# 內專105年_1-50
## Question 1:
在心電圖呈現:心軸左偏-45 度,qR 在 I 及 aVL 等變化是所謂"左前束枝傳導阻滯" (Left anterior fascicular block),請問下列何種說法不正確?
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- A. 左前束枝細長,穿行左心室出口通道地帶,易受心縮壓力傷害,是以臨床多見。
- B. 左前降支冠脈(Left anterior descending artery)供血左前束枝,不若左後束枝供血來自左右雙條冠脈,是以易因心肌缺血傷變,發生傳導阻滯。
- C. 急性前壁心肌梗塞如若伴發右束枝傳導阻滯(RBBB)及左前束枝傳導阻滯,易致完全傳導阻滯(Complete heart block)。
- D. 所謂"雙束枝傳導阻滯"泛指 RBBB + Left anterior fascicular block、RBBB+ Leftposterior fascicular block 或 LBBB。
- E. 左前束枝傳導阻滯若伴發第一度房室傳導阻滯(First degree A-V block), 也易致完全傳導阻滯(Complete heart block)。
### Correct Answer: E
Diagnostic Criteria for fasicular block


左前束枝(LAFB) 是最常造成 Left axis deviation 的原因, 可以由解剖構造來解釋。
選項(A,B)Left anterior fascicule 位於 left ventricular outflow tract,易受心縮壓力傷害, left posterior fascicule 則是在於 Left ventricular inflow tract, 較受到保護。而血流部分, LAF 只接受 LAD 的血流供應,但 LPF 除了 LAD 之外也有 RCA 的血流供應。所以當發生 Myocardium ischemia 時, LAFB 發生機率比 LPFB 高許多。
選項(C,D) Bifascicular block: RBBB + LAFB or LPFB 或是 LAPF+LPFB (LBBB)。在 AMI 後才出現的 Bifascular block 有很高惡化成 Completed AV block 的機會, 而且這群病人死亡率也較高,較容易產生 Cardiogenic shock (暗示心肌受損嚴重)。但若是在 AMI 之前就有的conduction block, 則惡化成 Completed AV block 的機會較低。
選項(E) 是要 Bifascicular block + First degree AV block (Trifascicular block)才會大幅增加Completed AV block 的風險。
## Question 2:
病人現年 63 歲家庭主婦,因有胸悶及氣促求醫,六年前曾有酒精性肝硬化,肝臟移植。五年前因感染性心內膜炎以致施行僧帽瓣置換(Hancock 27),持續門診追蹤中。血壓 148/109mmHg;心跳 152/min;呼吸每分 27 次;體溫 37.5 度。其他身體檢查並無重大異常。其心電圖(A.治療前;B.治療後)如列。檢查確定心臟快跳,有下列數項處置措施: 1.緊急注射Adenosine 注射劑量 150 mg IV。 2.靜脈注輸 amiodarone 150 mg。 3.Rapid atrial pacing。4.緊急 Synchronized cardioversion 50-100 J。 5.緊急照會心臟科施行雷射燒灼手術 (Radiofrequency catheter ablation)。 依據2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline,請問有關本病例快跳之處置,何項最符合" Class of recommendation I〞?


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- A. 1+2+3
- B. 1+2+4
- C. 1+3+5
- D. 2+3+5
- E. 3+4+5
### Correct Answer: B
EKG 看起來是 Atrial flutter or AT with 2:1 conduction, 如果照 Supraventricular tachycardia 的處理建議
1. Adenosine 注射劑量 150 mg IV => 會打死
人…應該是要 6-12-12mg IV PUSH for PSVT。在 PSVT 或是 SVT 不確定是哪一種 Rhythm 是 Class I indication
2. 靜脈注輸 amiodarone 150 mg => 在所以有 SVT 裡都不是 Class I indication, 最多是 Class IIb
3. Rapid atrial pacing 是 Atrial flutter 的 Class I indication, 不過只針對已經有 Atrial lead的病人 (PPM or ICD)
4. 對於 Vital signs unstable 的 SVT 是 Class I
indication,阿婆 Respiratory rate 27/min也合併喘, 胸悶症狀,如果藥物治療無效是可以考慮電擊
5. 電燒並不是急性期的處理方式
所以勉強正確的只有 3, 4, 這題應該是要送分

