# US ETFs and Index Funds

There are several indices involved in the US markets similar to the Indian counterparts Sensex and Nifty. As with India most of the ETFs and mutual funds you will find in the market will be either tracking these indices (Index funds or ETFs) or be benchmarked to them.

## Meeting the Indices

As with India there's several indices in the US though we will focus on some of the big ones.

### Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)
This is one of the oldest indices in the US markets established in 1885 that measures the stock performance of 30 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. The direct comparison to this index is the Indian S&P BSE Sensex 30 index though there are some key differences to the dow and all other indices. This difference is very important and the reason why most people in finance consider this a poor measure of the market. The Dow Jones is not a free float index. What's is a free float methodology? Courtesy: Investopedia, it's defined as

> The free-float methodology is a method of calculating the market capitalization of a stock market index's underlying companies. With the free-float methodology, market capitalization is calculated by taking the equity's price and multiplying it by the number of shares readily available in the market.

Instead of using the free float, the Dow Jones takes 30 stocks, adds the prices of each share in the 30 and divides them by a fixed value (that value as of 1st February is set to 0.152).

Dow Jones operates across the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ.

### S&P500 Index

This is the big one. The S&P500 tracks the 505 common stocks (yes, 505 because someone companies like Google have multiple share classes both included) issued by 500 large cap companies across the US market. Unlike the Dow this index is built by using the free float market capitalization methodology and could be considered the flagship index for the US markets.

The S&P500 is a strongly diversified index compared to NASDAQ due to the NASDAQ having lower barriers to entry as compared to the NYSE which encourages startups and other newly minted corporates to first list on the NASDAQ over the NYSE. Since this index unlike the NASDAQ index tracks the NYSE aswell it also covers several mature companies.

The S&P500 operates across the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ and the Chicago Board Options Exchange.

### NASDAQ Composite Index

As briefly touched in the last index, the NASDAQ exchange has severely lower barriers to entry. Normally, exchange will have tests and if a company can satify all requirements under a single test they qualify to list. Furthermore, even post listing the company must satisfy market cap requirements. In the case of the NYSE companies must maintain a minimum market cap of $15 million over a 30 day trading period versus the NASDAQ requirement of 750,000 public shares outstanding worth at least $1.1 million.

What this means is that many of the smaller startups and growth based ventures flock to the NASDAQ to the listing and as of this post, most of them are tech companies. Investing in the NASDAQ can be considered a proxy for investing in high growth companies or even a bet on the tech sector.

The NASDAQ Composite Index operates across the NASDAQ.

### CRSP US Total Market Index

This one is a fairly unknown index but it should not be underestimated. It tracks nearly 4,000 constituents across mega, large, small and microcaps and covers nearly 100% of the investible companies in US. It is the benchmark index for Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Admiral Shares (VTSAX), the world's largest fund by AUM standing at $1.08 Trillion as of this post.

There is some argument to be made that the overlap between the S&P500 and the CRSP US Total Market Index is very large and the allocation to non large cap stocks is very small to make a absolute difference in returns.

## The Major Funds (US Domiciled)

**Note**: There are two major differences in which US funds differ from the funds in India.

* Indian markets have the concept of growth funds which means that the fund is not obligated to distribute recieved from assets held by the fund. Meanwhile, a US domiciled fund is obligated to distribute at least 90% of its income to shareholders. Each dividend distribution is a taxable event for the shareholder of the fund. For more detailed reading on the difference, you can refer to [this post on bogleheads](https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Comparison_of_accumulating_ETFs_and_distributing_ETFs).

* Indian funds growth/accumalating funds are not forced to distribute capital gains to the share holders. This is not true in the United States. When a US fund sells a stock resulting in some capital gains then they must distribute at least 95% of the gains and resulting taxes to shareholders. This dividend distribution usually happens around November or December. As a result it is prudent to opt for a fund with a low turnover.

### SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY)

Managed by State Street Advisors and launched on January 22, 1993, SPY was the first exchange-traded fund in the United States. The fund tracks the S&P500 Index. The fund has a net expense ratio of 0.0945% at the time of writing. The SPY ETF is one of the most liquid ETFs traded on the US markets and at the time of this post has an average daily volume of 70,208,796.

This high volume and low spread makes it incredibly attractive for people who may wish to deal in options, despite having a higher expense ratio than its Vanguard counterpart VOO. A popular strategy among SPY holders is selling covered calls to generate some spare income over and above the fund's returns.

### Vanguard 500 Index Fund Admiral Shares (VFIAX) / Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO)

The Vanguard 500 Index Fund is the oldest index fund launched in the US market by Vanguard. The fund tracks the S&P500 Index. With a 0.03% fees for the ETF and 0.04% for the mutual fund version of the fund it is one of the cheapest index funds in the market bested only in terms of TER by some Fidelity funds like FZROX which currently enjoy a 0% expense ratio. The main differences between the mutual fund and ETF version are that the mutual fund has a $3,000 minimum investment and that the mutual fund units can be exchanged for an equal value of VOO units however the reverse is not possible.

The interesting thing to note about Vanguard's funds have a special technique to reduce capital tax for its shareholders. Vanguard has a patent for exploiting this obscure provision in the US Tax code and competitors cant enjoy this till 2023 when the patent will expire. You can read more about this patent [on this page on Investopedia](https://www.investopedia.com/how-vanguard-patented-a-system-to-avoid-taxes-in-mutual-funds-4686985).

### Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Admiral Shares (VTSAX) / Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI)

Currently, the largest public mutual fund in the world with 1.08 trillion USD in assets, the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund invested in the CRSP US Total Market Index. Similar to VOO, the TER is very low at 0.03% in fees for the ETF and 0.04% for the mutual fund version of the fund. Again as with most Vanguard funds the mutual fund is convertible to the ETF version.

An interesting bit of trivia about this fund is that unlike a regular index fund which tracks a smaller index like the S&P500 index fund where it's realistic to purchase all the five hundred companies, this fund instead uses a sampling technique to emulate the performance of the index rather than necessarily purchasing every single stock in the index.

### Invesco QQQ Trust

The QQQ is an ETF fund