# Kubernetes Fundamentals Quiz - Section 1

## Question 1
What is the correct way to create a new pod in Kubernetes using kubectl?

- [ ] A) kubectl create pod nginx
- [ ] B) kubectl run nginx --image=nginx
- [ ] C) kubectl start nginx --image=nginx
- [ ] D) kubectl deploy nginx-pod --image=nginx

<details>
<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) kubectl run nginx --image=nginx**

This is the simplest way to create a single pod running the nginx image. The `kubectl run` command creates a pod directly, while other options are either incorrect syntax or create different resources.
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## Question 2
What's the purpose of a ReplicaSet in Kubernetes?

- [ ] A) To ensure a specified number of pod replicas are running at any time
- [ ] B) To replicate data across multiple storage volumes
- [ ] C) To copy configurations across different namespaces
- [ ] D) To duplicate services across multiple clusters

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To ensure a specified number of pod replicas are running at any time**

A ReplicaSet's main purpose is to maintain a stable set of replica Pods running at any given time. It guarantees the availability of a specified number of identical Pods.
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## Question 3
Which component of Kubernetes is responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster?

- [ ] A) kubelet
- [ ] B) kube-proxy
- [ ] C) kube-controller-manager
- [ ] D) kube-scheduler

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: C) kube-controller-manager**

The kube-controller-manager runs controller processes that regulate the state of the cluster. It ensures that the cluster's current state matches the desired state specified in the control plane.
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## Question 4
What is the difference between a Deployment and a StatefulSet?

- [ ] A) Deployments are for stateless apps, StatefulSets for stateful apps
- [ ] B) Deployments support rolling updates, StatefulSets don't
- [ ] C) StatefulSets are deprecated, Deployments are the new standard
- [ ] D) There is no difference, they are interchangeable

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) Deployments are for stateless apps, StatefulSets for stateful apps**

StatefulSets are used for applications that require stable network identifiers, persistent storage, and ordered deployment and scaling, while Deployments are ideal for stateless applications.
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## Question 5
What Kubernetes resource would you use to expose a service externally using a load balancer?

- [ ] A) ExternalName
- [ ] B) NodePort
- [ ] C) LoadBalancer
- [ ] D) ClusterIP

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: C) LoadBalancer**

The LoadBalancer service type creates an external load balancer in the cloud provider and assigns a fixed, external IP to the service.
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## Question 6
Which of these correctly describes a Kubernetes namespace?

- [ ] A) A virtual cluster inside your Kubernetes cluster
- [ ] B) A networking segmentation tool
- [ ] C) A type of container runtime
- [ ] D) A storage class definition

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) A virtual cluster inside your Kubernetes cluster**

Namespaces provide a mechanism for isolating groups of resources within a single cluster, acting as virtual clusters within a physical cluster.
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## Question 7
What happens to the pods managed by a ReplicaSet when it is deleted?

- [ ] A) Pods continue running
- [ ] B) Pods are automatically deleted
- [ ] C) Pods enter a suspended state
- [ ] D) Pods are moved to another ReplicaSet

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) Pods are automatically deleted**

When a ReplicaSet is deleted, all pods managed by it are also deleted by default, unless the cascading deletion is explicitly disabled.
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## Question 8
Which command shows the logs of a specific container in a multi-container pod?

- [ ] A) kubectl logs pod-name
- [ ] B) kubectl logs pod-name -c container-name
- [ ] C) kubectl describe pod pod-name
- [ ] D) kubectl get logs pod-name container-name

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) kubectl logs pod-name -c container-name**

The -c flag specifies which container's logs to show when a pod has multiple containers.
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## Question 9
What is the purpose of a DaemonSet?

- [ ] A) To run a Pod on all (or some) nodes in the cluster
- [ ] B) To run system daemons
- [ ] C) To manage stateful applications
- [ ] D) To handle network routing

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To run a Pod on all (or some) nodes in the cluster**

A DaemonSet ensures that all (or some) nodes run a copy of a Pod. Common uses include running cluster storage daemons or log collection daemons on every node.
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## Question 10
How do you scale a deployment named "nginx-deployment" to 5 replicas?

