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# System prepended metadata

title: PSYC 1101

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# PSYC 1101



#### Generalization
- sample -> population
- does my sample represent my population?

### 4. Communicate results

## Learning
- Terms have particular, more precise meanings (different from what we know)
- **Behavior, Environment**
- How does behavior change as a function of the environment
- ==Learning has occurred if there is a **long lasting** change in **behavior**==
#### Learning != Performance
- An organism will only perform under the right (**appropriate**) circumstances
- behavioral psychologists like environmentally-oriented explanations
### Three Types of Learning
#### Habituation
- A simple form (simple organisms can perform)
- ==Definition: Learning not to respond to unimportant stimuli==
    - Important stimuli are related to survival and passing genes
    - Unimportant stimuli are everything else
- Quite often we produce an orienting response to unexpected stimulus
- ==Orienting Response: orient our sensory toward the stimulus==
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- **1/25 Missed some stuff**
- Stimulus
- Short Term & Long Term
    - Snails are too stupid -> short term
    - Dogs have a more complicated nerve systems -> long term
#### Classical Conditioning
- A neutral stimulus being predictive of an important stimulus
- Learn to make a reaction that to a neutral stimulus that frequently occurs before an important stimulus
- example of balloon getting bigger
- We assume the responses to be the same
- Ivan Pavlov: Russian Phsiologist, interested in digestion process. Believed that dogs automatically salivated on the sight of food.
    - **How many trials does the dogs need to learn the correlation between bell and food?**
    - **Delayed Conditioning (Best):**
        - bell ___________OOOOOOO _____
        food ______________OOOO _____
    - **Trace (Second):**
        - bell _____OOOO ______________
        food ______________OOOO _____
        - Trace is associating a **memory** of a stimulus to a stimulus, humans are better at this
    - **Simultaneous (Third):**
        - bell _________OOOO __________
        food _________OOOO __________
        - A dog only has that much attention and is used to focus on food
    - **Backwards (Sucks):**
        - bell _____________OOOO ______
        food ____OOOO _______________
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Jan 27
- Classical Conditioning is Adaptive Learning
- Environmental explanations
- Not learning a new behavior, but rather learning to perform an old behavior in a new situation
- **Unconditional Stimulus**: A stimulus that automatically produces a response (**Unconditional Response**)
    - Example: food (US) for dogs and salivating (UR)
- **Conditional Stimulus (CS)**: Formerly neutral stimulus
    - Example: bell 
    - **Conditional Response (CR)**
- Example:
    - Getting stung (US)
    - Slap neck (UR)
    - Buzzing noise (CS)
    - Hand waving (CR)
- getting hit with a wiffle ball bat is a neutral stimulus **w.r.t.** getting food afterwards
- In order for Classical Conditioning to work, the organism has to notice the neutral stimulus
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Jan 30
- an important stimulus normally stays important
- Unconditional Response (UR)
    - **Defensive Reflex**: An organism removing itself from **aversive stimuli** (a stimuli an organism wants to avoid)
    - **Consummatory Reflexes**: 
- Classical conditioning allows organisms to predict, and prepare for in advance
- **Extinction (of a classically-conditioned response) p214**
    - can **extinguish** a conditional response
    - **Spontaneous Recovery**: after timeout period (no CS), the organism produces CR
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Feb 1
- **Phobia**: An irrational fear of some object or situation
#### Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning
- **Law Of Effect**: Any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again.
- **Contingency**: conenction between effect and cause
- An organism have to believe there is a contingency to change the organism's behavior
- **Reinforcement (reinforcer, reinforcing stimulus)**: makes a behavior -> stimulus, then if the behavior occurs more often in the future, then the stimulus is a reinforcer. Two ways:
    - Application of stimulus (give something good)
    - Removal of stimulus (take away something bad)
- Reason to not use *reward*: other organism's perspective is irrelevant, good or bad is irrelevant
- **Appetitive**: organism likes
- **Aversive**: organism does not like

| | Apply | Removal |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Appetitive | Positive Reinforcement | Response Cost |
| Aversive | Punishment | Negative Reinforcement |

- **Punishing Stimulus**: 

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Feb 3
- Human can tolerate long delay between behavior and stimulus
    - expectation can be just as powerful
- Humans are the only organism that can deliver their own reinforcers and punishers
- **Primary Reinforcers & Punishers**: Stimulus that is related to your chances to survive or pass on your genes
    - Food, Sex, Warmth
- **Conditioned Reinforcers & Punishers**: 
    - get hit by wooden spoon: conditioned punisher
    - dogs learns bell means food, bell becomes a conditioned reinforcer
    - These makes human flexible for behavior to be shaped without food, sex, and warmth
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Feb 6
- listening to music (psychologists can't explain) -> sustaining warmth (bs)
- Satisfaction: probably classify as conditioned reinforcer
- **Shaping** (an instrumental conditioning technique): The method of successive approximations, reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.
    - Ex: In elementary school you get praised only for better and better "A"s
- **Operant Chamber** (p263): Whirring sound is the direct reinforcer (a conditioned reinforcer) to the rat
- **Extinction in Instrumental Conditioning**: If reinforcements and punishments stop, the learned behavior would stop 
    - Spontaneous Recovery
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Feb 17
- Case of Phineas Gage: frontal lobe of brain got damaged
- MRI: magnetic Resonance Imaging
- CAT/Ct: Computed Tomography Scan
- Cerebrospinal Fluid: protect brain


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Feb 22
- Motor output from brain
- Primary motor cortex
- Basil Ganglia
- Cerabellum: Coordinator, Smoothing
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Feb 27
- Distal and Proximal Stimuli