# **Part 6: Advanced Web Scraping Techniques – JavaScript Rendering, Fingerprinting, and Large-Scale Data Processing**
**Duration:** ~60 minutes
**Hashtags:** #AdvancedScraping #JavaScriptRendering #BrowserFingerprinting #DataPipelines #LegalCompliance #ScrapingOptimization #EnterpriseScraping #WebScraping #DataEngineering #TechInnovation

---

## **Table of Contents**

1. [Advanced JavaScript Rendering Techniques](#javascript-rendering)
2. [Browser Fingerprinting Countermeasures](#fingerprinting-countermeasures)
3. [Large-Scale Data Processing Pipelines](#data-processing-pipelines)
4. [Legal Risk Assessment Frameworks](#legal-risk-assessment)
5. [Scraping Performance Optimization](#performance-optimization)
6. [Case Study: Enterprise-Scale Scraping Platform](#enterprise-case-study)
7. [Quiz: Advanced Scraping Mastery](#advanced-quiz)
8. [Conclusion and Future of Web Scraping](#part6-conclusion)

---

## **1. Advanced JavaScript Rendering Techniques** 🖥️

Modern websites increasingly rely on JavaScript frameworks that require sophisticated rendering approaches beyond basic headless browsers.

### **JavaScript Framework Detection**

#### **1. Framework Detection System**

# framework_detection.py
import re
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import tldextract

class FrameworkDetector:
    def __init__(self):
        self.framework_signatures = self._load_framework_signatures()
        self.cache = {}
    
    def _load_framework_signatures(self):
        """Load signatures for detecting JavaScript frameworks"""
        return {
            'react': {
                'html_patterns': [
                    r'data-reactroot',
                    r'data-reactid',
                    r'__reactFiber\$',
                    r'__reactProps\$'
                ],
                'js_patterns': [
                    r'webpackJsonp.*react',
                    r'facebook\.com[/\\]react',
                    r'ReactDOM\.render'
                ],
                'headers': [
                    ('x-powered-by', 'react')
                ]
            },
            'angular': {
                'html_patterns': [
                    r'ng-',
                    r'ng_',
                    r'data-ng-',
                    r'x-ng-',
                    r'ng:',
                    r'ng_',
                    r'ng\$'
                ],
                'js_patterns': [
                    r'angular\.module',
                    r'ngRoute',
                    r'angular\.version'
                ],
                'headers': [
                    ('x-powered-by', 'angular')
                ]
            },
            'vue': {
                'html_patterns': [
                    r'vue-',
                    r'data-v-',
                    r'__vue__',
                    r'vuejs'
                ],
                'js_patterns': [
                    r'Vue\.prototype',
                    r'Vue\.extend',
                    r'vue\.runtime'
                ],
                'headers': [
                    ('x-powered-by', 'vue')
                ]
            },
            'svelte': {
                'html_patterns': [
                    r'svelte-',
                    r'data-svelte'
                ],
                'js_patterns': [
                    r'__sveltets_',
                    r'svelte\.internal'
                ],
                'headers': []
            },
            'nextjs': {
                'html_patterns': [
                    r'__NEXT_DATA__',
                    r'next-script',
                    r'__next'
                ],
                'js_patterns': [
                    r'next\.js',
                    r'__NEXT_RELAY_ENV__'
                ],
                'headers': [
                    ('server', 'next')
                ]
            },
            'nuxt': {
                'html_patterns': [
                    r'__NUXT__',
                    r'nuxt-'
                ],
                'js_patterns': [
                    r'nuxt\.js',
                    r'NUXT\.config'
                ],
                'headers': []
            }
        }
    
    def detect_frameworks(self, url, timeout=10):
        """
        Detect JavaScript frameworks used by a website
        
        Returns:
            List of detected frameworks with confidence scores
        """
        # Check cache first
        if url in self.cache:
            return self.cache[url]
        
        try:
            # Get domain for subresource analysis
            extracted = tldextract.extract(url)
            domain = f"{extracted.domain}.{extracted.suffix}"
            
            # Fetch page
            response = requests.get(url, timeout=timeout)
            response.raise_for_status()
            
            # Analyze content
            detected = self._analyze_content(
                response.text, 
                response.headers,
                domain
            )
            
            # Store in cache
            self.cache[url] = detected
            return detected
        
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Error detecting frameworks for {url}: {str(e)}")
            return []
    
    def _analyze_content(self, html, headers, domain):
        """Analyze HTML and headers for framework signatures"""
        detected = []
        
        # Check HTML content
        for framework, patterns in self.framework_signatures.items():
            confidence = 0
            
            # Check HTML patterns
            for pattern in patterns['html_patterns']:
                if re.search(pattern, html, re.IGNORECASE):
                    confidence += 0.2
            
            # Check JS patterns
            soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')
            scripts = [script.string for script in soup.find_all('script') if script.string]
            for script in scripts:
                for pattern in patterns['js_patterns']:
                    if re.search(pattern, script, re.IGNORECASE):
                        confidence += 0.3
                        break
            
            # Check headers
            for header, value in patterns['headers']:
                if header in headers and value in headers[header].lower():
                    confidence += 0.5
            
            # Add to results if confidence is sufficient
            if confidence > 0.3:
                detected.append({
                    'framework': framework,
                    'confidence': min(1.0, confidence),
                    'evidence': self._get_evidence(framework, html, headers)
                })
        
        # Sort by confidence
        detected.sort(key=lambda x: x['confidence'], reverse=True)
        return detected
    
    def _get_evidence(self, framework, html, headers):
        """Get specific evidence for detected framework"""
        evidence = []
        patterns = self.framework_signatures[framework]
        
        # Check HTML patterns
        for pattern in patterns['html_patterns']:
            if re.search(pattern, html, re.IGNORECASE):
                evidence.append(f"HTML pattern match: {pattern}")
        
        # Check JS patterns
        soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')
        scripts = [script.string for script in soup.find_all('script') if script.string]
        for script in scripts:
            for pattern in patterns['js_patterns']:
                if re.search(pattern, script, re.IGNORECASE):
                    evidence.append(f"JS pattern match: {pattern}")
                    break
        
        # Check headers
        for header, value in patterns['headers']:
            if header in headers and value in headers[header].lower():
                evidence.append(f"Header match: {header}: {headers[header]}")
        
        return evidence
    
    def get_rendering_strategy(self, url):
        """
        Determine optimal rendering strategy based on detected frameworks
        
        Returns:
            Dictionary with rendering strategy recommendations
        """
        frameworks = self.detect_frameworks(url)
        
        if not frameworks:
            return {
                'strategy': 'requests',
                'reason': 'No JavaScript frameworks detected',
                'confidence': 1.0
            }
        
        # Determine best strategy
        primary_framework = frameworks[0]['framework']
        confidence = frameworks[0]['confidence']
        
        if primary_framework in ['react', 'angular', 'vue', 'nextjs', 'nuxt']:
            return {
                'strategy': 'headless_browser',
                'framework': primary_framework,
                'reason': f'Detected {primary_framework} framework requiring JS execution',
                'confidence': confidence
            }
        
        if primary_framework == 'svelte':
            return {
                'strategy': 'static_rendering',
                'framework': primary_framework,
                'reason': 'Svelte can often be statically rendered with proper configuration',
                'confidence': confidence * 0.8
            }
        
        return {
            'strategy': 'headless_browser',
            'framework': primary_framework,
            'reason': 'Unknown framework requiring JS execution',
            'confidence': confidence * 0.9
        }

