Journals - HackMD

# Journals - [Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research](https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/sfor20) - [Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering](https://crojfe.com/) - [International Journal of Forest Engineering](https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tife20/current) - [MDPI Forests](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests) - [Silva Fennica](https://www.silvafennica.fi/) # News - [AI shows forestry operators best routes in forest – warns about ground too soft for harvesters](https://forest.fi/article/ai-shows-forestry-operators-best-routes/) Heikkonen - [Drones bring in forest data that used only to be dreamed of](https://forest.fi/article/drones-bring-in-forest-data-that-used-only-to-be-dreamed-of/) Hyyppä - [Facts about mechanized timber harvesting](https://forest.fi/article/believe-it-or-not-ten-amazing-facts-about-mechanized-timber-harvesting/) - [Collecting Accurate Individual Tree Information for Harvester Operation Decision Making](https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/en/research/collecting-accurate-individual-tree-information-harvester-operation-decision-making) Hyyppä # Literature ## Harvesters / forwarders <div style="display: none"> When moving: 1. Take care of the driving route 2. Find the next tree to cut - may depend on the task (eg., cut all the treens in a certain areas, or cut only small trees, or cut only certain type (spiece, diameter) of trees) When cutting: 1. Move the beam safely: avoid colliding with trees or possible man-made constructions, like electrical posts and wires - if the software knows dangeros zones, visual and haptic alerts may be available (or the beam is blocked automatically from entering these zones) 2. Grab the tree firmly: - the machine may be aware of the grip quality already? 3. Force large trees to fall safely: may be important only if there are man-made constructions nearby (road, electrical lines, buildings, bridges, etc) - if the software knows dangeros zones, it may automatically suggest the direction of falling. it may also warn th eoperator if the grasp 4. Make a decision on where to create a new log pile: the machine is aware of what category of logs it creates - pile category + location can be memories by the software? 5. Make a decision which pile the new log belongs to: the machine may be aware of the log category. - pile category visible in AR? 6. Keep in memory all the piles around - the software may create a virtual map with piles? - it can be used only only by the harverster oparator, but also by the forwarder operator when collecting logs. </div> ### Automatization / Tools - ["Strip road planning tool" - harvester operator's software for harvesting planning](https://www.metsateho.fi/wp-content/uploads/Tuloskalvosarja_2019_11_Ajourakone_Hakkuukoneen_kuljettajan_apuvaline.pdf) (FIN) Ovaskainen *Lists features of the software developed by Metsäteho Oy, like automatic route planning (AI)* - [Efficient forestry by precision planning and management for sustainable environment and cost-competitive bio-based industry](https://projects.luke.fi/efforte/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2018/10/EFFORTE-D3.5-Logging-trail-visualizations-and-post-harvest-quality-control_final.pdf) Ovaskainen *Route planning (AI)* - EU Project [Efficient forestry for sustainable and cost-competitive bio-based industry](https://projects.luke.fi/efforte/) Uusitalo, Hämäläinen, Kärhä - [Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xauLNORS4m0) - [Detecting stem damage by applying machine vision](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333672274_Detecting_stem_damage_by_applying_machine_vision) Ovaskainen, Kärhä *Stem damage automated measurement and monitoring: field study (CV)* ### LiDAR - [Wheel rut measurements by forest machine-mounted LiDAR sensors](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14942119.2018.1419677#d1e290) Salmivaara, Heikkonen, Nevalainen - [High-resolution harvester data for estimating rolling resistance and forest trafficability](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10342-024-01717-6) Salmivaara, Nevalainen, Heikkonen - [Tree Detection Around Forest Harvester Based on Onboard LiDAR Measurements](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paavo-Nevalainen/publication/327406598_Tree_Detection_around_Forest_Harvester_Based_on_Onboard_LiDAR_Measurements/links/5bbd5b05299bf1049b786c25/Tree-Detection-around-Forest-Harvester-Based-on-Onboard-LiDAR-Measurements.pdf) Sihvo, Nevalainen, Heikkonen - [Tree detection and diameter estimation based on deep learning](https://academic.oup.com/forestry/article/96/2/264/6779886?searchresult=1#399154228) Grondin, Fortin, Pomerleau, Giguère - [Instance Segmentation for Autonomous Log