- [ ] A) kubectl scale deployment nginx-deployment --replicas=5
- [ ] B) kubectl set replicas deployment/nginx-deployment 5
- [ ] C) kubectl deployment scale nginx-deployment --to=5
- [ ] D) kubectl edit deployment nginx-deployment replicas=5

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) kubectl scale deployment nginx-deployment --replicas=5**

This is the standard way to scale a deployment. It updates the desired number of replicas in the deployment specification.
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# Kubernetes Fundamentals Quiz - Section 2

## Question 11
What is the purpose of a Service Account in Kubernetes?

- [ ] A) To authenticate human users
- [ ] B) To provide an identity for pods running in the cluster
- [ ] C) To manage billing information
- [ ] D) To store sensitive credentials

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) To provide an identity for pods running in the cluster**

Service Accounts provide an identity for processes running in a Pod to authenticate with the Kubernetes API server and interact with other cluster resources.
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## Question 12
Which Kubernetes primitive should you use to run a one-time task that exits upon completion?

- [ ] A) Deployment
- [ ] B) Job
- [ ] C) CronJob
- [ ] D) DaemonSet

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) Job**

Jobs are perfect for running one-off tasks that should complete successfully and then stop, unlike Deployments which are meant for long-running processes.
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## Question 13
What is the purpose of a PodDisruptionBudget?

- [ ] A) To limit resource usage by pods
- [ ] B) To ensure high availability during voluntary disruptions
- [ ] C) To schedule pods on specific nodes
- [ ] D) To manage pod networking policies

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) To ensure high availability during voluntary disruptions**

PodDisruptionBudgets limit the number of pods that can be simultaneously down during voluntary disruptions, helping maintain application availability.
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## Question 14
How do you apply a label to an existing pod?

- [ ] A) kubectl label pod podname key=value
- [ ] B) kubectl set label pod podname key=value
- [ ] C) kubectl annotate pod podname key=value
- [ ] D) kubectl tag pod podname key=value

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) kubectl label pod podname key=value**

The kubectl label command is used to add or update labels on existing resources.
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## Question 15
What is the purpose of the kube-proxy component?

- [ ] A) To provide authentication services
- [ ] B) To manage network rules for pod communication
- [ ] C) To schedule pods on nodes
- [ ] D) To manage container runtime

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) To manage network rules for pod communication**

kube-proxy maintains network rules on nodes that allow network communication to pods from inside or outside the cluster.
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## Question 16
What command would you use to create a new namespace called "production"?

- [ ] A) kubectl create production
- [ ] B) kubectl create namespace production
- [ ] C) kubectl namespace new production
- [ ] D) kubectl new namespace production

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) kubectl create namespace production**

The kubectl create namespace command is used to create a new namespace. This creates an isolated environment for resources within your cluster.
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## Question 17
How do you create a ConfigMap from a file?

- [ ] A) kubectl apply configmap --from-file=config.properties
- [ ] B) kubectl create configmap myconfig --from-file=config.properties
- [ ] C) kubectl config create --from-file=config.properties
- [ ] D) kubectl create config --file=config.properties

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) kubectl create configmap myconfig --from-file=config.properties**

This command creates a ConfigMap named "myconfig" with the contents of the config.properties file.
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## Question 18
What is the purpose of a Pod's readiness probe?

- [ ] A) To determine if a pod should be restarted
- [ ] B) To check if a pod is ready to accept traffic
- [ ] C) To monitor pod resource usage
- [ ] D) To verify pod security settings

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) To check if a pod is ready to accept traffic**

Readiness probes determine when a pod is ready to accept traffic. A pod is considered ready when all of its containers are ready.
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## Question 19
Which of these storage options provides persistent storage that survives pod restarts?