### **Advanced Rendering Techniques**

#### **1. Custom Browser Profiles for JavaScript Rendering**

# browser_profiles.py
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
import os
import json
import time
import random

class BrowserProfileManager:
    def __init__(self, profile_dir='browser_profiles'):
        self.profile_dir = profile_dir
        os.makedirs(profile_dir, exist_ok=True)
        self.profiles = self._load_profiles()
    
    def _load_profiles(self):
        """Load browser profiles from disk"""
        profiles = {}
        for filename in os.listdir(self.profile_dir):
            if filename.endswith('.json'):
                with open(os.path.join(self.profile_dir, filename), 'r') as f:
                    profile_id = filename[:-5]
                    profiles[profile_id] = json.load(f)
        return profiles
    
    def save_profile(self, profile_id, profile_data):
        """Save browser profile to disk"""
        with open(os.path.join(self.profile_dir, f"{profile_id}.json"), 'w') as f:
            json.dump(profile_data, f, indent=2)
        self.profiles[profile_id] = profile_data
    
    def get_profile(self, profile_id=None):
        """Get browser profile by ID or randomly"""
        if profile_id and profile_id in self.profiles:
            return self.profiles[profile_id]
        
        # Return random profile if ID not specified
        if self.profiles:
            return random.choice(list(self.profiles.values()))
        
        # Create default profile if none exist
        return self.create_default_profile()
    
    def create_default_profile(self):
        """Create a default browser profile"""
        profile = {
            'user_agent': self._generate_user_agent(),
            'screen_resolution': self._generate_screen_resolution(),
            'timezone': self._generate_timezone(),
            'language': self._generate_language(),
            'webgl_vendor': self._generate_webgl_vendor(),
            'webgl_renderer': self._generate_webgl_renderer(),
            'audio_context': self._generate_audio_context(),
            'font_list': self._generate_font_list(),
            'plugins': self._generate_plugins(),
            'touch_support': self._generate_touch_support(),
            'hardware_concurrency': self._generate_hardware_concurrency(),
            'device_memory': self._generate_device_memory(),
            'webdriver': False,
            'chrome': {
                'app': {'version': '1.0.0'},
                'runtime': {'platform': 'Win32'},
                'webstore': {}
            }
        }
        
        # Save as default profile
        self.save_profile('default', profile)
        return profile
    
    def _generate_user_agent(self):
        """Generate realistic user agent string"""
        browsers = [
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/{version} Safari/537.36',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/{version} Safari/537.36',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/{version} Safari/537.36'
        ]
        
        versions = [
            '90.0.4430.212', '91.0.4472.114', '91.0.4472.124',
            '91.0.4472.164', '92.0.4515.107', '92.0.4515.131'
        ]
        
        browser_template = random.choice(browsers)
        version = random.choice(versions)
        
        return browser_template.format(version=version)
    
    def _generate_screen_resolution(self):
        """Generate realistic screen resolution"""
        resolutions = [
            '1920x1080', '1366x768', '1536x864', 
            '1440x900', '2560x1440', '3840x2160'
        ]
        return random.choice(resolutions)
    
    def _generate_timezone(self):
        """Generate realistic timezone"""
        timezones = [
            'America/New_York', 'America/Chicago', 'America/Denver',
            'America/Los_Angeles', 'Europe/London', 'Europe/Paris',
            'Asia/Tokyo', 'Australia/Sydney'
        ]
        return random.choice(timezones)
    
    def _generate_language(self):
        """Generate realistic language setting"""
        languages = [
            'en-US,en;q=0.9', 'en-GB,en;q=0.8', 'es-ES,es;q=0.9',
            'fr-FR,fr;q=0.9', 'de-DE,de;q=0.9', 'ja-JP,ja;q=0.9'
        ]
        return random.choice(languages)
    
    def _generate_webgl_vendor(self):
        """Generate realistic WebGL vendor"""
        vendors = [
            'Google Inc.', 'Intel Inc.', 'NVIDIA Corporation',
            'AMD Corporation', 'ARM Limited', 'Imagination Technologies'
        ]
        return random.choice(vendors)
    
    def _generate_webgl_renderer(self):
        """Generate realistic WebGL renderer"""
        renderers = [
            'ANGLE (Intel, Intel(R) UHD Graphics 630 Direct3D11 vs_5_0 ps_5_0)',
            'ANGLE (NVIDIA, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 Ti Direct3D11 vs_5_0 ps_5_0)',
            'WebKit WebGL',
            'Mozilla Labs - WebGL'
        ]
        return random.choice(renderers)
    
    def _generate_audio_context(self):
        """Generate realistic AudioContext parameters"""
        return {
            'sampleRate': random.choice([44100, 48000]),
            'channelCount': 2,
            'maxChannelCount': 2,
            'contextType': random.choice(['webaudio', 'audioworklet'])
        }
    
    def _generate_font_list(self):
        """Generate realistic font list"""
        fonts = [
            'Arial', 'Times New Roman', 'Helvetica', 'Courier New',
            'Verdana', 'Georgia', 'Comic Sans MS', 'Trebuchet MS',
            'Arial Black', 'Impact', 'Lucida Console', 'Tahoma'
        ]
        return random.sample(fonts, k=random.randint(5, 10))
    
    def _generate_plugins(self):
        """Generate realistic plugin list"""
        plugins = [
            {'name': 'Chrome PDF Viewer', 'description': 'Portable Document Format'},
            {'name': 'Widevine Content Decryption Module', 'description': 'Enables Widevine licenses'},
            {'name': 'Native Client', 'description': 'Runs native code inside Chrome'}
        ]
        return plugins if random.random() > 0.3 else []
    
    def _generate_touch_support(self):
        """Generate realistic touch support parameters"""
        return {
            'maxTouchPoints': random.choice([0, 5, 10]),
            'touchEvent': random.random() > 0.7,
            'touchStart': random.random() > 0.7
        }
    
    def _generate_hardware_concurrency(self):
        """Generate realistic hardware concurrency value"""
        return random.choice([2, 4, 8, 16])
    
    def _generate_device_memory(self):
        """Generate realistic device memory value"""
        return random.choice([2, 4, 8])
    
    def create_chrome_options(self, profile=None):
        """Create Chrome options with profile settings"""
        if not profile:
            profile = self.get_profile()
        
        chrome_options = Options()
        
        # Basic options
        chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
        chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage')
        chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')
        chrome_options.add_argument('--window-size=' + profile['screen_resolution'])
        chrome_options.add_argument(f'--user-agent={profile["user_agent"]}')
        
        # Language and timezone
        chrome_options.add_argument(f'--lang={profile["language"].split(",")[0]}')
        chrome_options.add_argument(f'--timezone={profile["timezone"]}')
        
        # Prevent detection
        chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled')
        chrome_options.add_experimental_option('excludeSwitches', ['enable-automation'])
        chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
        
        # Add prefs to prevent detection
        prefs = {
            'profile.default_content_setting_values': {
                'images': 2,  # Block images to speed up rendering
                'javascript': 1  # Enable JavaScript
            },
            'intl.accept_languages': profile['language'],
            'credentials_enable_service': False,
            'profile.password_manager_enabled': False
        }
        chrome_options.add_experimental_option('prefs', prefs)
        
        return chrome_options
    
    def create_stealth_driver(self, profile=None):
        """Create a stealthy WebDriver with evasion techniques"""
        if not profile:
            profile = self.get_profile()
        
        chrome_options = self.create_chrome_options(profile)
        
        # Create driver
        driver = webdriver.Chrome(
            service=Service(ChromeDriverManager().install()),
            options=chrome_options
        )
        
        # Execute CDP commands to hide WebDriver
        driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Page.addScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument', {
            'source': '''
                Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'webdriver', {
                    get: () => undefined
                })
            '''
        })
        
