Vagrant 介紹與基本操作

tags:Vagrant VirtualBox Hypervisor Configuration management

01. 虛擬化技術（Virtualization）介紹

1-1 虛擬化技術分類

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

1-2 虛擬機安裝方式分類

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

02. Vagrant 簡介

  1. Vagrant 由 HashiCorp 開發

:bulb: Terraform 也是由 HashiCorp 開發

  • Terraform：infrastructure as code software which enables provisioning and adapting virtual infrastructure across all major cloud providers.
  • The primary usage of Terraform is for managing remote resources in cloud providers such as AWS. Terraform is designed to be able to manage extremely large infrastructures that span multiple cloud providers. Vagrant is designed primarily for local development environments that use only a handful of virtual machines at most.
  • Vagrant is for development environments. Terraform is for more general infrastructure management.
  1. 用於構建和管理虛擬機環境的工具。
  2. 提供易於配置(configure)、可重現(reproducible)和可攜性(portable)的工作環境。
  3. 支援 Shell 腳本、Chef 或 Puppet 等標準配置工具，可以在虛擬機上自動安裝和配置軟體。

Introduction to Vagrant
Vagrant vs. Terraform

03. Vagrant 運作方式及軟體安裝

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

軟體 版本 Download
Vagrant 2.3.4 Windows (AMD64)、MacOS (AMD64)、Linux (X86_64)
VirtualBox 6.1.40 Windows、MacOS、Linux (Ubuntu 20.04)
Visual Studio Code 1.73 Windows、MacOS、Linux

04. Vagrant 基本操作介紹

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

Git Hub Download :arrow_left:本次 Demo Vagrantfile
Virtualization (VT-x/AMD-V) - Enabling virtualization on your computer
Vagrant Cloud - Discover Vagrant Boxes
Official Boxes

  1. HashiCorp (the makers of Vagrant) publish a basic Ubuntu 18.04 64-bit box that is available for minimal use cases. It is highly optimized, small in size, and includes support for VirtualBox, Hyper-V, and VMware.
  2. For other users, we recommend the Bento boxes. The Bento boxes are open source and built for a number of providers including VMware, VirtualBox, and Parallels. There are a variety of operating systems and versions available.

4-1 從既有的 Vagrantfile 啟動虛擬機

  1. 切換至 .\docker-install 並執行 vagrant up
    • row 18：配置 Private Key
    • row 32：開始執行 shell 安裝 docker




































PS C:\Users\User> cd D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install
PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant up
Bringing machine 'dockerlab' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> dockerlab: Importing base box 'bento/ubuntu-20.04'...
==> dockerlab: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> dockerlab: Checking if box 'bento/ubuntu-20.04' version '202206.03.0' is up to date...
==> dockerlab: Setting the name of the VM: docker-install_dockerlab_1661968490242_57863
==> dockerlab: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> dockerlab: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    dockerlab: Adapter 1: nat
==> dockerlab: Forwarding ports...
    dockerlab: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> dockerlab: Running 'pre-boot' VM customizations...
==> dockerlab: Booting VM...
==> dockerlab: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    dockerlab: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    dockerlab: SSH username: vagrant
    dockerlab: SSH auth method: private key
    dockerlab: Warning: Connection reset. Retrying...
    dockerlab: Warning: Connection aborted. Retrying...
    dockerlab:
    dockerlab: Vagrant insecure key detected. Vagrant will automatically replace
    dockerlab: this with a newly generated keypair for better security.
    dockerlab:
    dockerlab: Inserting generated public key within guest...
    dockerlab: Removing insecure key from the guest if it's present...
    dockerlab: Key inserted! Disconnecting and reconnecting using new SSH key...
==> dockerlab: Machine booted and ready!

(略)

==> dockerlab: Running provisioner: shell...
    dockerlab: Running: inline script
    dockerlab: Reading package lists...
    
(略)
  1. 驗證虛擬機狀態 vagrant status
    • row 4：虛擬機狀態為 running









PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant status
Current machine states:

dockerlab                 running (virtualbox)

The VM is running. To stop this VM, you can run `vagrant halt` to
shut it down forcefully, or you can run `vagrant suspend` to simply
suspend the virtual machine. In either case, to restart it again,
simply run `vagrant up`.