Grasping in Forestry Operations](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9982286) Grondin, Fortin, Pomerleau, Giguère - [Automatic three-dimensional mapping for tree diameter measurements in inventory operations](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/rob.21980) Pomerleau, Giguère - [Comparison of wood stack volume determination between manual, photo-optical, iPad-LiDAR and handheld-LiDAR based measurement methods](https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-hnee/files/806/iForest_ifor4153-016_Purfurst.pdf) Purfürst - [Towards Autonomous Robotic Precision Harvesting: Mapping, Localization, Planning and Control for a Legged Tree Harvester](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.10110) Jelavic, Hutter - [Harveri: A Small (Semi-)Autonomous Precision Tree Harvester](https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/549974/ICRA_2022_workshop%282%29.pdf?sequence=6) Jelavic, Hutter ### LiDAR / CV - [Perception Systems for Autonomous Forest Machinery](https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/items/06d7cb8e-0a6a-4bfd-a10a-15a8442c7bc7) Hyyti PhD THESIS - [Real-time Detection of Young Spruce Using Color and Texture Features on an Autonomous Forest Machine](https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/items/4f880a86-84c5-4357-9bc4-80c9066dfb7e) *Automatic detection of young spruce for point cleaning* - [Detection and species classification of young trees using machine perception for a semi-autonomous forest machine](https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/items/e88196d8-8374-4634-8dd9-ad3bd0c580c4) *Automatic detection and classification of young spruce and birch trees in forest environment* - [Augmented reality in forest machine cabin](http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-201710207259) *An instrumented forestry crane and a lidar are used to model the pose of the crane and its surroundings* ### UI - [User Interface Supporting Forest Machine Operators](https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1789100/FULLTEXT01.pdf) Krantz Ms THESIS *Designing a prototype of a user-friendly interface that makes it easy for the forest machine drivers to find the information they need* - [Fleet Management software comparison Ponsse, Komatsu and John Deere](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317429223_Fleet_Management_-ohjelmistovertailu_Ponsse_Komatsu_ja_John_Deere_-_Fleet_Management_software_comparison_Ponsse_Komatsu_and_John_Deere) (FIN) Ovaskainen *Comparison of software features between FM manufacturers* - [Exploring Heavy Vehicle Interaction](https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1499251/FULLTEXT01.pdf) Wallmyr PhD THESIS *AR and Head-up display for forest machine operators; Analysis of attention and workload for operators using AR/HUD* - [Virtual prototyping in the design of see-through features in mobile machinery](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10055-019-00384-y) Aromaa, Kymäläinen *Describes the efect of transparency level of the machine boom on task performance (time and distance) (VR)* ### Modelling - [An Adaptive Work Study Method for Identifying the Human Factors that Influence the Performance of a Human-Machine System](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261026368_An_Adaptive_Work_Study_Method_for_Identifying_the_Human_Factors_that_Influence_the_Performance_of_a_Human-Machine_System) Ovaskainen, Palander *Modelling the work performance: four principal components of the harvester’s work were identified (VR)* - [Quality of Experience of hand controller latency in a Virtual Reality simulator](https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/31/12/art00012) Brunnström *Quality of Experience (task completion) with forestry crane used for loading logs onto a truck: 200ms latency is OK, 800ms is not OK (VR)* ### Attention studies - [Influence of Forest Machine Operator Work Practices and Operator Assistance Systems on the Efficiency of Fully Mechanized Timber Harvesting Systems](https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/11858/15001) Hartsch PhD THESIS - [Effects of Boom-Tip Control and a Rotating Cabin on Loading Efficiency of a Forwarder: A Pilot Study](https://crojfe.com/archive/volume-45-no.1/effects-of-boom-tip-control-and-a-rotating-cabin-on-loading-efficiency-of-a-forwarder-a-pilot-study/) Hartsch *Effect of Intelligent Boom Control on timber loading efficiency of forwarder operators* - [Improving the skills of forest harvester operators](https://eldorado.tu-dortmund.de/bitstream/2003/42280/1/Dissertation_Dreger.pdf) Dreger PhD THESIS - **[Positive and Negative Work Practices of Forest Machine Operators: Interviews and Literature Analysis](https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/12/2153)** Hartsch, Dreger, Englund *1) Decent literature search. 