        # Additional evasion techniques
        self._apply_stealth_techniques(driver, profile)
        
        return driver
    
    def _apply_stealth_techniques(self, driver, profile):
        """Apply advanced stealth techniques to WebDriver"""
        # Override navigator properties
        driver.execute_script(f'''
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'plugins', {{
                get: () => [
                    {{ name: 'Chrome PDF Viewer', description: 'Portable Document Format' }},
                    {{ name: 'Widevine Content Decryption Module', description: 'Enables Widevine licenses' }}
                ]
            }});
            
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'languages', {{
                get: () => ['{profile['language'].split(",")[0]}', '{profile['language'].split(",")[1].split(";")[0]}']
            }});
            
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'hardwareConcurrency', {{
                get: () => {profile['hardware_concurrency']}
            }});
            
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'deviceMemory', {{
                get: () => {profile['device_memory']}
            }});
            
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'platform', {{
                get: () => 'Win32'
            }});
            
            Object.defineProperty(HTMLCanvasElement.prototype, 'toDataURL', {{
                value: function() {{
                    return 'data:image/png;base64,UNRECOGNIZED';
                }}
            }});
        ''')
        
        # Set WebGL parameters
        driver.execute_script(f'''
            const getParameter = WebGLRenderingContext.prototype.getParameter;
            WebGLRenderingContext.prototype.getParameter = function(parameter) {{
                if (parameter === 37445) return '{profile['webgl_vendor']}';
                if (parameter === 37446) return '{profile['webgl_renderer']}';
                return getParameter.apply(this, [parameter]);
            }};
        ''')
        
        # Spoof audio context
        driver.execute_script(f'''
            const AudioContext = window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext;
            const originalAudioContext = AudioContext;
            
            class CustomAudioContext extends originalAudioContext {{
                constructor() {{
                    super();
                    this.sampleRate = {profile['audio_context']['sampleRate']};
                }}
            }}
            
            window.AudioContext = CustomAudioContext;
            window.webkitAudioContext = CustomAudioContext;
        ''')

#### **2. Headless Browser Optimization**

# browser_optimization.py
import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class BrowserOptimizer:
    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver
        self.load_times = []
        self.resource_usage = []
    
    def optimize_page_load(self, url, max_wait=30, resource_threshold=80):
        """
        Optimize page loading by blocking unnecessary resources
        
        Returns:
            Boolean indicating success
        """
        start_time = time.time()
        
        # Block unnecessary resources
        self._block_resources()
        
        # Navigate to URL
        self.driver.get(url)
        
        # Wait for critical elements
        if not self._wait_for_critical_elements(max_wait):
            return False
        
        # Measure load time
        load_time = time.time() - start_time
        self.load_times.append(load_time)
        
        # Check resource usage
        usage = self._get_resource_usage()
        self.resource_usage.append(usage)
        
        # Apply additional optimizations if needed
        if usage['cpu'] > resource_threshold or usage['memory'] > resource_threshold:
            self._apply_aggressive_optimizations()
        
        return True
    
    def _block_resources(self):
        """Block unnecessary resources to speed up rendering"""
        # Block images
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.setBlockedURLs', {
            'urls': ['*.png', '*.jpg', '*.jpeg', '*.gif', '*.svg']
        })
        
        # Block trackers
        trackers = [
            '*doubleclick.net*', '*googleadservices.com*', 
            '*analytics.js*', '*facebook.net*', '*taboola.com*'
        ]
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.setBlockedURLs', {
            'urls': trackers
        })
        
        # Enable network conditions throttling
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.emulateNetworkConditions', {
            'offline': False,
            'latency': 50,  # ms
            'downloadThroughput': 150 * 1024,  # 150 KB/s
            'uploadThroughput': 50 * 1024  # 50 KB/s
        })
    
    def _wait_for_critical_elements(self, max_wait):
        """Wait for critical page elements to load"""
        try:
            # Wait for body to be present
            WebDriverWait(self.driver, max_wait).until(
                EC.presence_of_element_located((By.TAG_NAME, 'body'))
            )
            
            # Wait for main content container (customizable per site)
            try:
                WebDriverWait(self.driver, max_wait).until(
                    EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'main-content'))
                )
            except:
                try:
                    WebDriverWait(self.driver, max_wait).until(
                        EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, 'content'))
                    )
                except:
                    pass
            
            # Wait for JavaScript to stabilize
            self._wait_for_js_stabilization(max_wait)
            
            return True
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Error waiting for critical elements: {str(e)}")
            return False
    
    def _wait_for_js_stabilization(self, max_wait):
        """Wait for JavaScript execution to stabilize"""
        start_time = time.time()
        last_height = 0
        stable_count = 0
        
        while time.time() - start_time < max_wait:
            # Check scroll height
            current_height = self.driver.execute_script(
                "return document.body.scrollHeight"
            )
            
            # Check if height has stabilized
            if abs(current_height - last_height) < 10:
                stable_count += 1
                if stable_count >= 3:  # Stable for 3 consecutive checks
                    return
            else:
                stable_count = 0
            
            last_height = current_height
            time.sleep(0.5)
    
    def _get_resource_usage(self):
        """Get current resource usage metrics"""
        # Get CPU and memory usage from performance metrics
        metrics = self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Performance.getMetrics', {})
        
        cpu_usage = next(
            (m['value'] for m in metrics['metrics'] if m['name'] == 'CPUUtilization'), 
            0
        ) * 100
        
        memory_usage = next(
            (m['value'] for m in metrics['metrics'] if m['name'] == 'JSHeapUsedSize'), 
            0
        )
        
        # Convert to percentage of typical limits
        memory_percent = min(100, (memory_usage / (256 * 1024 * 1024)) * 100)
        
        return {
            'cpu': cpu_usage,
            'memory': memory_percent,
            'network_requests': self._get_network_request_count()
        }
    
    def _get_network_request_count(self):
        """Get count of network requests made"""
        # Implementation would track network requests
        return 0  # Simplified
    
    def _apply_aggressive_optimizations(self):
        """Apply aggressive optimizations when resources are constrained"""
        # Disable JavaScript for non-critical pages
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Emulation.setScriptExecutionDisabled', {
            'value': True
        })
        
        # Set lower resource thresholds
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.emulateNetworkConditions', {
            'offline': False,
            'latency': 100,  # ms
            'downloadThroughput': 50 * 1024,  # 50 KB/s
            'uploadThroughput': 20 * 1024  # 20 KB/s
        })
        
        # Block more resources
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.setBlockedURLs', {
            'urls': ['*.css', '*.js', '*.woff', '*.woff2']
        })
    
    def analyze_performance(self):
        """Analyze browser performance metrics"""
        if not self.load_times:
            return None
        
        return {
            'avg_load_time': sum(self.load_times) / len(self.load_times),
            'max_load_time': max(self.load_times),
            'resource_usage': {
                'avg_cpu': sum(u['cpu'] for u in self.resource_usage) / len(self.resource_usage),
                'avg_memory': sum(u['memory'] for u in self.resource_usage) / len(self.resource_usage)
            },
            'recommendations': self._generate_optimization_recommendations()
        }
    
    def _generate_optimization_recommendations(self):
        """Generate optimization recommendations based on performance data"""
        recommendations = []
        
        # Load time recommendations
        avg_load_time = sum(self.load_times) / len(self.load_times)
        if avg_load_time > 10:
            recommendations.append(
                "Page load time is high (>10s). Consider blocking more resources "
                "or using a simpler rendering strategy."
            )
        
        # Resource usage recommendations
        avg_cpu = sum(u['cpu'] for u in self.resource_usage) / len(self.resource_usage)
        if avg_cpu > 70:
            recommendations.append(
                "High CPU usage detected. Consider reducing JavaScript execution "
                "or using resource throttling."
            )
        
        avg_memory = sum(u['memory'] for u in self.resource_usage) / len(self.resource_usage)
        if avg_memory > 80:
            recommendations.append(
                "High memory usage detected. Consider closing browser after use "
                "or using lighter browser profiles."
            )
        
        return recommendations
    
    def cleanup(self):
        """Clean up resources after browser usage"""
        # Reset network conditions
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.clearBrowserCaches', {})
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.setBlockedURLs', {'urls': []})
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.emulateNetworkConditions', {
            'offline': False,
            'latency': 0,
            'downloadThroughput': -1,
            'uploadThroughput': -1
        })
        
        # Close browser
        self.driver.quit()

---

## **2. Browser Fingerprinting Countermeasures** 🖌️

Modern websites use sophisticated browser fingerprinting techniques that require advanced countermeasures.