## Question 3:
心房纖維顫動(Atrial fibrillation)使用抗血栓治療,在臨床上有許多相關的敘述,請問下列何者說法是錯誤的?
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- A. Atrial fibrillation (Af)多見諸老人,80 歲以人約有 10%。
- B. 心臟病人如若伴有 Af,都屬病狀嚴重。
- C. 有 Af 病人,腦中風多增五倍。
- D. 實證醫學認定 Aspirin 用於治療沒有症狀的 Af,也可預防血栓塞。
- E. 老年、高血壓、糖尿病、心臟病及呼吸中止症都是 Af 的危險因素。
### Correct Answer: D
(選項 A, C) 流行病學研究, 有 Af 的病人腦中風機會應參考其 CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score, 分數在 2-3 分, 每年中風的機率約在 4-6%
(選項 B) 這選項有些問題, 若是指心衰竭 NYFc 是不成立, 雖然心衰竭合併 Af 可能會因為少了 Atrial clicking 使 preload 減少或是 Af RVR 時加重 Heart failure, 但是不能達到題幹講的“都屬病狀嚴重”, 若是應該是要問是否需要做 Stroke prevention, 心臟病人不管是 HTN, CHF 或是 Vascular disease 都可以在 CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score 得分, 應服用抗凝血劑治療
(選項 D) Net clinical benefits were positive for warfarin versus no treatment (HR, 1.68) and for warfarin versus aspirin (HR. 2.22). The net clinical benefit for aspirin vs. no treatment, however, was negative (HR, -0.54) =實證醫學認定 Aspirin 不適合用於治療 Non-valvular Af
## Question 4:
有關心臟衰竭 (Heart failure) 的敘述,下列何項不正確?
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- A. 不管心縮或心舒性心臟衰竭,有近半病人仍舊有正常左心室射出率(Left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF),是以將心臟衰竭分成 1).HF reduced EF(HFrEF)及 2).HF preserved EF(HFpEF)兩種。
- B. 就控制心臟衰竭之快跳(Tachycardia),Ivabradine 遠比 Digoxin 為佳。
- C. 頑固性心臟衰竭應同時併用 Captopril + Valsartan + Carvedilol + Spironolactone。
- D. 急性失調性心臟衰竭(Acute decompensated heart failure,ADHF)有 30%併發心腎症候群(Cardio-renal syndrome),使用利尿量增加此類病人之心臟排血量(Cardiac output)治療,不盡有效。
- E. 併用 ACEI 及 Beta-blocker 不盡有益於重度 ADHF 之治療。
### Correct Answer: C
(選項 A) HFrEF 定義是 LVEF<40%, 而 HFpEF 則是 EF≧50%, 而在 ESC 2016 guideline 則多了第三種定義把 LVEF 40-49%的病患拉出來, 稱為 HFmrEF

(選項 B) 目前對於 HFpEF 並沒有很好的證據指出什麼治療是有效的(除了 Aldactone),而對於 HFrEF 則可以參考下方 ESC 建議的流程。對於心衰竭病人 LVEF<35%, 已經使用或是無法耐受 ACEI/ARB, aldactone or beta blockers, 是 Sinus rhythm 且 HR≧70 的病人,可以加上Ivabradine。
(選項 C) 2008 ONTARGET tial: ACEI+ARB < ACEI or ARB (ACEI + ARB: more AKI, hypotension)常見考題,目前皆不建議使用 ACEI, ARB 合併治療。目前是有新藥 Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition(ANRI)可以使用。在 PARADIGM-HF Trial 中 Entresto (Valsartan/sacubitril) 和 ACEI(Enalapril) 相比可以降低 all-cause mortality, CV death 跟再住院率。

(選項 D) Cardio-renal syndrome 單用利尿劑不一定有效,可能需要 Mechanical support 或是Inotropic agents 支持, 甚至會進展到需要靠血液透析方式來處理
(選項 E) 重度 Heart failure 的病人可能無法忍受併用 ACEI 及 Beta-blocker
## Question 5:
有關病毒性心肌炎(Viral myocarditis) 敘說,在臨床上時有的記述,請問下列何種說法是正確的?
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- A. 病毒性心肌炎多發生在老弱病人,多種疾病纏身。
- B. 伴發重度呼吸衰竭及心因性休克的猛暴性心肌炎(Fulminant myocarditis),常會併發多器官衰竭。但及時的診斷及治療可救命過半以上。
- C. 心肌活體切片檢查(Endomyocardial biopsy)確定診斷率高。
- . 迄今為止的實證醫學都認定抗病毒藥及免疫壓制療法(Immunosuppressive therapy)是有效的療法。
- E. 鑒於心肌病毒確定不易,只要併有肌肉酸痛及呼吸症狀的感染,同時有心肌損傷的檢定,就可確診(Definite diagnosis)心肌炎。
### Correct Answer: B
(選項 A) 多發生在年輕人
(選項 B) 根據 MGH 的 Registry, 1 年死亡率是 21%, 五年死亡率是 44%
(選項 C) The sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsy using conventional histology (Dallas criteria)for myocarditis may be as low as 10 to 35 percent due to variability in interpretation and sampling error, but application of immunohistochemistry and viral polymerase chain reaction(PCR) have yielded higher sensitivity => 雖說 endomyocardial biopsy 是 gold standard, 但是診斷率並不高
(選項 E) 有肌肉酸痛及呼吸症狀的感染,同時有心肌損傷的證據要高度懷疑 Myocarditis 但不能確診。要確診Myocarditis 傳統上還是個 histologic diagnosis, 需要靠根據 Classic Dallas criteria。
< Braunwald’s Heart Disease 提供的 Myocarditis 治療流程>

