にほんご - HackMD

# にほんご *this is my notes for the book Japanese Grammar Guide by Tae Kim* ## the writing system - が k → g - ざ s → z - じ shi/(chi) → ji - だ t → d - づ tsu → dzu(du) - ば h → b - ぱ h → p ### Katakana | n | w | r | y | m | h | n | t | s | k | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | ==ン== | ワ | ラ | ヤ | マ | ハ | ==ナ== | ==タ== | サ | カ | ア | **a** | | | | リ | | ミ | ヒ | ニ | チ | ==シ== | キ | イ | **i** | | | | ==ル== | ==ユ== | ム | フ | ==ヌ== | ==ツ== | ス | ク | ウ | **u** | | | | ==レ== | | ==メ== | ヘ | ==ネ== | テ | セ | ケ | エ | **e** | | | | ロ | ==ヨ== | モ | ホ | ==ノ== | ==ト== | ==ソ== | コ | オ | **o** | - ti ティ - tu トゥ - di ディ - du ドゥ - che チェ - fa ファ - fi フィ - fe フェ - fo フォ - wi ワィ - we ワェ - ~~wu~~ → u ウ - wo ワォ - va ヴァ - vi ヴィ - vu ヴ - ve ヴェ - vo ヴォ --- ## basic grammar ### だ - state of being, declare something is so - Positive non-past 元気(だ) Is well *(only attach to a noun or na-adj)* - Negative non-past 元気**じゃない** Is not well - Positive past 元気**だった** Was well Remove い to add かった - Negative past 元気**じゃなかった** Was not well --- ### は(wa) - the topic particle identifies what it is that you're talking about * アリス**は**学生？ Is Alice student? ### も - the inclusive topic particle topic particle that has an "also" meaning * アリスは学生？ Is Alice student? うん、トム**も**がくせい Yeah, and Tom is also student. うん、でもトム**は**学生じゃない Yeah, but Tom is not student. ううん、トム**も**学生じゃない No, and Tom is also not student. ### が - the identifier particle identify something unspecified (some call it the subject) * 誰**が**学生 Who is **the one** that is student? ジョン**が**学生 John is **the one** who is student. * 私**は**学生As for me, (I am) student. * 私**が**学生 I (am) the one (that is) student. --- ### na-adjectives acts like a noun can modify a noun following it by putting **な** between the adjective and noun * 静か**な**人 Quiet person * 綺麗**な**人 Pretty person * 友達は**親切** Friend is kind (na-adj as a noun) * 友達は親切**な**人だ Friend is kind person the conjugation rules are the same as nouns - Positive non-past ボブは魚が**すき(だ)** Bob likes fish. - Negative non-past ボブは魚が**すきじゃない** Bob does not like fish. - Positive past ボブは魚が**すきだった** Bob liked fish. - Negative past ボブは魚が**すきじゃなかった** Bob did not like fish. but remember to add **な** for positive non-past tense - Positive non-past 魚が**すきな**人 Person that likes fish. - Negative non-past 魚が**すきじゃない**人 Person that does not like fish. - Positive past 魚が**すきだった**人 Person that liked fish. - Negative past 魚が**すきじゃなかった**人 Person that didn't like fish. ### i-adjectives all i-adjectives ends in い you do not need to add な to modify a noun 綺麗(きれ**い**) and 嫌**い** ends with い but are na-adjectives, the former are writen in kanji so it doesn't matter. the latter came from the verb 嫌う, but these are all the common exceptions * 嫌い**な**食べ物 Hated food * 美味しい食べ物 Tasty food Negative: Remove trailing い and then attach **くない** Past: Remove trailing い and then attach かった (same everywhere) - Positive non-past 高いビル Tall building - Negative non-past 高**くない**ビル Not tall building - Positive past 高**かった**ビル Building that was tall - Negative past 高**くなかった**ビル Building that was not tall #### the case with いいs いい is from 良い(よい) - Positive non-past いい - Negative non-past よくない - Positive past よかった - Negative past よくなかったかっこいい = 格好(かっこう) + いい, so it is basically いい - Positive non-past かっこいい - Negative non-past かっこよくない - Positive past かっこよかった - Negative past かっこよくなかったかわいい is a normal i-adjective, so the かわい part will not change - Positive non-past かわいい - Negative non-past かわいくない - Positive past かわいかった - Negative past かわいくなかった --- ### verbs verbs also come at the end of clauses - does not