### **Fingerprinting Detection System**

#### **1. Fingerprinting Detection Engine**

# fingerprint_detection.py
import re
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import time

class FingerprintingDetector:
    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver
        self.detected_techniques = []
        self.suspicious_patterns = self._load_suspicious_patterns()
    
    def _load_suspicious_patterns(self):
        """Load patterns that indicate fingerprinting attempts"""
        return [
            # Canvas fingerprinting
            {
                'name': 'canvas_fingerprinting',
                'pattern': r'CanvasRenderingContext2D|toDataURL|getImageData',
                'weight': 0.8,
                'description': 'Canvas-based fingerprinting technique'
            },
            # WebGL fingerprinting
            {
                'name': 'webgl_fingerprinting',
                'pattern': r'WebGLRenderingContext|getParameter|getSupportedExtensions',
                'weight': 0.9,
                'description': 'WebGL-based fingerprinting technique'
            },
            # AudioContext fingerprinting
            {
                'name': 'audio_fingerprinting',
                'pattern': r'AudioContext|createOscillator|analyserNode',
                'weight': 0.7,
                'description': 'AudioContext-based fingerprinting technique'
            },
            # Font detection
            {
                'name': 'font_detection',
                'pattern': r'div\.style\.fontFamily|document\.fonts',
                'weight': 0.6,
                'description': 'Font enumeration fingerprinting'
            },
            # Plugin detection
            {
                'name': 'plugin_detection',
                'pattern': r'navigator\.plugins|navigator\.mimeTypes',
                'weight': 0.5,
                'description': 'Browser plugin enumeration'
            },
            # Touch support detection
            {
                'name': 'touch_detection',
                'pattern': r'\'ontouchstart\' in document|window\.TouchEvent',
                'weight': 0.4,
                'description': 'Touch capability detection'
            },
            # Hardware concurrency
            {
                'name': 'hardware_concurrency',
                'pattern': r'navigator\.hardwareConcurrency',
                'weight': 0.7,
                'description': 'Hardware concurrency detection'
            },
            # Device memory
            {
                'name': 'device_memory',
                'pattern': r'navigator\.deviceMemory',
                'weight': 0.6,
                'description': 'Device memory detection'
            },
            # Battery status
            {
                'name': 'battery_status',
                'pattern': r'navigator\.getBattery',
                'weight': 0.3,
                'description': 'Battery status API detection'
            },
            # WebRTC IP leakage
            {
                'name': 'webrtc_ip_leak',
                'pattern': r'RTCPeerConnection|createDataChannel',
                'weight': 0.9,
                'description': 'WebRTC IP address leakage'
            }
        ]
    
    def detect_fingerprinting(self, url, timeout=15):
        """
        Detect fingerprinting techniques on a website
        
        Returns:
            List of detected fingerprinting techniques
        """
        # Navigate to URL
        self.driver.get(url)
        
        # Wait for page to load
        time.sleep(2)
        
        # Get page source
        page_source = self.driver.page_source
        
        # Analyze for suspicious patterns
        detected = []
        for pattern in self.suspicious_patterns:
            if re.search(pattern['pattern'], page_source):
                detected.append({
                    'technique': pattern['name'],
                    'confidence': pattern['weight'],
                    'description': pattern['description'],
                    'evidence': self._get_evidence(pattern['pattern'], page_source)
                })
        
        # Check for dynamic fingerprinting (requires executing JS)
        dynamic_techniques = self._detect_dynamic_fingerprinting()
        detected.extend(dynamic_techniques)
        
        # Store results
        self.detected_techniques = detected
        
        return detected
    
    def _get_evidence(self, pattern, page_source):
        """Get specific evidence for detected pattern"""
        matches = re.findall(pattern, page_source)
        return matches[:3]  # Return up to 3 examples
    
    def _detect_dynamic_fingerprinting(self):
        """Detect dynamically executed fingerprinting techniques"""
        detected = []
        
        # Check for canvas fingerprinting
        canvas_result = self.driver.execute_script('''
            try {
                var canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
                var ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
                ctx.textBaseline = "top";
                ctx.font = "14px 'Arial'";
                ctx.textAlign = "none";
                ctx.fillStyle = "#f60";
                ctx.fillText("BrowserLeaks", 2, 15);
                ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(102, 204, 0, 0.7)";
                ctx.fillText("com", 4, 17);
                return canvas.toDataURL();
            } catch (e) {
                return null;
            }
        ''')
        
        if canvas_result and 'data:image/png;base64' in canvas_result:
            detected.append({
                'technique': 'canvas_fingerprinting',
                'confidence': 0.9,
                'description': 'Active canvas fingerprinting detected',
                'evidence': [canvas_result[:50] + '...']
            })
        
        # Check for WebGL fingerprinting
        webgl_result = self.driver.execute_script('''
            try {
                var canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
                var gl = canvas.getContext('webgl') || canvas.getContext('experimental-webgl');
                if (!gl) return null;
                
                var info = {
                    vendor: gl.getParameter(gl.VENDOR),
                    renderer: gl.getParameter(gl.RENDERER),
                    version: gl.getParameter(gl.VERSION),
                    shadingLanguageVersion: gl.getParameter(gl.SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION)
                };
                
                return JSON.stringify(info);
            } catch (e) {
                return null;
            }
        ''')
        
        if webgl_result:
            detected.append({
                'technique': 'webgl_fingerprinting',
                'confidence': 0.95,
                'description': 'Active WebGL fingerprinting detected',
                'evidence': [webgl_result]
            })
        
        # Check for AudioContext fingerprinting
        audio_result = self.driver.execute_script('''
            try {
                var audioCtx = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)();
                var oscillator = audioCtx.createOscillator();
                var analyser = audioCtx.createAnalyser();
                oscillator.connect(analyser);
                analyser.connect(audioCtx.destination);
                oscillator.start();
                
                var bufferLength = analyser.frequencyBinCount;
                var dataArray = new Uint8Array(bufferLength);
                analyser.getByteFrequencyData(dataArray);
                
                return JSON.stringify({
                    sampleRate: audioCtx.sampleRate,
                    frequencyData: Array.from(dataArray).slice(0, 10)
                });
            } catch (e) {
                return null;
            }
        ''')
        
        if audio_result:
            detected.append({
                'technique': 'audio_fingerprinting',
                'confidence': 0.85,
                'description': 'Active AudioContext fingerprinting detected',
                'evidence': [audio_result]
            })
        
        return detected
    
    def get_countermeasures(self):
        """Get recommended countermeasures for detected techniques"""
        countermeasures = []
        
        for technique in self.detected_techniques:
            if technique['technique'] == 'canvas_fingerprinting':
                countermeasures.append({
                    'technique': 'canvas_fingerprinting',
                    'countermeasure': 'Spoof canvas rendering results',
                    'implementation': self._spoof_canvas
                })
            
            elif technique['technique'] == 'webgl_fingerprinting':
                countermeasures.append({
                    'technique': 'webgl_fingerprinting',
                    'countermeasure': 'Spoof WebGL parameters',
                    'implementation': self._spoof_webgl
                })
            
            elif technique['technique'] == 'audio_fingerprinting':
                countermeasures.append({
                    'technique': 'audio_fingerprinting',
                    'countermeasure': 'Spoof AudioContext results',
                    'implementation': self._spoof_audio
                })
            