- [ ] A) emptyDir
- [ ] B) PersistentVolume
- [ ] C) hostPath
- [ ] D) configMap

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) PersistentVolume**

PersistentVolumes provide a way to store data that persists beyond the lifecycle of a pod and can survive pod restarts or rescheduling.
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## Question 20
What is the purpose of a NetworkPolicy?

- [ ] A) To configure cluster networking
- [ ] B) To define pod-to-pod communication rules
- [ ] C) To set up load balancing
- [ ] D) To manage external access to services

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) To define pod-to-pod communication rules**

NetworkPolicies specify how groups of pods are allowed to communicate with each other and other network endpoints.
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# Kubernetes Fundamentals Quiz - Section 3

## Question 21
What is the purpose of a HorizontalPodAutoscaler?

- [ ] A) To automatically scale nodes in the cluster
- [ ] B) To automatically scale the number of pods based on resource usage
- [ ] C) To manage pod placement across nodes
- [ ] D) To scale persistent volumes

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) To automatically scale the number of pods based on resource usage**

HorizontalPodAutoscaler automatically scales the number of pods in a deployment, replication controller, or replica set based on observed CPU utilization or other metrics.
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## Question 22
Which command is used to create a secret from literal values?

- [ ] A) kubectl create secret generic mysecret --from-literal=password=mypass
- [ ] B) kubectl apply secret mysecret --value=password=mypass
- [ ] C) kubectl secret create mysecret password=mypass
- [ ] D) kubectl create mysecret --from-literal=password=mypass

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) kubectl create secret generic mysecret --from-literal=password=mypass**

This command creates a secret named "mysecret" with a key-value pair where the key is "password" and the value is "mypass".
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## Question 23
Omitted.

## Question 24
How do you forcefully delete a pod without waiting for graceful termination?

- [ ] A) kubectl delete pod mypod --force
- [ ] B) kubectl delete pod mypod --grace-period=0 --force
- [ ] C) kubectl remove pod mypod --now
- [ ] D) kubectl terminate pod mypod

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) kubectl delete pod mypod --grace-period=0 --force**

This command forcefully deletes the pod without waiting for graceful termination. The --grace-period=0 sets the termination period to 0 seconds.
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## Question 25
What is the purpose of a Service's sessionAffinity field?

- [ ] A) To maintain persistent storage
- [ ] B) To keep user sessions on the same pod
- [ ] C) To manage service accounts
- [ ] D) To configure load balancing algorithms

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) To keep user sessions on the same pod**

When sessionAffinity is set to "ClientIP", the service will route all requests from the same client IP to the same pod.
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## Question 26
Which component is responsible for container runtime operations?

- [ ] A) kube-scheduler
- [ ] B) kubelet
- [ ] C) kube-proxy
- [ ] D) controller-manager

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) kubelet**

The kubelet is the primary node agent that runs on each node. It ensures containers are running in a pod and handles container runtime operations.
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## Question 27
What is the purpose of a RoleBinding?

- [ ] A) To define permissions
- [ ] B) To assign roles to users or service accounts
- [ ] C) To create new roles
- [ ] D) To manage pod scheduling

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) To assign roles to users or service accounts**

RoleBinding binds a Role or ClusterRole to users, groups, or service accounts, granting them the permissions defined in the role.
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## Question 28
How do you view the current resource usage of nodes?

- [ ] A) kubectl top nodes
- [ ] B) kubectl describe nodes
- [ ] C) kubectl get nodes --show-metrics
- [ ] D) kubectl metrics nodes

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) kubectl top nodes**

The kubectl top nodes command shows the resource usage (CPU and memory) of nodes in the cluster.
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## Question 29
What is the purpose of an Init Container?

- [ ] A) To run setup tasks before app containers start
- [ ] B) To initialize the Kubernetes cluster
- [ ] C) To create initial pod configurations
- [ ] D) To start the container runtime

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To run setup tasks before app containers start**

Init Containers run and complete before the app containers are started, perfect for setup tasks like database schema creation or waiting for dependencies.
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## Question 30
Which field in a pod specification ensures the pod is scheduled on a specific node?