2) Positive work practices can include using optimal working ranges from 4–6 m, frequent machine repositioning, a matched fit of operator skill and crane speed, and an assortment pile size that matches the maximum grapple loads. Training is recommended to focus on crane control in terms of movement precision and work range adherence whereby the speed-accuracy trade-off should be improved to meet productivity requirements and increase efficiency in forest machine operator work.* - [Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) for Application Research on Operator Work Practices and the Design of Training and Support Systems for Forestry Harvester](https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/2/424) Dreger, Englund **OneDrive** *A single work practice affects operator goals within different work elements and sets out how inefficient work practices can be described in terms of operator goals* - [Operation of the Single-Grip Harvester: Motor-Sensory and Cognitive Work](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/14942119.2002.10702461?needAccess=true) Gellerstedt *The main part of the operator’s cognitive work was found to be done through automated skills: the experienced operator acts upon the global situation and seldom analyses it explicitly.* - [Assessment Of Multifunction Machines Operators’ Workload During Mechanized Timber Harvesting](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stanimir-Stoilov/publication/331731680_Comparative_Analysis_of_Three_Wood_Transport_Systems_from_Bulgarian_Danube_Islands/links/5c89fe60299bf14e7e7aeb50/Comparative-Analysis-of-Three-Wood-Transport-Systems-from-Bulgarian-Danube-Islands.pdf#page=55) Grzywiński, Tomczak, Jelonek *Harvester operator’s mental workload is assessed as high and forwarder operator’s as moderate* - [Learning Curves of Harvester Operators](https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/95556) Purfürst *For a large number of operators the learning effect could be demonstrated – performance was roughly doubled within the mean period of 8 months, though the differences and variation between the individual operators are large* - [Timber harvester operators’ working technique in first thinning and the importance of cognitive abilities on work productivity](https://dissertationesforestales.fi/pdf/1862) Ovaskainen - [Visuospatial cognitive abilities in cut-to-length single-grip timber harvester work](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814107001114) Ovaskainen *Comprehensive perception, wide use of memory functions, non-verbal deduction, spatial perception, coordination, concentration and motivation are characteristics of a productive operator* - [Characteristics and Significance of a Harvester Operators' Working Technique in Thinnings](https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/IJFE/article/view/30226/1882525565) Ovaskainen *Unnecessary stem movements in the felling phase should be avoided: the stem should be processed close to the stump so that the positioning-to-cut distance to next removable tree is short; also, the productive operator avoids reversing when he is doing normal harvesting work* - [Decision-Making Among Harvester Operators in Tree Selection and Need for Advanced Harvester Operator Assistant Systems (AHOASs) on Thinning Sites](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355751993_Decision-Making_Among_Harvester_Operators_in_Tree_Selection_and_Need_for_Advanced_Harvester_Operator_Assistant_Systems_AHOASs_on_Thinning_Sites?channel=doi&linkId=617c0c510be8ec17a946ca1b&showFulltext=true) Ovaskainen *Sixty interviews. Check Results section* - [The Effect of New Silvicultural Trends on the Mental Workload of Harvester Operators](https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/348790) Spinelli, Magagnotti *Operating in a more diversified »mixwood« stand resulted in a marked productivity loss. Increased aggravation of mental demand, effort and frustration experienced by the operators when passing from the "pure conifer" stand to the "mixwood" stand* ### Eye-Tracking - [The mental workload of harvester operators working in steep terrain conditions](https://www.silvafennica.fi/article/10355) Szewczyk, Spinelli, Magagnotti **OneDrive** *Operating a forest harvester on steep slopes results in a greatly increased mental workload and calls for suitable rest schedules* - [Eye-Tracking in Assessment of the Mental Workload of Harvester Operators](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9104686/) Grzywiński, Tomczak, Jelonek *The cutting category can significantly affect the level of mental workload and thus fatigue of harvester operators* - [Perception of The Harvester Operator’s Working Environment in Windthrow Stands](https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/2/168) Szewczyk, Spinelli, Magagnotti **OneDrive** *Significantly higher cognitive demand required by work in damaged stand* - [Subjective assessment of the fatigue of forest workers based on japanese questionnaire](http://actascipol.upwr.edu.pl/pl/full/10/2006/000100200600005000010002700037.pdf) Grzywiński *The most frequently reported symptoms included: thirst, back pain and stiff neck and shoulder* - [Mental stress on harvester operators](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=84b8816524754addbabe5c29b96d9bb106a11422) Berger *To reduce the drop out rate the qualification of persons for harvester operators has to be determined prior to the start of the employment. This can be done by aptitude tests.