            # Add more countermeasures as needed
        
        return countermeasures
    
    def _spoof_canvas(self):
        """Spoof canvas fingerprinting results"""
        self.driver.execute_script('''
            const toDataURL = HTMLCanvasElement.prototype.toDataURL;
            HTMLCanvasElement.prototype.toDataURL = function() {
                return 'data:image/png;base64,spoofed';
            };
        ''')
    
    def _spoof_webgl(self):
        """Spoof WebGL fingerprinting results"""
        self.driver.execute_script('''
            const getParameter = WebGLRenderingContext.prototype.getParameter;
            WebGLRenderingContext.prototype.getParameter = function(parameter) {
                if (parameter === 37445) return 'Spoofed Vendor';
                if (parameter === 37446) return 'Spoofed Renderer';
                return getParameter.apply(this, [parameter]);
            };
        ''')
    
    def _spoof_audio(self):
        """Spoof AudioContext fingerprinting results"""
        self.driver.execute_script('''
            const AudioContext = window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext;
            const originalAudioContext = AudioContext;
            
            class CustomAudioContext extends originalAudioContext {
                constructor() {
                    super();
                    this.sampleRate = 44100;
                }
                
                createAnalyser() {
                    const analyser = super.createAnalyser();
                    const originalGetByteFrequencyData = analyser.getByteFrequencyData;
                    
                    analyser.getByteFrequencyData = function(array) {
                        // Fill with consistent values
                        for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
                            array[i] = i % 256;
                        }
                        return originalGetByteFrequencyData.call(this, array);
                    };
                    
                    return analyser;
                }
            }
            
            window.AudioContext = CustomAudioContext;
            window.webkitAudioContext = CustomAudioContext;
        ''')
    
    def apply_countermeasures(self):
        """Apply all recommended countermeasures"""
        countermeasures = self.get_countermeasures()
        
        for cm in countermeasures:
            cm['implementation']()
        
        return len(countermeasures)

### **Advanced Fingerprinting Countermeasures**

#### **1. Comprehensive Fingerprint Spoofing System**

# fingerprint_spoofing.py
import random
import string
from selenium import webdriver

class FingerprintSpoofingSystem:
    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver
        self.spoofed_values = {}
    
    def spoof_all(self):
        """Apply all spoofing techniques"""
        self.spoof_timezone()
        self.spoof_language()
        self.spoof_resolution()
        self.spoof_user_agent()
        self.spoof_webgl()
        self.spoof_canvas()
        self.spoof_audio()
        self.spoof_fonts()
        self.spoof_plugins()
        self.spoof_touch()
        self.spoof_hardware()
        self.spoof_webdriver()
        self.spoof_webrtc()
    
    def spoof_timezone(self, timezone=None):
        """Spoof timezone information"""
        timezones = [
            'America/New_York', 'America/Chicago', 'America/Denver',
            'America/Los_Angeles', 'Europe/London', 'Europe/Paris',
            'Asia/Tokyo', 'Australia/Sydney'
        ]
        
        if not timezone:
            timezone = random.choice(timezones)
        
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Emulation.setTimezoneOverride', {
            'timezoneId': timezone
        })
        
        self.spoofed_values['timezone'] = timezone
    
    def spoof_language(self, language=None):
        """Spoof language preferences"""
        languages = [
            'en-US,en;q=0.9', 'en-GB,en;q=0.8', 'es-ES,es;q=0.9',
            'fr-FR,fr;q=0.9', 'de-DE,de;q=0.9', 'ja-JP,ja;q=0.9'
        ]
        
        if not language:
            language = random.choice(languages)
        
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Emulation.setLocaleOverride', {
            'locale': language.split(',')[0]
        })
        
        self.spoofed_values['language'] = language
    
    def spoof_resolution(self, width=None, height=None):
        """Spoof screen resolution"""
        resolutions = [
            (1920, 1080), (1366, 768), (1536, 864),
            (1440, 900), (2560, 1440), (3840, 2160)
        ]
        
        if width is None or height is None:
            width, height = random.choice(resolutions)
        
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride', {
            'width': width,
            'height': height,
            'deviceScaleFactor': 1,
            'mobile': False
        })
        
        self.spoofed_values['resolution'] = f"{width}x{height}"
    
    def spoof_user_agent(self, user_agent=None):
        """Spoof user agent string"""
        user_agents = [
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 14_6 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/14.0 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1'
        ]
        
        if not user_agent:
            user_agent = random.choice(user_agents)
        
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.setUserAgentOverride', {
            'userAgent': user_agent
        })
        
        self.spoofed_values['user_agent'] = user_agent
    
    def spoof_webgl(self, vendor=None, renderer=None):
        """Spoof WebGL fingerprinting parameters"""
        vendors = [
            'Google Inc.', 'Intel Inc.', 'NVIDIA Corporation',
            'AMD Corporation', 'ARM Limited', 'Imagination Technologies'
        ]
        
        renderers = [
            'ANGLE (Intel, Intel(R) UHD Graphics 630 Direct3D11 vs_5_0 ps_5_0)',
            'ANGLE (NVIDIA, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 Ti Direct3D11 vs_5_0 ps_5_0)',
            'WebKit WebGL',
            'Mozilla Labs - WebGL'
        ]
        
        if not vendor:
            vendor = random.choice(vendors)
        if not renderer:
            renderer = random.choice(renderers)
        
        self.driver.execute_script(f'''
            const getParameter = WebGLRenderingContext.prototype.getParameter;
            WebGLRenderingContext.prototype.getParameter = function(parameter) {{
                if (parameter === 37445) return '{vendor}';
                if (parameter === 37446) return '{renderer}';
                return getParameter.apply(this, [parameter]);
            }};
        ''')
        
        self.spoofed_values['webgl'] = {'vendor': vendor, 'renderer': renderer}
    
    def spoof_canvas(self):
        """Spoof canvas fingerprinting results"""
        self.driver.execute_script('''
            const toDataURL = HTMLCanvasElement.prototype.toDataURL;
            HTMLCanvasElement.prototype.toDataURL = function() {
                return 'data:image/png;base64,spoofed';
            };
            
            const getImageData = CanvasRenderingContext2D.prototype.getImageData;
            CanvasRenderingContext2D.prototype.getImageData = function() {
                const data = getImageData.apply(this, arguments);
                // Modify pixel data to be consistent
                for (let i = 0; i < data.data.length; i += 4) {
                    data.data[i] = 255;     // R
                    data.data[i+1] = 0;     // G
                    data.data[i+2] = 0;     // B
                    data.data[i+3] = 255;   // A
                }
                return data;
            };
        ''')
        
        self.spoofed_values['canvas'] = 'spoofed'
    
    def spoof_audio(self):
        """Spoof AudioContext fingerprinting results"""
        self.driver.execute_script('''
            const AudioContext = window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext;
            const originalAudioContext = AudioContext;
            
            class CustomAudioContext extends originalAudioContext {
                constructor() {
                    super();
                    this.sampleRate = 44100;
                }
                
                createAnalyser() {
                    const analyser = super.createAnalyser();
                    const originalGetByteFrequencyData = analyser.getByteFrequencyData;
                    
                    analyser.getByteFrequencyData = function(array) {
                        // Fill with consistent values
                        for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
                            array[i] = i % 256;
                        }
                        return originalGetByteFrequencyData.call(this, array);
                    };
                    
                    return analyser;
                }
            }
            
            window.AudioContext = CustomAudioContext;
            window.webkitAudioContext = CustomAudioContext;
        ''')
        
        self.spoofed_values['audio'] = 'spoofed'
    
    def spoof_fonts(self, font_list=None):
        """Spoof available font list"""
        default_fonts = [
            'Arial', 'Times New Roman', 'Helvetica', 'Courier New',
            'Verdana', 'Georgia', 'Comic Sans MS', 'Trebuchet MS'
        ]
        
        if not font_list:
            font_list = random.sample(default_fonts, k=random.randint(5, 8))
        
        self.driver.execute_script(f'''
            // Override document.fonts
            const originalFonts = document.fonts;
            document.fonts = new Proxy(originalFonts, {{
                get: function(target, prop) {{
                    if (prop === 'check') {{
                        return function() {{ return true; }};
                    }}
                    if (prop === 'keys' || prop === 'values' || prop === 'entries') {{
                        return function* () {{
                            for (const font of {json.dumps(font_list)}) {{
                                yield font;
                            }}
                        }};
                    }}
                    return target[prop];
                }},
                has: function(target, prop) {{
                    return prop === 'check' || prop === 'keys' || 
                           prop === 'values' || prop === 'entries' || 
                           target.hasOwnProperty(prop);
                }}
            }});
            