## Question 6:
請問有關急性心肌梗塞(Acute Myocardial Infarction) 的臨床說法,以下何者不正確?
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- A. 決定急性心肌梗塞的心電圖 Q 波在病理學必定是全壁性心肌病變(Transmural infarction)。
- B. 急性心肌梗塞病人不宜使用短效的 Dihydropyridine,因多增死亡率。
- C. NSTEMI 的急性心肌梗塞病人,不宜使用血栓溶解劑治療(Fibrinolytic therapy)。
- D. 類固醇(Glucocorticoid )及 NSAID(Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents)都不合適在STEMI 急性心肌梗塞病人使用。
- E. Coronary care 的藥物包括 Statin, Angiotensin receptor blockade, Beta-blockade,除非有禁忌。
### Correct Answer: A
(選項 A) Transmural infarction 代表的是 Coronary artery total occlusion, 常見到的是 ST segment elevation; 而 pathologic Q waves 代表的是 stunned 或是 scarred heart muscle。
(選項 B) 短效的 Dihydropyridine 就是指 Adalat 舌下錠, 會增加中風跟 MI 的風險。心肌梗塞的病患要控制血壓應優先選擇 ACEI/ARB 或 Beta-blocker。
(選項 C) Fibrinolytic therapy 適用於 STEMI 病人。Indication: STEMI 病患在症狀產生 12 小時內, 請無法在 120 分鐘內接受到 Primary PCI 的病患。如果決定要做 Fibrinolytic therapy,建議要在抵達醫院 30 分鐘內完成。
(選項 D) NSAID 有心臟毒性, Steroid 則是會延緩傷口癒合跟 Collagen 的作用, 皆不適合在AMI 的病人使用
(選項 E) CCU AMI 必開藥物:
High intensity Statin (NEJM PROVE-IT TIMI 22:): give ASAP, decrease peri-PCI MI ACEI/ARB: 對於大範圍 MI, LVEF<40%病人最有證據,減少 Heart remodeling Beta-blockade: 減少 Heart workload, 減少 heart O2 demand, 以及 arrhythmia 風險
## Question 7:
病人 62 歲男性商人,7:30AM 早飯後胸疼併有冷汗,於8:11AM 到急診求醫。病人有抽煙二十年及高脂血異常的病史。身體檢查:血壓 138/74 mmHg,心跳 96/分,規則,心臟微大,S1 徵弱,沒有 S3 或心臟雜音,其他所見亦無重大異常。其心電圖如圖,生化檢查在8:39AM:CK,204U/L;CK-MB,12U/L;TnI <0.012ng/mL。 請下列何項處置最不符合當今指引?


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- A. 心電圖及心肌酵素都正常,留觀即可。
- B. 使用 Morphine 3 mg IV。
- C. 先服用 Ticagrelor 180 mg 併 90 mg BID + Chewable Aspirin 300mg loading and then 100mg QD。
- D. IV Heparin 5000 u bolus and then 600-1000 u/hour, depending on aPTT。
- E. Atorvastatin 20 mg BID。
### Correct Answer: A
上在第一張 EKG 就可以看到 V2-V4 hyperacute T wave, 然後 20 分鐘後追蹤的心電圖可以看到 V2-V5 STE,可以下 Anterior STEMI 診斷, 懷疑是 LAD infarction
(選項 A) 繼續留觀就是送病人一程, 也送自己一程
(選項 B) MONA for AMI: Morphine, Oxygen, Nitrate and Aspirin; Morphine 只是症狀治療,可以止痛, 降低 sympathetic tone 跟降低 preload 的效果
(選項 C, D) Dual antiplatelet therapy + Heparinization (ESC Class I indication) Loading dose: Aspirin 300mg/Ticagrelor 180mg/Clopidogrel 600mg (STE), 300-600mg (NSTEMI)
(選項 E) High intensity Statin(NEJM PROVE-IT TIMI 22:): give ASAP, decrease peri-PCI MI
## Question 8:
病人 64 歲女性,在 4 月 11 日清晨急性胸痛發作,4AM 送達醫院,病人有高血壓及糖尿病多年,藥物治療中。身體檢查:血壓 216/114 mmHg;心跳 88/分,規則,在主動瓣區有二度心縮雜音,餘尚無重大異常。生化檢查:CK 832 U/L, CK-MB 41 U/L, TnI 5.32 ng/mL(心電圖如圖示)。急診醫師隨即行 DAPT loading 及 Heparinization,並啟動 PCI 團隊進行冠脈血管診斷及治療。請問本病例之 Culprit lesion 最可能在何處?