* - [Examining the gaze behaviors of harwester operators: An eye-tracking study](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14942119.2015.1075793#d1e1920) Häggström, Englund **OneDrive** *The operators looked at the harvester head or forest most of the time, but their gaze behaviors varied during different harvesting operations: they looked at the monitor, canopy and falling trees less frequently during first thinning than during second thinning and final felling. Some harvesting information is gathered in advance to get an overview and plan the work, but most eye movements closely follow actions.* - [Seeing Through the Eyes of Heavy Vehicle Operators](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-67684-5_16) Wallmyr *An exploratory study* ### Vehicle Control - [Forwarder crane’s boom tip control system and beginner-level operators](https://www.silvafennica.fi/article/1717) Englund *Controlling boom tip movements directly instead of controlling each movement (each boom joint) separately to achieve the desired boom tip movement is more efficient* - [Comparing forwarder boom-control systems based on an automatically recorded follow-up dataset](https://www.silvafennica.fi/article/10161) Englund *Intelligent Boom Control is more efficient than the traditional (joint-based) boom control* - [A Comparison Of Mental And Visual Load Resulting From Semi-Automated And Conventional Forest Forwarding](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326850443_A_Comparison_of_Mental_and_Visual_Load_Resulting_from_Semi-automated_and_Conventional_Forest_Forwarding_An_Experimental_Machine_Simulation_Study_Volume_X_Auditory_and_Vocal_Ergonomics_Visual_Ergonomic) Englund *1) Automation in forest machines can reduce the level of intensity of visual processing and mental load in forest machine operators. 2) Non-invasive functional near infrared spectrometry is a viable tool which can be used in neuroergonomic research to evaluate physiological activity levels in refrontal cortex* - [Evaluation of different feedback designs for target guidance in human controlled robotic cranes](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687023002429?via) Dreger *Analysis of the effectiveness of sonification (auditory) or continuous visual feedback to enhance robotic crane movement precision. Real-time auditory feedback can enhance operator accuracy whereas acceptance remains challenging. Auditory feedback yielded higher accuracy and was perceived as more satisfying than visual feedback for low performers.* Read futher about **the effects of sonification and continuous visual feedback** - [Learning to Master Robotic Arm Movements with Bimanual Joystick Control: Indicators for Evaluating the Difficulty of Movement Tasks](http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002318) Dreger *Robotic arm movements observe Fitts’ law for reaching in depth but deviate for lateral and concentric movements, i.e. training can utilize Fitts’ law to vary the difficulty of forward robot arm movements* ## Other vehicles - [Using Augmented Reality To Increase A Heavy Vehicle Operator’s Siuational Awareness](https://mdh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1183908/FULLTEXT01.pdf) Päivärinne Ms THESIS *The purpose of this thesis was to explore how augmented reality can be used to enhance a heavy vehicle operators situational awareness. We produced a prototype and did some user testing using the prototype.* - [On the Interaction between Construction Vehicles and Humans in Close Cooperation](https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/3142779/HCI4Safety.pdf?sequence=1) Sitompul, Wallmyr *We have shown two examples of current practices in construction vehicles to derive potential interaction, where robots and humans work together to solve tasks that are critical in terms of maintaining the safety of human workers and the quality of the end result.