            // Override getComputedStyle for font detection
            const originalGetComputedStyle = window.getComputedStyle;
            window.getComputedStyle = function(element, pseudoElt) {{
                const style = originalGetComputedStyle(element, pseudoElt);
                return new Proxy(style, {{
                    get: function(target, prop) {{
                        if (prop === 'fontFamily') {{
                            return '{", ".join(font_list)}';
                        }}
                        return target[prop];
                    }}
                }});
            }};
        ''')
        
        self.spoofed_values['fonts'] = font_list
    
    def spoof_plugins(self, plugins=None):
        """Spoof browser plugin list"""
        default_plugins = [
            {'name': 'Chrome PDF Viewer', 'description': 'Portable Document Format'},
            {'name': 'Widevine Content Decryption Module', 'description': 'Enables Widevine licenses'},
            {'name': 'Native Client', 'description': 'Runs native code inside Chrome'}
        ]
        
        if plugins is None:
            plugins = random.sample(default_plugins, k=random.randint(1, 3))
        
        plugins_script = json.dumps(plugins)
        
        self.driver.execute_script(f'''
            // Override navigator.plugins
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'plugins', {{
                get: function() {{
                    return {plugins_script}.map(plugin => ({{ 
                        name: plugin.name, 
                        description: plugin.description,
                        item: function() {{ return this; }},
                        namedItem: function() {{ return this; }}
                    }));
                }}
            }});
            
            // Override navigator.mimeTypes
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'mimeTypes', {{
                get: function() {{
                    return {plugins_script}.map(plugin => ({{ 
                        type: 'application/pdf', 
                        description: plugin.description,
                        suffixes: 'pdf',
                        enabledPlugin: {{
                            name: plugin.name,
                            description: plugin.description
                        }}
                    }));
                }}
            }});
        ''')
        
        self.spoofed_values['plugins'] = plugins
    
    def spoof_touch(self, max_touch_points=None, has_touch=False):
        """Spoof touch capabilities"""
        if max_touch_points is None:
            max_touch_points = random.choice([0, 5, 10])
        
        self.driver.execute_script(f'''
            // Override touch events
            ['touchstart', 'touchmove', 'touchend', 'touchcancel'].forEach(function(event) {{
                document.addEventListener(event, function(e) {{
                    e.preventDefault();
                }}, {{ passive: false }});
            }});
            
            // Override navigator.maxTouchPoints
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'maxTouchPoints', {{
                get: function() {{ return {max_touch_points}; }}
            }});
            
            // Override 'ontouchstart' in document
            Object.defineProperty(document, 'ontouchstart', {{
                get: function() {{ return {str(has_touch).lower()}; }},
                set: function() {{ }}
            }});
            
            // Override window.TouchEvent
            window.TouchEvent = {str(has_touch).lower()};
        ''')
        
        self.spoofed_values['touch'] = {
            'max_touch_points': max_touch_points,
            'has_touch': has_touch
        }
    
    def spoof_hardware(self, hardware_concurrency=None, device_memory=None):
        """Spoof hardware capabilities"""
        if hardware_concurrency is None:
            hardware_concurrency = random.choice([2, 4, 8, 16])
        if device_memory is None:
            device_memory = random.choice([2, 4, 8])
        
        self.driver.execute_script(f'''
            // Override hardwareConcurrency
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'hardwareConcurrency', {{
                get: function() {{ return {hardware_concurrency}; }}
            }});
            
            // Override deviceMemory
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'deviceMemory', {{
                get: function() {{ return {device_memory}; }}
            }});
        ''')
        
        self.spoofed_values['hardware'] = {
            'hardware_concurrency': hardware_concurrency,
            'device_memory': device_memory
        }
    
    def spoof_webdriver(self):
        """Spoof WebDriver detection"""
        self.driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Page.addScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument', {
            'source': '''
                Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'webdriver', {
                    get: () => undefined
                });
                
                window.navigator.chrome = {
                    app: {isInstalled: false},
                    webstore: {onInstallStageChanged: {}, onDownloadProgress: {}},
                    runtime: {PlatformOs: {MAC: 'mac', WIN: 'win', ANDROID: 'android', CROS: 'cros', LINUX: 'linux', OPENBSD: 'openbsd'}, PlatformArch: {ARM: 'arm', X86_32: 'x86-32', X86_64: 'x86-64'}, PlatformNaclArch: {ARM: 'arm', X86_32: 'x86-32', X86_64: 'x86-64'}, RefreshType: {NONE: 0, FORMAL: 1, OPTIONAL: 2}}
                };
                
                const originalQuery = window.navigator.permissions.query;
                window.navigator.permissions.query = (parameters) => (
                    parameters.name === 'notifications' ?
                        Promise.resolve({ state: Notification.permission }) :
                        originalQuery(parameters)
                );
            '''
        })
        
        self.spoofed_values['webdriver'] = 'spoofed'
    
    def spoof_webrtc(self):
        """Spoof WebRTC to prevent IP leakage"""
        self.driver.execute_script('''
            // Override WebRTC to prevent IP leakage
            const originalGetUserMedia = navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia;
            navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia = function(constraints) {
                return originalGetUserMedia(constraints)
                    .then(stream => {
                        // Modify the stream to prevent IP leakage
                        return stream;
                    });
            };
            
            // Override RTCPeerConnection
            const originalRTCPeerConnection = window.RTCPeerConnection;
            window.RTCPeerConnection = function(...args) {
                const peerConnection = new originalRTCPeerConnection(...args);
                
                const originalCreateOffer = peerConnection.createOffer;
                peerConnection.createOffer = function(...args) {
                    return originalCreateOffer.apply(this, args)
                        .then(offer => {
                            // Remove local IP addresses
                            offer.sdp = offer.sdp.replace(/(c=IN IP4)(\\s+\\d+\\.\\d+\\.\\d+\\.\\d+)/g, '$1 0.0.0.0');
                            return offer;
                        });
                };
                
                const originalCreateAnswer = peerConnection.createAnswer;
                peerConnection.createAnswer = function(...args) {
                    return originalCreateAnswer.apply(this, args)
                        .then(answer => {
                            // Remove local IP addresses
                            answer.sdp = answer.sdp.replace(/(c=IN IP4)(\\s+\\d+\\.\\d+\\.\\d+\\.\\d+)/g, '$1 0.0.0.0');
                            return answer;
                        });
                };
                
                return peerConnection;
            };
        ''')
        
        self.spoofed_values['webrtc'] = 'spoofed'

---

## **3. Large-Scale Data Processing Pipelines** 📊

Handling massive amounts of scraped data requires robust data processing infrastructure.