- [ ] A) nodeSelector
- [ ] B) nodeName
- [ ] C) hostName
- [ ] D) schedulerName

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) nodeName**

The nodeName field directly specifies which node the pod should be scheduled on, bypassing the scheduler entirely.
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# Kubernetes Fundamentals Quiz - Section 4

## Question 31
What is the purpose of a Taint in Kubernetes?

- [ ] A) To mark a node as preferred for certain pods
- [ ] B) To prevent pods from being scheduled on a node
- [ ] C) To isolate network traffic
- [ ] D) To mark pods as vulnerable

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) To prevent pods from being scheduled on a node**

Taints prevent pods from being scheduled on nodes unless the pods have matching tolerations, allowing nodes to repel certain pods.
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## Question 32
Which command would you use to get the YAML definition of a running pod?

- [ ] A) kubectl get pod mypod -o yaml
- [ ] B) kubectl describe pod mypod --yaml
- [ ] C) kubectl pod mypod --output=yaml
- [ ] D) kubectl yaml pod mypod

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) kubectl get pod mypod -o yaml**

This command outputs the complete YAML definition of the specified pod, including its current state and specifications.
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## Question 33
What is the purpose of a ResourceQuota?

- [ ] A) To limit resource usage within a namespace
- [ ] B) To request resources for pods
- [ ] C) To monitor resource availability
- [ ] D) To allocate resources to nodes

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To limit resource usage within a namespace**

ResourceQuotas provide constraints that limit aggregate resource consumption per namespace, helping maintain cluster stability.
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## Question 34
How do you view logs from a previous instance of a pod?

- [ ] A) kubectl logs mypod --history
- [ ] B) kubectl logs mypod --previous
- [ ] C) kubectl logs mypod --old
- [ ] D) kubectl logs mypod -p

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: B) / D) kubectl logs mypod --previous**

The --previous (-p abbreviated) flag allows you to see logs from a previous instance of a container in the pod if it has been restarted.
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## Question 35
What is the purpose of a LimitRange?

- [ ] A) To set default resource limits for pods
- [ ] B) To limit cluster size
- [ ] C) To restrict network bandwidth
- [ ] D) To control pod scaling limits

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To set default resource limits for pods**

LimitRange provides constraints on resource allocations (limits and requests) for each type of resource in a namespace.
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## Question 36
Which component manages load balancing of service traffic?

- [ ] A) kube-proxy
- [ ] B) kubelet
- [ ] C) service-proxy
- [ ] D) load-balancer

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) kube-proxy**

kube-proxy maintains network rules on nodes that allow network communication to your Pods from network sessions inside or outside of your cluster.
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## Question 37
Omitted.

## Question 38
How do you update a deployment's image without downtime?

- [ ] A) kubectl set image deployment/myapp container=newimage
- [ ] B) kubectl update deployment myapp --image=newimage
- [ ] C) kubectl rolling-update myapp --image=newimage
- [ ] D) kubectl deploy myapp --image=newimage --rolling

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) kubectl set image deployment/myapp container=newimage**

This command performs a rolling update, updating pods gradually to ensure zero downtime during the update process.
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## Question 39
What is the purpose of a StorageClass?

- [ ] A) To define different types of storage
- [ ] B) To classify pod storage requirements
- [ ] C) To manage storage drivers
- [ ] D) To limit storage usage

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To define different types of storage**

StorageClasses provide a way to describe the different "classes" of storage offered by cluster administrators.
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## Question 40
Which feature ensures pods are distributed across nodes in the cluster?