end in る → u-verb - the vowel preceding the る is /a/, /u/, /o/ → u-verb - the vowel preceding the る is /i/, /e/ → probably ru-verb with quite a lot of exceptions - する、來る(くる) → neither u-verb nor ru-verb #### the case with あるある and いる means to exist, inanimate and animate respectively ある is an u-verb いる is a normal ru-verb, nothing to worry about the negative of ある is just **ない** #### ない - negative * for ru-verbs: --~~る~~-- drop the る and attach ない * 食べる → 食べない * for u-verbs that end in う: う/u/ → わ/wa/ replace the う with わ and attach ない *(only for the conjugation of negative verbs)* * 買う(かう) → 買わない * for all other u-verbs: /xu/ → /xa/ replace the /u/ sound with /a/ equivalent and attach ない * 待つ(まつ) → 待たない (tsu → ta) * exceptions 1. する → しない 2. くる → こない 3. ある → ない *(only for the conjugation of negative verbs)* #### た - past tense * for ru-verbs: --~~る~~-- drop the る and attach た * 出る(でる) → 出た * ご飯は、食べた As for meal, ate * for u-verbs end in す: す → し and attach た * 話す(はなす) → 話した * for u-verbs end in く or ぐ: く/ぐ → い and attach た/だ * 書く(かく) → 書いた * 泳ぐ(およぐ) → 泳いだ * for u-verbs end in む, ぬ or ぶ: む/ぬ/ぶ → ん and attach だ * 飲む → 飲んだ * 死ぬ(しぬ) → 死んだ * 遊ぶ(あそぶ) → 遊んだ * for u-verbs end in る, つ or う: replace む/ぬ/ぶ with った * 切る(きる) → 切った * 持つ(もつ) → 持った * 買う(かう) → 買った * exceptions * する → した (to do) * 來る(くる) → きた (to come) * 行く(いく) → 行った (to go) *(only for the conjugation of past verbs)* #### なかった - past negative the negative always end in ない, all you do is remove the い and replace with かった * 捨てる → 捨てない → 捨てなかった * 行く → 行かない → 行かなかった --- ### を - the direct object particle signify that the word is the **direct** object of the verb * 魚を食べる Eat fish * ジュウスを飲んだ Drank juice motion verbs can have places as the direct object * 街(まち)をぶるぶる歩く(あるく) Aimlessly walk town → Aimlessly walk through town * 高速道路を走る(はしる) Run highway → Run through highway when using する(to do) with a noun, the を particle is optional, and you can treat the whole noun+する as one verb * 毎日(まいにち)、日本語を**勉強する** study + to do = to study → to study Japanese everyday * メールアドレスを**登録(とうろく)した** register + did = registered → registered email address ### に - the target particle specify a target of a verb the verb does something **toward** the word associated with the に particle * ボブは日本に行(い)った Bob went **to** Japan * 家に帰(かえ)らない Not go back **to** home * 部屋(へや)に来る Come **to** room not just motion verbs also **time** is a common target *(not required to indicate time, but can give emphasis)* * 猫は部屋**に**いる Cat is **in** the room * 椅子(いす)が台所(だいどころ)**に**あった Chair was **in** the kitchen * いい友達**に**会(あ)った Met good friend * ジムは医者(いしゃ)**に**なる Jim will become doctor * 先週(せんしゅう)**に**図書館**に**行った Went to library last week #### From から to までから means *"from"*, and is often paired with まで which means *"up to"* * アリスは、アメリカ**から**来た Alice came from America * 宿題(しゅくだい)を今日**から**明日**まで**する Will do homework from today to tomorrow ### へ(e) - the directional particle only used with directional motion verbs does not guarantee whether the target is the final intended destination * 部屋へ来る Come **towards** room * ボブは日本へ行った Bob headed **towards** Japan * 勝(か)ちへ向(む)かう Go towards victory can not use the particle with verbs that have no *physical* direction, for example *become* from the previous example <strike>ジムは医者(いしゃ)**へ**なる</strike> ### で - the contextual particle allows uss to specify the context in which the action is performed "by the way of" * 映画館で見た Saw at movie theater * バスで帰(かえ)る Go home by bus * レストランで昼ご飯を食べた Ate lunch at restaurnt #### Using で with 何 * 何で来た？ Came by the way of what? * バスで来た Came by the way of bus TODO Page 60 nani?