4-2 進入虛擬機訪問 Guest OS

  1. 登入方式-01：vagrant ssh


















PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant ssh
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.4.0-110-generic x86_64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
 * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
 * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/advantage

  System information as of Thu 01 Sep 2022 05:20:56 AM UTC

  System load:  0.0                Processes:                126
  Usage of /:   14.7% of 30.63GB   Users logged in:          0
  Memory usage: 18%                IPv4 address for docker0: 172.17.0.1
  Swap usage:   0%                 IPv4 address for eth0:    10.0.2.15


This system is built by the Bento project by Chef Software
More information can be found at https://github.com/chef/bento
Last login: Wed Aug 31 18:03:00 2022 from 10.0.2.2
  1. 登入方式-02：ssh -i






























PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant ssh-config
Host dockerlab
  HostName 127.0.0.1
  User vagrant
  Port 2222
  UserKnownHostsFile /dev/null
  StrictHostKeyChecking no
  PasswordAuthentication no
  IdentityFile D:/RCC-sharing/vagrant-demo/docker-install/.vagrant/machines/dockerlab/virtualbox/private_key
  IdentitiesOnly yes
  LogLevel FATAL

PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> ssh -i D:/RCC-sharing/vagrant-demo/docker-install/.vagrant/machines/dockerlab/virtualbox/private_key vagrant@127.0.0.1 -p 2222
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.4.0-110-generic x86_64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
 * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
 * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/advantage

  System information as of Thu 01 Sep 2022 08:14:18 AM UTC

  System load:  0.02               Processes:                125
  Usage of /:   14.7% of 30.63GB   Users logged in:          0
  Memory usage: 18%                IPv4 address for docker0: 172.17.0.1
  Swap usage:   0%                 IPv4 address for eth0:    10.0.2.15


This system is built by the Bento project by Chef Software
More information can be found at https://github.com/chef/bento
Last login: Thu Sep  1 07:16:54 2022 from 10.0.2.2

:bulb: 無法透過 ssh -i 登入處理方式

  • 確認目錄 ~/.ssh 是否有先前產生的檔案 known_hosts ，刪除後就能成功透過密碼登入虛擬機
  1. 登入方式-03：ssh -p [port] vagrant@127.0.0.1































PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant ssh-config
Host dockerlab
  HostName 127.0.0.1
  User vagrant
  Port 2222
  UserKnownHostsFile /dev/null
  StrictHostKeyChecking no
  PasswordAuthentication no
  IdentityFile D:/RCC-sharing/vagrant-demo/docker-install/.vagrant/machines/dockerlab/virtualbox/private_key
  IdentitiesOnly yes
  LogLevel FATAL

PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> ssh -p 2222 vagrant@127.0.0.1
vagrant@127.0.0.1's password:
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.4.0-110-generic x86_64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
 * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
 * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/advantage

  System information as of Thu 01 Sep 2022 08:33:20 AM UTC

  System load:  0.09               Processes:                128
  Usage of /:   14.2% of 30.63GB   Users logged in:          0
  Memory usage: 17%                IPv4 address for docker0: 172.17.0.1
  Swap usage:   0%                 IPv4 address for eth0:    10.0.2.15


This system is built by the Bento project by Chef Software
More information can be found at https://github.com/chef/bento
Last login: Thu Sep  1 08:32:02 2022 from 10.0.2.2
調整 sshd_config，設定 PasswordAuthentication 的 Permission Policy 









vagrant@docker-lab:/etc/ssh$ sudo vim sshd_config

# To disable tunneled clear text passwords, change to no here!
PasswordAuthentication yes | no
#PermitEmptyPasswords no

vagrant@docker-lab:/etc/ssh$ sudo systemctl restart sshd
vagrant@docker-lab:/etc/ssh$ exit
logout

登入測試 Permission denied



PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> ssh -p 2222 vagrant@127.0.0.1
vagrant@127.0.0.1: Permission denied (publickey).

4-3 暫停或重啟虛擬機

  1. 暫停虛擬機 vagrant suspend


PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant suspend
==> dockerlab: Saving VM state and suspending execution...
  1. 重啟虛擬機 vagrant resume










PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant resume
==> dockerlab: Resuming suspended VM...
==> dockerlab: Booting VM...
==> dockerlab: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    dockerlab: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    dockerlab: SSH username: vagrant
    dockerlab: SSH auth method: private key
==> dockerlab: Machine booted and ready!
==> dockerlab: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> dockerlab: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.

4-4 停止並刪除虛擬機

加入 -f 選項強制刪除虛擬機 vagrant destroy -f




PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant destroy -f
==> dockerlab: Forcing shutdown of VM...
==> dockerlab: Destroying VM and associated drives...