### **Distributed Data Processing Architecture**

#### **1. Data Pipeline Orchestration System**

# data_pipeline.py
import time
import uuid
import json
from datetime import datetime
from collections import defaultdict
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed

class DataPipelineOrchestrator:
    def __init__(self, max_workers=10, batch_size=100):
        self.stages = []
        self.max_workers = max_workers
        self.batch_size = batch_size
        self.pipeline_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
        self.metrics = {
            'start_time': None,
            'end_time': None,
            'total_items': 0,
            'processed_items': 0,
            'failed_items': 0,
            'stage_metrics': defaultdict(dict)
        }
        self.error_log = []
    
    def add_stage(self, stage_name, processor, batched=False):
        """Add a processing stage to the pipeline"""
        self.stages.append({
            'name': stage_name,
            'processor': processor,
            'batched': batched,
            'start_time': None,
            'end_time': None,
            'items_processed': 0,
            'items_failed': 0
        })
    
    def process(self, data_stream):
        """
        Process data through the pipeline
        
        Args:
            data_stream: Iterable of data items
            
        Returns:
            Processed data stream
        """
        self.metrics['start_time'] = datetime.utcnow()
        self.metrics['total_items'] = 0
        
        # Initialize output queue
        output = []
        
        # Process data through each stage
        current_data = data_stream
        for stage in self.stages:
            stage['start_time'] = datetime.utcnow()
            stage['items_processed'] = 0
            stage['items_failed'] = 0
            
            print(f"Starting stage: {stage['name']}")
            
            # Process data for this stage
            if stage['batched']:
                # Process in batches
                batch = []
                for item in current_data:
                    self.metrics['total_items'] += 1
                    batch.append(item)
                    
                    if len(batch) >= self.batch_size:
                        self._process_batch(stage, batch, output)
                        batch = []
                
                # Process remaining items
                if batch:
                    self._process_batch(stage, batch, output)
            else:
                # Process items individually
                for item in current_data:
                    self.metrics['total_items'] += 1
                    self._process_item(stage, item, output)
            
            # Update metrics
            stage['end_time'] = datetime.utcnow()
            self.metrics['stage_metrics'][stage['name']] = {
                'duration': (stage['end_time'] - stage['start_time']).total_seconds(),
                'items_processed': stage['items_processed'],
                'items_failed': stage['items_failed']
            }
            
            # Prepare for next stage
            current_data = output
            output = []
        
        self.metrics['end_time'] = datetime.utcnow()
        self.metrics['processed_items'] = self.metrics['total_items'] - self.metrics['failed_items']
        
        print(f"Pipeline completed. Processed {self.metrics['processed_items']}/{self.metrics['total_items']} items.")
        return current_data
    
    def _process_batch(self, stage, batch, output_queue):
        """Process a batch of items through a stage"""
        try:
            # Process batch
            results = stage['processor'](batch)
            
            # Add successful results to output
            for result in results:
                output_queue.append(result)
                stage['items_processed'] += 1
            
            return True
        except Exception as e:
            # Log error
            self._log_error(stage['name'], batch, str(e))
            
            # Add failed items to error log
            for item in batch:
                self.metrics['failed_items'] += 1
                stage['items_failed'] += 1
            
            return False
    
    def _process_item(self, stage, item, output_queue):
        """Process a single item through a stage"""
        try:
            # Process item
            result = stage['processor'](item)
            
            # Add to output if successful
            if result is not None:
                output_queue.append(result)
                stage['items_processed'] += 1
            
            return True
        except Exception as e:
            # Log error
            self._log_error(stage['name'], item, str(e))
            
            # Track failure
            self.metrics['failed_items'] += 1
            stage['items_failed'] += 1
            
            return False
    
    def _log_error(self, stage, data, error):
        """Log processing error"""
        error_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
        timestamp = datetime.utcnow().isoformat()
        
        self.error_log.append({
            'error_id': error_id,
            'timestamp': timestamp,
            'stage': stage,
            'error': error,
            'data_sample': str(data)[:500]  # Truncate large data
        })
        
        print(f"ERROR in stage {stage}: {error}")
        print(f"  Error ID: {error_id}")
        print(f"  Data sample: {str(data)[:100]}...")
    
    def get_metrics(self):
        """Get pipeline performance metrics"""
        return {
            'pipeline_id': self.pipeline_id,
            'total_items': self.metrics['total_items'],
            'processed_items': self.metrics['processed_items'],
            'failed_items': self.metrics['failed_items'],
            'total_duration': (self.metrics['end_time'] - self.metrics['start_time']).total_seconds() if self.metrics['end_time'] else None,
            'stage_metrics': dict(self.metrics['stage_metrics'])
        }
    
    def get_error_log(self):
        """Get error log for troubleshooting"""
        return self.error_log
    
    def save_metrics(self, file_path):
        """Save metrics to file"""
        with open(file_path, 'w') as f:
            json.dump(self.get_metrics(), f, indent=2)
    
    def save_error_log(self, file_path):
        """Save error log to file"""
        with open(file_path, 'w') as f:
            json.dump(self.get_error_log(), f, indent=2)
    
    def create_distributed_pipeline(self, num_nodes=3):
        """Create a distributed pipeline across multiple nodes"""
        pipelines = []
        
        for i in range(num_nodes):
            pipeline = DataPipelineOrchestrator(
                max_workers=self.max_workers,
                batch_size=self.batch_size
            )
            
            # Copy stages
            for stage in self.stages:
                pipeline.add_stage(
                    stage['name'], 
                    stage['processor'],
                    stage['batched']
                )
            
            pipelines.append(pipeline)
        
        return DistributedPipeline(pipelines)

class DistributedPipeline:
    def __init__(self, pipelines):
        self.pipelines = pipelines
    
    def process(self, data_stream):
        """Process data using distributed pipelines"""
        # Split data among pipelines
        data_chunks = self._split_data(data_stream, len(self.pipelines))
        
        # Process in parallel
        results = []
        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=len(self.pipelines)) as executor:
            futures = {
                executor.submit(pipeline.process, chunk): i
                for i, (pipeline, chunk) in enumerate(zip(self.pipelines, data_chunks))
            }
            
            for future in as_completed(futures):
                i = futures[future]
                try:
                    chunk_results = future.result()
                    results.extend(chunk_results)
                except Exception as e:
                    print(f"Pipeline {i} failed: {str(e)}")
        
        return results
    
    def _split_data(self, data_stream, num_chunks):
        """Split data stream into chunks"""
        chunks = [[] for _ in range(num_chunks)]
        
        for i, item in enumerate(data_stream):
            chunks[i % num_chunks].append(item)
        
        return chunks
    
    def get_metrics(self):
        """Get metrics from all pipelines"""
        return [pipeline.get_metrics() for pipeline in self.pipelines]
    
    def get_error_logs(self):
        """Get error logs from all pipelines"""
        return [pipeline.get_error_log() for pipeline in self.pipelines]

#### **2. Schema Evolution Manager**

# schema_evolution.py
import json
import re
from datetime import datetime

class SchemaEvolutionManager:
    def __init__(self):
        self.schemas = {}  # {schema_id: schema_definition}
        self.version_history = {}  # {schema_id: [versions]}
        self.compatibility_rules = {
            'backward': self._check_backward_compatibility,
            'forward': self._check_forward_compatibility,
            'full': self._check_full_compatibility
        }
    
    def register_schema(self, schema_id, schema_definition, compatibility='backward'):
        """
        Register a new schema or update an existing one
        
        Returns:
            Schema version number
        """
        # Validate schema
        if not self._validate_schema(schema_definition):
            raise ValueError("Invalid schema definition")
        
        # Check compatibility if updating existing schema
        if schema_id in self.schemas:
            current_schema = self.schemas[schema_id]
            if not self.check_compatibility(current_schema, schema_definition, compatibility):
                raise ValueError(f"Schema update is not {compatibility}-compatible")
        