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- A. Proximal left anterior descending artery
- B. Proximal left circumflex artery
- C. Distal left circumflex artery
- D. Proximal right coronary artery
- E. Distal right coronary artery
### Correct Answer: D
Goal: Acute myocardial infarction – Localization
ECG reading:
- NSR, mild prolonged PR interval(?), mild wide QRS and prolonged QT due to STE, normal axis deviation, STE over lead II, III, aVF, and V3 to V6, with STD at V1 to V2 and aVL
- Similar finding as 1. except STE over V4R to V6R 由 II, III, aVF STE 可推測是下壁 MI 及 V4 到 V6 STE 推測有心尖的 involvement, 而由 STE III > II 及 V4R 到 V6R 的 STE 可知道是近端 RCA 病灶。因此判斷病灶為近端 RCA,且病人應為 dominant RCA。
- V4 to V6 with apical or lateral ischemia 心尖或側壁
- II, III, and aVF with inferior wall ischemia 下壁
- Inferior wall myocardial infarction 下壁: ST-segment elevation in lead III exceeding that in lead II: occlusion in the proximal to mid portion of the right coronary artery.
- Right-sided ST-segment elevation: acute right ventricular injury: occlusion of the proximal right coronary artery
A. Proximal left anterior descending artery (預期會看到 V1 to V6 STE 或 hyperacute T wave (De Winter's T waves) +/- II, III, aVF STD)
B. Proximal left circumflex artery (預期會看到 II, III, aVF STE (II > III), V4 to V6 STE 或 I, aVL STE +/- II, III, aVF STD, 或 posterior MI)
C. Distal left circumflex artery (預期會看到 II, III, aVF STE (II > III), 或 posterior MI)
E. Distal right coronary artery (預期會看到 Posterior or inferior MI, STE (II > III))
## Question 9:
病人 22 歲女性外籍看護因有數天的間歇性心悸及眩暈,雇主急送急診部求醫。其身體檢查:急病癥,血壓,88/72mmHg;脈跳,144/分,不規則;呼吸,28/分;肺部無濁音;心臟,有 RV heaving,Wide-splitting of S2 可聞;指尖發紺;餘均正常所見。心電圖如圖示。請問依據最新 ACC/AHA/HRS 之 Guideline,此快跳在急診處置,應以何種處置最恰當?

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- A. Electric cardioversion 200 J after sedation
- B. Adenosine 300 mg IV
- C. Verapamil 5 mg IV
- D. Amiodarone 150 mg in 10 min IV
- E. Digoxin 0.25 mg in 5%D/W 20 ml for 5 min
### Correct Answer: A
Goal: Ventricular tachycardia - unstable condition, ACLS, identification of VT

取自台大醫院 ACLS 訓練課程 (2015-2017 年版),原圖頻脈章節最初來自 2010 年 AHA ACLS guideline Part 6: electrical therapies,ACLS 於 2015 年更新(但對於有脈搏的頻脈多半仍參照 2010 年建議),2015 年 AHA 推出 SVT management guideline,對於 Adenosine 持保守態度。
如果緊急情況對於 wide complex tachycardia 原因及辨別有疑慮,則最保險的方式就是當作 VT 處理。

患者血壓,88/72mmHg;脈跳,144/分,不規則;呼吸,28/分;肺部無濁音;心臟,有RV heaving,Wide-splitting of S2 可聞;指尖發紺。不知道 baseline BP 但以 low BP 及 cyanosis 認為有 shock 及 heart failure 表現為不穩定情況

此外此病人為 VT, 可在 lead II long lead 部分看到各兩個 capture(箭頭)及 fusion complex(閃電),為 SVT 沒有的 VT 特色,另外也可用 2015 AHA 提供的鑒別表格輔助診斷如何辨別是 VT 還是 SVT。