4-5 製作 Vagrantfile

透過 vagrant init 初始化一個新的 Vagrant 環境















PS C:\Users\User> cd D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install
PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant box list
bento/ubuntu-18.04 (virtualbox, 202112.19.0)
bento/ubuntu-20.04 (virtualbox, 202112.19.0)
bento/ubuntu-20.04 (virtualbox, 202206.03.0)
generic/ubuntu1604 (virtualbox, 4.1.6)
generic/ubuntu1804 (virtualbox, 4.1.6)
generic/ubuntu2004 (virtualbox, 4.1.6)
ubuntu/focal64     (virtualbox, 20220825.0.0)
PS D:\RCC-sharing\vagrant-demo\docker-install> vagrant init bento/ubuntu-20.04 --box-version 202206.03.0
A `Vagrantfile` has been placed in this directory. You are now
ready to `vagrant up` your first virtual environment! Please read
the comments in the Vagrantfile as well as documentation on
`vagrantup.com` for more information on using Vagrant.

本次所使用的 Vagrantfile







































Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box = "bento/ubuntu-20.04"
  config.vm.box_version = "202206.03.0"
  config.vm.hostname = 'docker-lab'
  config.vm.define vm_name = 'dockerlab'

  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
    # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
    vb.cpus = 2
    vb.memory = "2048"
  end


  # Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
  # Ansible, Chef, Docker, Puppet and Salt are also available. Please see the
  # documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
  config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL

  # Uninstall old versions
    sudo apt-get remove docker docker-engine docker.io containerd runc
  # Install using the repository
    sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get -y install \
      ca-certificates \
      curl \
      gnupg \
      lsb-release
    sudo mkdir -p /etc/apt/keyrings
    curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg
    echo \
    "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
    $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
    sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-compose-plugin -y
    apt-cache madison docker-ce

  SHELL
end

05. Docker 簡易操作

  1. 驗證 Docker 已經透過 Vagrantfile 在啟動虛擬機後，使用 inline: <<-SHELL 完成安裝





























vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           20.10.17
 API version:       1.41
 Go version:        go1.17.11
 Git commit:        100c701
 Built:             Mon Jun  6 23:02:57 2022
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          20.10.17
  API version:      1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.17.11
  Git commit:       a89b842
  Built:            Mon Jun  6 23:01:03 2022
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.6.8
  GitCommit:        9cd3357b7fd7218e4aec3eae239db1f68a5a6ec6
 runc:
  Version:          1.1.4
  GitCommit:        v1.1.4-0-g5fd4c4d
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.19.0
  GitCommit:        de40ad0
  1. 運行 Container docker run
    下載測試映像檔 (hello-world) 並在 Container 中運行，print 出訊息後退出（Exited） Container。



























vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker run hello-world
Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
2db29710123e: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:7d246653d0511db2a6b2e0436cfd0e52ac8c066000264b3ce63331ac66dca625
Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
 1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
 2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
    (amd64)
 3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
    executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
 4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
    to your terminal.

To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
 $ docker run -it ubuntu bash

Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
 https://hub.docker.com/

For more examples and ideas, visit:
 https://docs.docker.com/get-started/
  1. 列出容器
    • 運行中 docker ps
    • 所有容器 (運行中－Up & 非運行中－Exited） docker ps -a





vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE         COMMAND    CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
6c800baf4a7d   hello-world   "/hello"   48 seconds ago   Exited (0) 46 seconds ago             clever_keldysh
  1. 安裝 NGINX 網頁伺服器
    • 由於執行完 NGINX 會退出 Container，因此可以加入 Option -d 在背景繼續執行
    • -p 80:80 將 Guest OS 的 80 port 路由到 Container 的 80 port










































vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker run -p 80:80 nginx
Unable to find image 'nginx:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/nginx
7a6db449b51b: Pull complete
ca1981974b58: Pull complete
d4019c921e20: Pull complete
7cb804d746d4: Pull complete
e7a561826262: Pull complete
7247f6e5c182: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:b95a99feebf7797479e0c5eb5ec0bdfa5d9f504bc94da550c2f58e839ea6914f
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Getting the checksum of /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Enabled listen on IPv6 in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/30-tune-worker-processes.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
2022/09/03 06:45:59 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method
2022/09/03 06:45:59 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.23.1
2022/09/03 06:45:59 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 10.2.1 20210110 (Debian 10.2.1-6)
2022/09/03 06:45:59 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 5.4.0-110-generic
2022/09/03 06:45:59 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1048576:1048576
2022/09/03 06:45:59 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes
2022/09/03 06:45:59 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 30
2022/09/03 06:45:59 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 31
172.17.0.1 - - [03/Sep/2022:06:46:07 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 615 "-" "curl/7.68.0" "-"
10.0.2.2 - - [03/Sep/2022:06:46:21 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 615 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/104.0.0.0 Safari/537.36" "-"
2022/09/03 06:46:21 [error] 31#31: *2 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/favicon.ico" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.2.2, server: localhost, request: "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1", host: "127.0.0.1:8080", referrer: "http://127.0.0.1:8080/"
10.0.2.2 - - [03/Sep/2022:06:46:21 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 555 "http://127.0.0.1:8080/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/104.0.0.0 Safari/537.36" "-"
^C2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 1#1: signal 2 (SIGINT) received, exiting
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 30#30: exiting
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 30#30: exit
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 31#31: exiting
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 31#31: exit
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 1#1: signal 17 (SIGCHLD) received from 31
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 1#1: worker process 31 exited with code 0
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 1#1: signal 29 (SIGIO) received
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 1#1: signal 17 (SIGCHLD) received from 30
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 1#1: worker process 30 exited with code 0
2022/09/03 06:46:33 [notice] 1#1: exit
  • 驗證 NGINX 服務
























vagrant@docker-lab:~$ curl 127.0.0.1:80
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
html { color-scheme: light dark; }
body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
  • 使用 localhost 的瀏覽器訪問 NGINX Container

:bulb: 探討為何在 Localhost 要使用 8080 port 訪問 NGINX？

  1. 移除 NGINX Container 及 Image
    • 列出運行中的 Container docker ps
    • 列出所有的 Container docker ps -a
    • 刪除所有的 Container 才能成功移除對應的 Image



























vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE         COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                         PORTS     NAMES
f715b3fce5b3   nginx         "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 seconds ago      Exited (0) 9 seconds ago                 affectionate_chatterjee
6c800baf4a7d   hello-world   "/hello"                 About an hour ago   Exited (0) About an hour ago             clever_keldysh
vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
nginx         latest    2b7d6430f78d   11 days ago     142MB
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   11 months ago   13.3kB
vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker rmi 2b7d6430f78d
Error response from daemon: conflict: unable to delete 2b7d6430f78d (must be forced) - image is being used by stopped container f715b3fce5b3
vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker container rm f715b3fce5b3
f715b3fce5b3
vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker rmi 2b7d6430f78d
Untagged: nginx:latest
Untagged: nginx@sha256:b95a99feebf7797479e0c5eb5ec0bdfa5d9f504bc94da550c2f58e839ea6914f
Deleted: sha256:2b7d6430f78d432f89109b29d88d4c36c868cdbf15dc31d2132ceaa02b993763
Deleted: sha256:83cfe7b2ae78dff709b878ea6827c2b7447910f22f5c18d2155bc4ee678b6589
Deleted: sha256:8354a3628193232756e7e39423937a89bdea9738fcd033e3009c34847d44f1cc
Deleted: sha256:edd004a0175251a1fa027a4949079439eb989b9c9d0dc863c2c834e0da69ed2e
Deleted: sha256:e65b26350d575233ec4815a0ced147030bb9db419084e6a1561aab8c9f05f20e
Deleted: sha256:d75805fc21788b744c171b7ca303a153b34b61b61401c74348b0a16c9bfabbc8
Deleted: sha256:6485bed636274e42b47028c43ad5f9c036dd7cf2b40194bd556ddad2a98eea63
vagrant@docker-lab:~$ sudo docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   11 months ago   13.3kB
Last changed by 
 
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Container 概念介紹及實作

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Dec 5, 2024
Container 概念介紹及實作

摘要 這個 Repository 的目的在於協助大家學習及實際測試 Kubernetes。 由於 Kubernetes 的安裝具有一定的門檻，同時也需要一定的基礎設施環境操作能力，所以提供 2 種 Kubernetes 測試環境的建置腳本： Google Cloud： 透過 Google Cloud 提供的 Cloud Shell，使用 gcloud 指令進行部署雲端環境並建置 Kubernetes cluster。 Oracle VM VirtualBox： 透過 Vagrant 在 Oracle VM VirtualBox 中建置 Kubernetes cluster。

Jan 17, 2024
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