* - [Information Visualization Using Transparent Displays in Mobile Cranes and Excavators](https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1610954/FULLTEXT02) Sitompul PhD THESIS - [Conceptual Design and Evaluation of Windshield Displays for Excavators](https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/4/4/86) Sitompul, Wallmyr **Moshi** *We generated ideas on how the essential information should look like and behave, then interviewed excavator operators to test their understanding and obtain their feedback on the proposed visualization concepts. The results indicated that four visualization concepts could be understood easily by the operators and we also revised them to better suit the operators’ way of thinking.* - [Developing a Windshield Display for Mobile Cranes](https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1511201/FULLTEXT01.pdf) Sitompul - [1st Workshop on User Interfaces for Heavy Vehicles: Let's Get to Work](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3349263.3350757) Wallmyr, Sitompul *We developed both virtual and physical versions of the transparent display, which show information related to the lifting capacity and its influencing factors.* - **[Presenting Information Closer to Mobile Crane Operators’ Line of Sight: Designing and Evaluating Visualization Concepts Based on Transparent Displays](https://graphicsinterface.org/wp-content/uploads/gi2020-41.pdf)** Sitompul, Wallmyr *We have investigated the visualization of safety information for mobile crane operations utilizing transparent displays. All the operators appreciated having information presented closer to their line of sight, as an approach that has the potential to improve safety in their operations* - [Using Augmented Reality to Improve Productivity and Safety for Heavy Machinery Operators: State of the Art](https://zenodo.org/records/3555161/files/VRCAI_2019_Green.pdf) Sitompul, Wallmyr *Review the current literature to present the state of the art, discuss the possible benefits, and the use of augmented reality in heavy machinery* - [Evaluating Mixed Reality Notifications to Support Excavator Operator Awareness](https://inria.hal.science/hal-02544533/document) Sitompul, Wallmyr **Moshi** *This work explores two types of mixed reality visualizations and compares them to a traditional display setup in a simulated excavator environment. We have utilized eye-tracking glasses to study users' attention to the task, surrounding awareness, and interfaces, followed by a NASA-RTLX questionnaire to evaluate the users' reported mental workload. The results indicate benefits for the mixed reality approaches, with lower workload ratings together with an improved rate in detection of presented information.* ### Cabin design - [Virtual prototyping in human-machine interaction design](https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/technology/2014/T185.pdf) Aromaa - [Designing user experience for the machine cabin of the future](https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/researchhighlights/2013/R8.pdf#page=47) Aromaa *The virtual environment developed at VTT: ManuVAR application tools* ### UI - [Designing User Interface Elements for Remotely Operated Rubber-tired Gantry Cranes](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=10394088) Sitompul *Presents the process of designing and evaluating UI elements for operating remote RTG cranes that others can reuse when developing their GUI* - [Designing User Interface Elements for Remotely Operated Ship-to-shore Cranes](https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/BCSHCI2023.20) Sitompul *Presents the process of designing and evaluating UI elements for operating remote STS cranes that crane manufacturers and third-supliers can use or refer to when developing their GUIs.* - [Evaluating Graphical User Interfaces for Handling Latency in Remote Crane Operation](https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/3132429/Paper26_Fahlen%2Bet%2Bal.pdf?sequence=1) Sitompul *We proposes two types of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that could support operators to perform their work in the presence of latency.* - **[Human–Machine Interface for Remote Crane Operation: A Review](https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/6/6/45)** Sitompul *This article examines various kinds of human–machine interfaces for remote crane operation that have been proposed within the scientific community, discusses their possible benefits, and highlights opportunities for future research.* ## Tractors ### Cab UI/UX - [A field tested adaptive user-interface - new ways to operate tractors](https://aisa-project.de/en/aisa) Schempp, Kaufmann *adaptive Interface Systems in Agricultural tractors: aIS project* - [How to develop a HMI for an agricultural tractor focusing on the handling of various implements](https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/978-3-319-96071-5_82) Schempp, Kaufmann *The need of an adaptive human machine interface (HMI) is the initial situation of this research project, called aISA – adaptive Interface Systems in Agricultural tractors. Based on field measurements with an agricultural tractor, surveys and theoretical analysis a method was generated which enables the development of adaptive interface systems. By the example of the HMI of an agricultural tractor the method will be validated. This paper deals with the analysis and the development of the method which leads to first concepts of an adaptive HMI.