仿教師或高年級同學的行為。如果教師對特殊教育同學表現出尊重與包容,學生也更容易展現正向態度;反之,如果教師態度冷漠或帶有偏見,學生的態度也可能受到負面影響。 透過這次學習與反思,我更清楚地看到包容教育的複雜性與挑戰。它不是單靠政策或制度就能完成,而是需要教師、同儕以及班級文化共同努力。 ## 12/24 Shaping Inclusive Classrooms: Key Factors Influencing Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Inclusion of Students with Special Needs (建構包容性教室:影響教師對特殊需求學生融合教育態度的關鍵因素) ### 背景: 包容性教育旨在為所有學生提供平等的機會,無論其能力或需求如何,近幾十年來已成為全球優先事項 Inclusive education, which aims to provide equal opportunities for all students regardless of their abilities or needs, has become a global priority in recent decades (Mansur et al., 2023). 教師的態度在塑造融合教育實踐的成功方面發揮著至關重要的作用。數十年來,許多有影響力的學者持續為該領域做出貢獻,他們的研究證實了教師態度與融合教育成效之間的這種聯繫 Teacher attitudes play a crucial role in shaping the success of inclusive practices. This connection between teacher attitudes and inclusion effectiveness has been established through decades of research by influential scholars who have continuously contributed to the field (Azorín & Ainscow, 2020; Booth & Ainscow, 2016; Florian & Black-Hawkins, 2011; Forlin & Depperler, 2022) ### 目的: 本研究旨在透過聚焦這些問題,全面了解在以色列近期教育改革背景下,影響教師對包容性態度形成和潛在轉變的因素。這些知識對於制定有效策略,幫助教師創造真正包容的課堂環境至關重要。 By focusing on these questions, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the elements that contribute to forming and potentially changing teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion in the context of recent Israeli educational reforms. This knowledge is crucial for developing effective strategies to support teachers in creating truly inclusive classroom environments. ### 方法: 本研究旨在揭示影響他們將特殊需求學生融入主流教育環境的態度和自我效能的關鍵因素 By examining the experiences of teachers who have been directly involved in the inclusion process, the study aims to uncover key factors that influence their attitudes and self-efficacy in including students with special needs into mainstream educational settings (Reid et al., 2005). 本研究共有40位近期參加特殊教育培訓研討會的以色列主流教師參與。參與者包括幼兒園教師、高中教師以及小學和初中教師。 A total of 40 mainstream Israeli teachers who recently participated in a special education training workshop participated in the current study. Among the participants were kindergarten teachers, high school teachers, and elementary and middle school teachers. 訪談內容包括:(1)參與者對以色列特殊教育改革和現有學校融合教育計畫的了解;(2)參與者對融合教育的個人經驗和整體態度;(3)參與者對課堂融合教育的主觀態度和感受;以及(4)參與者在課堂中實施融合教育的具體策略 The topics addressed in the interviews included: (1) personal knowledge regarding the special education reform in Israel and the existing inclusion programs in schools; (2) personal experience and general attitude towards inclusion of students with special needs; (3) subjective attitude and feeling toward the inclusion of students in one’s classroom; and (4) individual strategies for managing the inclusion process within one’s classroom. ### 結果: 無論經驗程度如何,教師普遍對融合教育理念持正面態度。然而,這種支持並非全然消極,而是反映了他們對融合教育的益處和挑戰的複雜理解。 Teachers generally expressed positive attitudes towards the concept of inclusion, regardless of their experience level. However, this support was nuanced, revealing a complex understanding of inclusion’s benefits and challenges. 儘管教師普遍支持融合教育的概念,但許多人對能否有效實施融合教育表示擔憂。其中三個主要問題是:缺乏足夠的培訓和準備、機構支持不足以及擔心產生負面後果。 While teachers generally supported the concept of inclusion, many expressed concerns about their ability to implement it effectively. Three key subthemes emerged: lack of adequate training and preparation, insufficient institutional support, and fear of negative outcomes. ### 討論: 本研究最重要的發現之一是教師普遍對融合教育理念持正面態度。這與全球教育趨勢相符,這些趨勢強調創造多元包容的學習環境的重要性 One of the most significant findings of this study is the generally positive attitude teachers hold towards the concept of inclusion. This aligns with global trends in education that emphasize the importance of creating diverse and inclusive learning environments (Yada et al., 2021).