- [ ] A) Pod anti-affinity
- [ ] B) Node selector
- [ ] C) Pod affinity
- [ ] D) Node affinity

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) Pod anti-affinity**

Pod anti-affinity can be used to ensure that pods are scheduled on different nodes, helping to distribute the workload across the cluster.
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# Kubernetes Fundamentals Quiz - Section 5

## Question 41
What is the purpose of a CustomResourceDefinition (CRD)?

- [ ] A) To define custom resources in Kubernetes
- [ ] B) To create custom commands
- [ ] C) To modify existing resources
- [ ] D) To customize the API server

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To define custom resources in Kubernetes**

CRDs allow you to define your own custom resources, extending the Kubernetes API with new types of objects specific to your needs.
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## Question 42
How do you create a static pod?

- [ ] A) Place pod manifest in the static pod path
- [ ] B) Use kubectl create static pod
- [ ] C) Add static label to pod
- [ ] D) Use static namespace

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) Place pod manifest in the static pod path**

Static pods are created by placing a pod definition file in the designated static pod path on a node, which is watched by the kubelet.
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## Question 43
What is the purpose of a ValidatingWebhookConfiguration?

- [ ] A) To validate API requests before persistence
- [ ] B) To validate pod configurations
- [ ] C) To verify user credentials
- [ ] D) To check node health

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To validate API requests before persistence**

ValidatingWebhookConfiguration defines webhooks that intercept and validate API requests before they are persisted to etcd.
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## Question 44
Which command shows the events in a namespace?

- [ ] A) kubectl get events
- [ ] B) kubectl describe events
- [ ] C) kubectl show events
- [ ] D) kubectl list events

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) kubectl get events**

kubectl get events shows all events in the current namespace, helping with debugging and monitoring cluster state.
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## Question 45
What is the purpose of the pause container?

- [ ] A) To hold pod namespace and networking
- [ ] B) To pause pod execution
- [ ] C) To debug containers
- [ ] D) To store container images

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To hold pod namespace and networking**

The pause container serves as the parent container in a pod, holding the network namespace and other resources that are shared by all containers in the pod.
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## Question 46
How do you perform a rollback of a deployment?

- [ ] A) kubectl rollout undo deployment/myapp
- [ ] B) kubectl deployment rollback myapp
- [ ] C) kubectl undo deployment myapp
- [ ] D) kubectl revert deployment/myapp

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) kubectl rollout undo deployment/myapp**

This command rolls back a deployment to its previous version. You can also specify a specific revision using --to-revision.
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## Question 47
What's the purpose of a MutatingWebhookConfiguration?

- [ ] A) To modify objects before they are stored
- [ ] B) To validate object configurations
- [ ] C) To mutate pod specifications
- [ ] D) To change running containers

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To modify objects before they are stored**

MutatingWebhookConfiguration defines webhooks that can modify objects before they are persisted, allowing for automatic modifications to resources.
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## Question 48
What is the purpose of a PodDisruptionBudget's minAvailable field?

- [ ] A) To specify minimum pods that must be available during disruption
- [ ] B) To set minimum pod resources
- [ ] C) To define minimum pod replicas
- [ ] D) To set minimum node availability

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To specify minimum pods that must be available during disruption**

minAvailable specifies the minimum number of pods that must remain available during voluntary disruptions, ensuring service availability.
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## Question 49
Which component is responsible for cluster DNS services?

- [ ] A) CoreDNS
- [ ] B) kube-dns
- [ ] C) dns-controller
- [ ] D) Both A and B are correct

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<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: D) Both A and B are correct**

Both CoreDNS (newer) and kube-dns (older and deprecated) can provide DNS services in a Kubernetes cluster, with CoreDNS being the default since Kubernetes 1.13.
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## Question 50
What is the purpose of a cluster-autoscaler?

- [ ] A) To automatically adjust the number of nodes in the cluster
- [ ] B) To scale pod replicas
- [ ] C) To adjust resource limits
- [ ] D) To scale persistent volumes

<details>
<summary>Show Answer</summary>

**Correct Answer: A) To automatically adjust the number of nodes in the cluster**

The cluster-autoscaler automatically adjusts the size of the Kubernetes cluster based on resource demands and configured policies.
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