## Question 10:
依據 2015 Guideline of Taiwan Society of Cardiology and Taiwan Hypertension Society for the Management of Hypertension,請問下列何項不是 Taiwan Guideline 的主張?
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- A. 限鈉鹽在 2.0 gm/day 以下。
- B. 併有高血壓及糖尿病病人之血壓,應控制在 130/80 mmHg 以下。
- C. 高齡老人(>80 歲)的血壓控制目標得升至 150/90 mmHg。
- D. 有蛋白尿的慢性腎病人宜維持血壓在 140/90 mmHg 以上,以增強腎小球過濾率 (Glomerular filtration rate)。
- E. 使用抗血栓治療的腦中風病人,應控制血壓在 130/80 mmHg 以下,以免腦出血。
### Correct Answer: D (額外再多加上 A)
A. (X) 理想的鹽分攝取範圍應在 2.0-4.0 gm/day, 治療指引上指出 < 2.0 gm/day 反而可能有害。
Recommendations :
- For controlling hypertension, the optimal daily sodium consumption is 2.0-4.0 gms/day. (COR I, LOE B)
- Too aggressive sodium restriction to <2 gms/day may be harmful. (COR III, LOE B)
B. (O)
C. (O)
D. (X) 有蛋白尿的慢性腎病人宜維持血壓在 130/80 mmHg 以下。
Recommendations:
- For patients with CKD stages 2 - 4 without albuminuria, BP targets are <140/90 mmHg. (COR I, LOE A)
- In patients with CKD stages 2 - 4, but with albuminuria, BP targets are <130/80 mmHg. (COR IIb, LOE C)
- For patients with CKD stage 5, BP targets are <150/ 90 mmHg. (COR I, LOE C)
- For patients receiving maintenance dialysis, BP targets are <140/90 mmHg before dialysis, and <130/80 mmHg after dialysis, respectively. (COR IIb, LOE C)
E. (O)
Diagnostic algorithm was proposed, emphasizing the importance of home BP monitoring and
ambulatory BP monitoring for better detection of
- Night time hypertension
- Early morning hypertension
- White-coat hypertension
- Masked hypertension

“Rule of 10” + “Rule of 5” + Early combination therapy, especially single-pill combination (SPC), is recommended. 單種降壓藥大約可降 SBP 10mmHg, DBP 5 mmHg, 建議若控制不理想儘早使用標準劑量的合併藥物治療, 若控制再不理想再考慮增加劑量。

## Question 11:
. 58 歲男性急性發作動喘與端坐呼吸來急診,症狀已有三天,身體檢查在心尖部位呈現第三級收縮期雜音, 並輻射至左後背.胸部 X 光片呈現肺水腫;心臟超音波呈現二尖瓣贅生物(vegetation), 二尖瓣腱索斷裂與重度二尖瓣閉鎖不全,血中細菌培養 3 套呈現Streptococcus bovis. 請問除了心內膜炎外,下列疾病何者應列入診斷考量?
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- A. 肺癌
- B. 大腸癌
- C. 甲狀腺癌
- D. 鼻咽癌
- E. 乳癌
### Correct Answer: B
Goal: IE diagnosis, etiology to specific pathogen

Streptococcus bovis and GI tract malignancy
Streptococcus bovis
- 革蘭氏陽性球菌 (Gram-positive cocci, GPC)
- 在鏈球菌的分類中 (Lancefield group),S. bovis 與腸球菌 (Enterococcus) 同屬 Group D Streptococci (GDS)
S. bovis 其實又被人稱作是一個 "group",因為 S. bovis 又可依生物特徵類型而區分為 biotype 1 (又稱 S. gallolyticus) 與 biotype II。
- S. bovis biotype I 之菌血症較與心內膜炎 (endocarditis) (OR 16.61; 95%CI 2.03-6.81) 及結腸直腸道癌 (colorectal cancer, CRC)(OR, 7.26; 95%CI 3.94-13.36) 呈現高度相關 。
- S. bovis biotype II 則可能與膽道疾病較為相關。
Biotype I with Colon cancer - 真正的學理機轉至今仍未完全被明瞭 ,推估可能是 S. bovis所表現的蛋白,對大腸惡性癌細胞與其周遭環境特別有親和性,並進一步隨著惡性細胞侵
襲黏膜下組織後,流入血液中。
第一線治療:penicillin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin
替代治療:vancomycin, teicoplanin
若對 beta-lactam 過敏,亦不耐受 glycopeptides 時,可選用 daptomycin 對於 beta-lactam MIC 較高的菌株,可考慮加上 gentamicin 協同治療linezolid 與 tigecycline 通常在 in vitro 呈現有效,但其血中濃度太低,較不適合用於治療菌血症或心內膜炎。
當成年患者為 S. bovis biotype I 菌血症時,必須有兩警覺:心內膜炎 (infective endocarditis, IE)-若是 blood culture 兩套都陽性,可以考慮排個心臟超音波掃一下有沒有長 vegetation。
積極評估大腸結腸癌的風險-建議所有患者接受大腸鏡檢查 (colonoscopy)(Grade 1A) 若結果為陰性,建議 4 - 6 個月後再追蹤一次。需同時評估患者是否伴有肝臟疾病或腸道外之惡性病症。
## Question 12:
有關 24 小時血壓量測的描述何者錯誤?
---
- A. 夜間血壓通常比日間血壓低 10-20%
- B. 用 24 小時血壓量測診斷高血壓時,平均清醒血壓 (awake average blood pressure)是以大於等於 135/85 毫米汞柱為診斷高血壓標準
- C. 用 24 小時血壓量測診斷高血壓時,平均睡眠血壓(asleep blood pressure) 是以大於等於 130/80 毫米汞柱為診斷高血壓標準
- D. 24 小時血壓量測提供更多的日間與夜間血壓數值,比診間血壓(office blood pressure)更能可靠預測器官傷害( target organ damage).
- E. 當夜間血壓降幅(dip)減少時,心血管疾病風險升高
### Correct Answer: C
Goal: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)
A. (O) Approximately 70% of individuals dip >= 10% at night, while 30% have non-dipping patterns.
B. (O) See table below
C. (X) See table below
D. (O) ABPM is superior to office BP measurement in the prediction of future cardiovascular events.
E. (O) It is generally agreed that a night-time BP fall of >10% of daytime values (night-day ratio <0.9) is the cut-off value for normal dipping.
建議有三種臨床上使用測量血壓並診斷高血壓的方式 Office BP, ABPM, HBPM
1. Office BP measurement (診間量)

2. Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) (像背 Holter 一樣 24 小時量 每 15-30 分鐘量一次)
3. Home BP monitoring (HBPM) (家中量早晚各兩次量一週 去掉第一天的數據會有 24 筆測量值)

## Question 13:
乙型受體阻斷劑(beta-blocker)可用於左心室射出分率減少時之心臟衰竭藥物治療,下列敘述何者正確? 1. 可以使用 xamoterol 2. 可以使用 bisoprolol 3. 可以使用 carvedilol 4. 可以使用 propranolol 5. 當病人沒有出現低血壓導致頭暈或倦怠時,每隔一週可以往上調整劑量
---
- A. 1+5
- B. 2+3
- C. 2+3+5
- D. 2+4
- E. 3+5
### Correct Answer: B
1. (X) Xamoterol 為 Cardiac stimulant binding to the β1 adrenergic receptor; 3rd generation adrenergic β receptor partial agonist
2. (O) Bisoprolol 為 Selectively block beta-1–receptors (Cardioselective), 另外一種為 sustained-release metoprolol (succinate)
3. (O) Carvedilol 為 Non-selectively blocks alpha-1–, beta-1–, and beta-2–receptors.
4. (X) 目前只有 3 beta blockers proven to reduce mortality (eg, bisoprolol, carvedilol, and sustained-release metoprolol succinate)
5. (X) 兩週
- From a practical point of view, it is recommended that beta-blockers be initiated at low doses and uptitrated gradually, typically at 2-week intervals in patients with reduced LVEF, and after 3-10 day intervals in patients with reduced LVEF following newly diagnosed myocardial infarction. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure
- Double the dose at not less than 2-week intervals (slower up-titration may be needed in some patients).
- Initiation of treatment with a beta blocker may produce 4 types of adverse reactions that require attention and management:
1. Fluid retention and worsening HF
2. Fatigue
3. Bradycardia or heart block
4. Hypotension
## Question 14:
原發性醛固酮增多症 (primary aldosteronism)常造成高血壓,有關其診斷描述,何者正確?
1.在非臥床(ambulatory)的病人,清晨抽血時; 血清中醛固酮/腎素活性(plasma aldosterone/ plasma renin activity) >30:1 2.在非臥床的病人,清晨抽血;血清中醛固酮>555pmol/L (>20ng/dL) 3. 在有高血壓而未使用利尿劑病患,血清中鉀離子降低者,有高達 90%有原發性醛固酮增多症 4.在抽血前 4~6 週要停掉醛固酮拮抗劑(aldosterone antagonists) 5. 在血清醛固酮/腎素比值升高患者,給予靜脈注射 2 公升生理食鹽水四小時後,血清中的醛固酮降至 138pmol/L (5ng/dL) 以下
---
- A. 2+3+4
- B. 1+2+3
- C. 1+2+4
- D. 1+2+5
- E. 1+4+5
### Correct Answer: C
(1) (O) 當 ARR 值大於 30, 我們就必須考慮進一步以確認檢驗來診斷此症
(2) (O) In the setting of spontaneous hypokalemia, plasma renin below detection levels plus plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) > 20 ng/dL (550 pmol/L), we suggest that there may is no need for further confirmatory testing. 目前專家建議病患在低血鉀的狀態之下篩檢陽性,腎素仍偵測不到且血清醛固酮濃度大於 20 ng/dL 以上者,可不做確認檢測即已確診為原發性高醛固酮症 。
(3) (X) 國人對原發性高醛固酮症臨床病徵的印象是高血壓與低血鉀, 但值得注意的是, 整體而言病患出現低血鉀的比例大約 9-37%, 換句話說大部分的高醛固酮症的病患並沒有低血鉀。在醛固酮分泌腺瘤中, 低血鉀的比例大約佔一半左右, 但在雙側增生的病患比例較低大約只有 17%。在 1983~1993 年間在 108 例原發性高醛固酮症的病人中有 20 例血鉀正常(>3.5 meq/ L)。雖然 88%的病人有低血鉀症,但約有 30%病人無任何症狀,而肌肉無力或癱瘓的病人只有 43% (台大醫院 data) (** 其實這選項出法有點令人疑惑,其實沒有直接 review 到在 HTN + hypoK 的病人有多少比例是 primary aldosteronism)
(4) (O) 若有使用 spironolactone 則必須暫停至少六週
(5) (X) 靜脈生理食鹽水輸注試驗(intravenous saline infusion test): 在隔夜(overnight)空腹的情況下, 兩公升生理食鹽水以超過四小時之流速靜脈輸注於側躺之病人, 輸注時嚴密監控病人之血壓及心跳, 完成輸注時, 抽血檢查病人之血清醛固酮濃度: 若血清醛固酮濃度超過 10 ng/dL,則可診斷為原發性高醛固酮症;介於 5~10 ng/dL 則可能為雙側腎上腺增生;而正常
人小於 5 ng/dL
Secondary hypertension