* - [The development of an adaptive HMI - From the idea to the prototype](https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/978-3-030-19135-1) Schempp, Kaufmann *The continuing trend of increasing functional diversity in control systems poses a great challenge for the development of human-machine interactions. Adaptive control systems or adaptive interface systems, short aIS, can be a solution to this challenge. The development of such an interface system comes out of a project called aISA which stands for adaptive interface systems in agricultural tractors. The goal of the paper is a good insight on how the aIS is developed and what the important tools are to achieve the results.* - [Design and Evaluation of Individual Elements of the Interface for an Agricultural Machine](https://elibrary.asabe.org/azdez.asp?JID=3&AID=48723&CID=j2018&v=24&i=1&T=1&refer=7&access=&dabs=Y) Mann *In this study, a user-centered approach was used to design specific interface elements for an agricultural air seeder. Designs of the interface elements were evaluated in a laboratory environment by developing high-fidelity prototypes* - [Design Guidelines Towards 4.0 HMIs: How to Translate Physical Buttons in Digital Buttons](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-35596-7_15) Prati, Peruzzini *This paper is presented a list of design guidelines conceived during a project regarding the HMI redesign of an automatic production line. Specifically, the project focuses on the translation of physical buttons to digital ones in a graphic interface.* - [UX Evaluation of a Tractor Cabin Digital Twin Using Mixed Reality](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365076521_UX_Evaluation_of_a_Tractor_Cabin_Digital_Twin_Using_Mixed_Reality) Cavallaro, Peruzzini *XR study: This research aims at creating an interactive Digital Twin (DT) using MR to enable a tractor driving simulation and involve real users to carry out an early UX evaluation, with the scope to validate the design of the control dashboard through a transdisciplinary approach.* - Ergonomic and compact armrest of agricultural tractors: Innovative methods to design an ergonomic armrest. Peruzzini, Grandi, Campanella *The aim of the project is to create an “ergonomic - compact armrest”, focused on the users’ need, with the application of Ergonomics and Human Machine Interface (HMI) principles, shifting the focus from how a machine works to how a task is performed. For designing the “ergonomic - compact armrest” a new system based on the collection of “real” users biomechanical performance within a virtual lab was adopted.* - **[Design of ergonomic dashboards for tractors and trucks: innovative method and tools](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452414X21000984?via%3Dihub)** Peruzzini, Grandi, Campanella *Field test + XR study + Eye-tracking: The paper proposes an innovative methodology to design highly usable and compact dashboards* - [Usability Testing on Tractor’s HMI: A Study Protocol](https://sci-hub.se/https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/978-3-030-78092-0_19) Peruzzini, Grandi *The paper proposes a structured protocol to focus on UX and guide companies in testing setup, execution and debriefing in an easy and quick way.* - [A Transdisciplinary digital approach for tractor’s human-centred design](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0951192X.2019.1599441) Peruzzini, Grandi, Campanella *The paper proposes a mixed reality (MR) set-up to support human-centred product and process design, where systems and humans interacting with them are monitored and digitalised to easily evaluate the human-machine interaction, with the scope to have feedback for design optimisation.* ### Ergonomics - [Improvements of a Tractor Cab’s Usability Based on Interaction Analysis and Ergonomics Adjustments](https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/978-3-030-74608-7_36) Hernández-Grageda *The main goal of this project is to detect interaction problems between the user and a chosen tractor cabin with the objective of applying ergonomic adjustments in order to improve the tractor’s usability. As a result of applying ergonomic intervention strategies combined with design methods, a conceptual redesign for the main elements form the interior of a tractor cab: the front panel, the levers dashboard, and the seat was proposed.