        # Create version
        version = self._create_version(schema_id)
        
        # Store schema
        if schema_id not in self.schemas:
            self.schemas[schema_id] = schema_definition
            self.version_history[schema_id] = []
        
        # Update version history
        self.version_history[schema_id].append({
            'version': version,
            'schema': schema_definition,
            'timestamp': datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
            'compatibility': compatibility
        })
        
        # Update current schema
        self.schemas[schema_id] = schema_definition
        
        return version
    
    def _validate_schema(self, schema):
        """Validate schema structure"""
        # Implementation would validate against schema standard
        # This is a simplified version
        required_fields = ['type', 'fields']
        return all(field in schema for field in required_fields)
    
    def _create_version(self, schema_id):
        """Create new version number"""
        if schema_id not in self.version_history or not self.version_history[schema_id]:
            return '1.0.0'
        
        # Get current version
        current_version = self.version_history[schema_id][-1]['version']
        
        # Increment minor version
        major, minor, patch = map(int, current_version.split('.'))
        return f"{major}.{minor+1}.0"
    
    def get_schema(self, schema_id, version=None):
        """Get schema definition"""
        if schema_id not in self.schemas:
            raise ValueError(f"Schema {schema_id} not found")
        
        if version:
            # Find specific version
            for ver_info in reversed(self.version_history[schema_id]):
                if ver_info['version'] == version:
                    return ver_info['schema']
            raise ValueError(f"Version {version} not found for schema {schema_id}")
        
        # Return current schema
        return self.schemas[schema_id]
    
    def get_version_history(self, schema_id):
        """Get version history for a schema"""
        if schema_id not in self.version_history:
            return []
        return self.version_history[schema_id]
    
    def check_compatibility(self, old_schema, new_schema, compatibility_type='backward'):
        """Check if schema update is compatible"""
        if compatibility_type not in self.compatibility_rules:
            raise ValueError(f"Unknown compatibility type: {compatibility_type}")
        
        return self.compatibility_rules[compatibility_type](old_schema, new_schema)
    
    def _check_backward_compatibility(self, old_schema, new_schema):
        """
        Check if new schema is backward compatible with old schema
        (new consumers can read old data)
        """
        # Fields can be added but not removed
        old_fields = {f['name'] for f in old_schema['fields']}
        new_fields = {f['name'] for f in new_schema['fields']}
        
        # Check for removed fields
        removed_fields = old_fields - new_fields
        if removed_fields:
            return False
        
        # Check field type compatibility
        for field in old_schema['fields']:
            new_field = next((f for f in new_schema['fields'] if f['name'] == field['name']), None)
            if new_field and not self._is_type_compatible(field['type'], new_field['type']):
                return False
        
        return True
    
    def _check_forward_compatibility(self, old_schema, new_schema):
        """
        Check if new schema is forward compatible with old schema
        (old consumers can read new data)
        """
        # Fields can be removed but not added
        old_fields = {f['name'] for f in old_schema['fields']}
        new_fields = {f['name'] for f in new_schema['fields']}
        
        # Check for added fields
        added_fields = new_fields - old_fields
        if added_fields:
            return False
        
        # Check field type compatibility
        for field in new_schema['fields']:
            old_field = next((f for f in old_schema['fields'] if f['name'] == field['name']), None)
            if old_field and not self._is_type_compatible(field['type'], old_field['type']):
                return False
        
        return True
    
    def _check_full_compatibility(self, old_schema, new_schema):
        """Check if schema update is fully compatible (both backward and forward)"""
        return (
            self._check_backward_compatibility(old_schema, new_schema) and
            self._check_forward_compatibility(old_schema, new_schema)
        )
    
    def _is_type_compatible(self, old_type, new_type):
        """Check if type conversion is compatible"""
        # Simplified type compatibility
        compatibility_map = {
            'int': ['int', 'long', 'float', 'double'],
            'long': ['long', 'float', 'double'],
            'float': ['float', 'double'],
            'string': ['string', 'bytes'],
            'bytes': ['bytes', 'string'],
            'boolean': ['boolean'],
            'null': ['null', 'string', 'bytes']
        }
        
        return new_type in compatibility_map.get(old_type, [])
    
    def evolve_data(self, data, from_schema_id, to_schema_id, from_version=None, to_version=None):
        """
        Evolve data from one schema version to another
        
        Returns:
            Transformed data
        """
        # Get schemas
        from_schema = self.get_schema(from_schema_id, from_version)
        to_schema = self.get_schema(to_schema_id, to_version)
        
        # Check compatibility path
        if not self._can_evolve(from_schema, to_schema):
            raise ValueError("Cannot evolve data between these schemas")
        
        # Transform data
        return self._transform_data(data, from_schema, to_schema)
    
    def _can_evolve(self, from_schema, to_schema):
        """Check if data can be evolved between schemas"""
        # Implementation would check compatibility path
        return True  # Simplified
    
    def _transform_data(self, data, from_schema, to_schema):
        """Transform data from one schema to another"""
        transformed = {}
        
        # Map fields
        for to_field in to_schema['fields']:
            # Find matching field in source schema
            from_field = next(
                (f for f in from_schema['fields'] if f['name'] == to_field['name']), 
                None
            )
            
            if from_field and from_field['name'] in data:
                # Convert value if needed
                value = self._convert_value(
                    data[from_field['name']], 
                    from_field['type'], 
                    to_field['type']
                )
                transformed[to_field['name']] = value
            elif to_field.get('default') is not None:
                # Use default value
                transformed[to_field['name']] = to_field['default']
        
        return transformed
    
    def _convert_value(self, value, from_type, to_type):
        """Convert value between types"""
        if from_type == to_type:
            return value
        
        # Numeric conversions
        if from_type in ['int', 'long', 'float', 'double'] and to_type in ['int', 'long', 'float', 'double']:
            return self._convert_numeric(value, from_type, to_type)
        
        # String conversions
        if from_type == 'string' and to_type == 'bytes':
            return value.encode('utf-8')
        if from_type == 'bytes' and to_type == 'string':
            return value.decode('utf-8')
        
        # Null handling
        if value is None:
            return None
        
        raise ValueError(f"Cannot convert from {from_type} to {to_type}")
    
    def _convert_numeric(self, value, from_type, to_type):
        """Convert numeric values between types"""
        # Convert to float first for consistent handling
        if from_type == 'int':
            numeric = int(value)
        elif from_type == 'long':
            numeric = int(value)
        elif from_type in ['float', 'double']:
            numeric = float(value)
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported numeric type: {from_type}")
        
        # Convert to target type
        if to_type == 'int':
            return int(numeric)
        elif to_type == 'long':
            return int(numeric)
        elif to_type in ['float', 'double']:
            return float(numeric)
        
        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported numeric type: {to_type}")
    
    def generate_schema_diff(self, schema_id, version1, version2):
        """Generate diff between two schema versions"""
        schema1 = self.get_schema(schema_id, version1)
        schema2 = self.get_schema(schema_id, version2)
        
        changes = {
            'added_fields': [],
            'removed_fields': [],
            'modified_fields': []
        }
        
        # Find added fields
        fields1 = {f['name'] for f in schema1['fields']}
        fields2 = {f['name'] for f in schema2['fields']}
        
        changes['added_fields'] = list(fields2 - fields1)
        changes['removed_fields'] = list(fields1 - fields2)
        
        # Find modified fields
        for field in fields1 & fields2:
            f1 = next(f for f in schema1['fields'] if f['name'] == field)
            f2 = next(f for f in schema2['fields'] if f['name'] == field)
            
            if f1['type'] != f2['type']:
                changes['modified_fields'].append({
                    'field': field,
                    'from_type': f1['type'],
                    'to_type': f2['type']
                })
        
        return changes

---

## Continued in next section ..