Primary aldosteronism

**篩選檢驗 (screening test):**
血清醛固酮濃度(plasma aldosterone concentration)與血清張力素活性(plasma renin activity) 之比值 (ARR) (aldosterone to renin ratio) 大於 30 ng/dl per ng/ml/hour。
目前專家建議病患在低血鉀的狀態之下篩檢陽性, 腎素仍偵測不到且血清醛固酮濃度大於 20 ng/dL 以上者, 可不做確認檢測即已確診為原發性高醛固酮症 。 1981 年 Hiramatsu 發現 ARR 大於 75 很可能為醛固酮分泌腺瘤,介於 20~75 則可能為雙側腎上腺增生 而本態性高血壓通常小於 20。
病人必須維持站姿至少二小時。
如果病人有低血鉀必須加以矯正: 因為在低血鉀的狀態下會減少血清醛固酮的分泌。
若有使用 spironolactone 則必須暫停至少六週 而 angiotensin 轉化抑制劑(ACE inhibitors)、angiotensin II 接受體阻斷劑(ARBs)、β-阻斷劑 (β-阻斷劑可能造成 false-positive 的結果) 及鈣離子阻斷劑則必須暫停至少二至三週 (angiotensin 轉化抑制劑、angiotensin II 接受體阻斷劑及 dihydropyridine 鈣離子阻斷劑則會造成 false-negative 的結果)
**確認檢驗 (confirmatory tests)**
**(一)、口服鈉鹽負載試驗(oral sodium loading test)**
在血壓控制穩定及矯正低血鉀之後,病人接受連續三天 218 mmol 之鈉鹽(約合 12.8 公克氯化鈉/天)之高鈉飲食,在第三天到第四天間收集二十四小時小便測量尿液中的醛固酮、鈉離子及肌酸酐(creatinine)。為確認體內鈉鹽是足夠的, 小便中之鈉離子應超過每天 200 mmol,而尿液醛固酮超過每天 33.3 nmol(約合 12 μg)即可診斷原發性高醛固酮症。
**(二)、靜脈生理食鹽水輸注試驗(intravenous saline infusion test)**
在隔夜(overnight)空腹的情況下,兩公升生理食鹽水以超過四小時之流速靜脈輸注於側躺之病人,輸注時嚴密監控病人之血壓及心跳。完成輸注時,抽血檢查病人之血清醛固酮濃度; 若血清醛固酮濃度超過 10 ng/dL,則可診斷為原發性高醛固酮症;介於 5~10 ng/dL 則可能為雙側腎上腺增生;而正常人小於 5 ng/dL。其基本理論是當正常人以等張生理食鹽水輸注至體液過剩時,血清醛固酮之分泌會受到抑制;但原發性高醛固酮症之病人則否。這個試驗對醫
師及病人雙方都相對簡易,因此是目前常使用之確認檢驗。
**(三)、Fludrocortisone 抑制試驗(Fludrocortisone suppression test)**
投予口服 Fludrocortisone acetate 每六小時 0.1 mg 共四天,同時照三餐每餐給予氯化鈉鹽片 2 公克。在此期間每日嚴密監控病人之血壓及血清鉀離子濃度;在第四天抽血檢查病人之血清醛固酮濃度, 若高於 6 ng/dL 則可診斷原發性高醛固酮症。必須特別說明的是雖然此試驗是敏感度最高的確認檢驗,但較昂貴且複雜,更嚴重的是它可能會惡化左心室的功能並且可能在心電圖上造成 QT 間距差異性(QT dispersion)增加之心律不整。目前大部分的醫院已不再使用 Fludrocortisone 抑制試驗,而以靜脈生理食鹽水輸注試驗取代之。
**(四)、Captopril test**
在採檢血清醛固酮濃度及血清張力素活性前一 ~ 二小時單次口服 captopril 25 ~ 50 mg,在正常情形下血清醛固酮濃度受 captopril 抑制會下降超過 30%;但原發性高醛固酮症患者則否,且其血清張力素活性仍持續受到抑制。Captopril test 在確認診斷上和口服鈉鹽負載試驗一樣有效,其精準度(accuracy)和靜脈生理食鹽水輸注試驗差不多,兩者都可能會有 false-positive 和 false-negative 的結果;但 Captopril test 可同時降低血壓而靜脈生理食鹽水輸注試驗反而可能升高血壓,且 Captopril test 更加簡單、便宜,所以應該是一個更好的確認檢驗。
## Question 15:
一位 70 歲男性病患因心房顫動就診,該心律不整病史已有 1 年以上.過去有高血壓及糖尿病史,最近有陣發性夜間呼吸困難與腳部水腫;心臟超音波左心射出分率為 29%.無心肌梗塞,中風或週邊血管阻塞疾病病史.在決定要使用口服抗凝血劑時;會估算 CHA2DS2-VASc 分數,請問該病患之分數為?
---
- A. 2
- B. 3
- C. 4
- D. 5
- E. 6
### Correct Answer: C