* - [Interaction Analysis and Usability Adjustments in Conceptual Design of a Generic Tractor Cabin](https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/978-3-030-74608-7_36) Hernández-Grageda *The purpose of this job is to present a new proposal for the interior of a tractor’s cabin based on a conceptual design, as a result of combining the findings of a literature review with design and decision-making methodologies, providing visual, biomechanics, posture, and tool simplification refinements in the frontal panel, multipurpose accessories’ area, lever system, and the seat.* - [Case Study: Ergonomic Analysis and Intervention of a Tractor Cabin: Improving Its Usability and Reducing the Risk of Physical Fatigue](https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/978-3-030-74608-7_34) Hernández-Grageda *There is a lack of information regarding the ergonomic principles that should be followed when designing the interior of a tractor cabin in order for it to be comfortable, usable and safe. This design must take into account operator’s characteristics such as his posture when driving, the forces that need to be applicated when manipulating the instruments panel or the cognitive processes implied when the operator is interacting with the interior of the cabin. Since an ergonomic cabin can not only ensure the safety of the driver, but it can also help him/her to be more efficient in their daily activities, the objective of this report is to propose ergonomic interventions through literature research, suggesting a conceptual design that could improve the usability of a tractor cabin. Some decision-making methodologies such as Reverse brainstorming and Lightning Decision Jam are applied along the design process in order to evaluate and delimit the attributes of the new design that could best impact the positive experience of the tractor’s operators.* - [Determination of comfortable position for tractor driver’s hands based on dynamic load](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814118300040?via%3Dihub) Kuta, Komarnicki *This paper presents the possibility of improving safety conditions for vehicle and machine operators by the adjustment of a steering panel to their individual anthropometric features* - [Ergonomic researches in agricultural machinery- a systematic review using the PRISMA method](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814123000380) Qui, Chu, Shen *The objective of this systematic review was to learn the current state of Ergonomic/human factors researches in agricultural machinery and to draw implications for future efforts.* - [Workload Assessment of Tractor Operations with Ergonomic Transducers and Machine Learning Techniques](https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1408) Hota, CHandel *A study was conducted to assess and model dynamic load on muscles, physiological variations, and discomfort of the tractor operators arriving from the repeated clutch and brake operations using wearable non-invasive ergonomic transducers and data-run techniques.* - [A Review on Ergonomics in Agriculture. Part II: Mechanized Operations](https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/10/3484) Benos, Bochtis *The purpose of this investigation was to thoroughly review the recent scholarly literature on ergonomics in agricultural mechanized operations* - [Ergonomically based design of tractor control tools](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814118305201?via%3Dihub) Feyzi, Navid, Dianat *In this study, a designed setup was employed to derive the applied forces by tractor operators on the control tools.* - [Layout Design of Human-Machine Interaction Interface of Cabin Based on Cognitive Ergonomics and GA-ACA](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2016/1032139) Deng, Wang, Yu *Cognitive ergonomics and GA-ACA (genetic algorithm and ant colony algorithm) were introduced into the layout design of human-machine interaction interface. First, from the perspective of cognitive psychology, according to the information processing process, the cognitive model of human-machine interaction interface was established. Then, the human cognitive characteristics were analyzed, and the layout principles of human-machine interaction interface were summarized as the constraints in layout design.* - [Tractor cabin ergonomics analyses by means of Kinect motion capture technology](https://www.m-hikari.com/ces/ces2015/ces25-28-2015/p/marinelloCES25-28-2015.pdf) Marinello *The motion capture system was developed taking advantage of the Microsoft software development kit (SDK), and implemented for real-time monitoring of body movements of a beginner and an expert tractor drivers, on different tracks (straight and with curves) and with different driving conditions (manual and assisted steering).* ### Situational awareness and Mental workload - [Automation and the situation awareness of drivers in agricultural semi-autonomous vehicles](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S153751101400083X) Mann *This simulator study investigated the effects of automating vehicle steering and implement control and monitoring task automation on the situation awareness of drivers* - [Thinking Ahead of the Tractor: Driver Safety and Situation Awareness](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1059924X.2019.1604279) Irwin, Tone *The aim of this study was to explore situation awareness among farmers in the United Kingdom (UK) when operating heavy agricultural machinery. Method: The study used an online qualitative survey to collect data in three main areas: situation awareness requirements, factors impacting situation awareness, and the safety context for UK farmers.* - [Easily applicable methods for measuring the mental load on tractor operators](https://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?AID=51048) Arvidsson, Hansson *This study investigated the use of easily applicable equipment to measure mental load. Three methods were used to measure the mental load on machine operators: heart rate monitoring, two types of electroencephalograph (EEG) evaluation, and an assessment protocol.* - Optimization of Tractor Intelligent Console for Driver’s Psychological Load. Guo, Luo *Based on Kansei engineering theory,the psychological load index system was constructed, and the static man-machine semi-physical test of tractor intelligent console was carried out. The principal component model of psychological load was established, and the console based on minimum psychological load was optimized* - [Vision and Radar Steering Reduces Agricultural Sprayer Operator Stress without Compromising Steering Performance](https://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?AID=53266) Burgers, Vanderwerff *The objective of this study was to determine if using a commercially available vision and radar guidance system (VSN®, Raven Industries) reduces agricultural sprayer operators’ stress compared to when they are steering manually.* ### Eye-tracking - [Evaluation of the Tiller Switch Layout of a Tractor Using Eye-Fixation Related Potentials](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9176280) Yoshioka Kimura Shu Okamatsu Araki Ohsuga *EMG used to reveal event-related potentials. The study found out a decrease in attention caused by the increased difficulty of operating the tiller: switch position should be o[timized* - [Prediction of the distribution of tractor driver's eye positions](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ace125) Huang, Chen, Qiu, Jin *The multiple linear regression and principal component analysis were adopted to processing the feature parameters of human and tractor, and the prediction effect of the model was assessed according to the proportion of the driver's eye positions from side view those were within the range of the eyellipse model.* ### Remote control - [Remote operation system for novice tractor drivers for situations where automatic driving is difficult](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rob.22173) *Participants were remotly controlling real tractors* ### Seats - [Introducing an innovative and efficient seat user interface for professional drivers](https://www.proquest.com/docview/1635064224) *SAFEGUARD, a European co-funded research project, has developed two prototype seating systems, one customised for a track and the other for a tractor, with the intention of addressing back pain and musculoskeletal disorder problems by the implementation of sensors and actuators that are suited for increasing safety and comfort while driving.* ## Other useful refs ### Situational awareness - [Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1518/001872095779049543) Endsley - [Situation awareness: State of the art](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4596937/) Endsley - [Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT)](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/195097) Endsley ### Eye-tracking in Driving - [How does AR-HUD system affect driving behaviour? Evidence from an eye-tracking experiment study](https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85171625920&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&cite=2-s2.0-85118833871&src=s&imp=t&sid=67d7853b24ba2e0ecfff857b74920223&sot=cite&sdt=a&sl=0&relpos=8&citeCnt=0&searchTerm=) Cheng - [Does the AR-HUD system affect driving behaviour? An eye-tracking experiment study](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198223000143) Cheng ### ISO - «Tractors for agriculture and forestry - Safety - Part 1: Standard tractors (ISO 26322-1) - «Agricultural machinery - Safety - Part 1: General requirements (ISO 4254-1)