## Question 16:
一位 25 歲男性病患,因昏厥而送至急診.在急診之心電圖如圖 A. 回顧該病患先前門診 12 導程心電圖的第一至第三胸前導如圖 B.該病患之心臟超音波無結構性心臟病; 血清電解質無異常,請問下列敘述何者為誤?


---
- A. 給予該病患 flecainide 會讓第一至第三胸前導程 ST 節段變化更明顯
- B. 有部分病人有鈉離子通道(sodium channel)突變異常
- C. 病人常因發燒或睡眠誘發心搏停止(cardiac arrest)
- D. 這類病人有時需要裝置心內去顫整流器(ICD)
- E. 鉀離子通道( potassium channel)異常是絕大部分的原因
### Correct Answer: E
Brugada syndrome (BrS)

- Type 1: coverd type, ST segment elevation >2mm in >1 of V1-V3 followed by a negative T wave
- Type 2: saddle type, >2mm of saddleback shaped ST elevation
- Type 3: saddle type, <2mm of ST segment elevation
若是懷疑是 BrS 但又不能確定時,可以把 V1 和 V2 往上移到第二或第三肋間,以提高 sensitivity 和 specificity
A: Sodium channel blockers (eg, flecainide, procainamide, ajmaline, pilsicainide) 可以誘發
Brugada pattern 的 EKG 表現或 BrS 發生。
B: BrS 遺傳模式為不完全顯性遺傳(Autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance), 最常見是 cardiac sodium channel (eg: SCN5A, CACNA ) 的表現異常
C: 心搏停止是 BrS 最常見的起始表現, 常於 22~65 歲, 發生時間點常於晚上或睡眠期間。除了 Sodium channel blockers, 發燒、Tricyclic antidepressants、Lithium、Alcohol 皆會誘發 BrS 發生。
D: 有經歷心搏停止的 BrS 患者, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) 置放的次級預防是 class I indication。 其他藥物治療包括: Isoproterenol, Quinidine, Dysopiramide, Amiodarone,Radiofrequency ablation(RFA) 可減少 VT 發生次數, 對於藥物難控制的病人可嘗試, 但目前無大型研究支持。
E: 同 B
## Question 17:
有關二尖瓣膜狹窄的雜音聽診描述,何者錯誤? 1.當二尖瓣膜狹窄越嚴重,第二心音 A2 與二尖瓣開瓣音(opening snap)的間距會縮短 2.當二尖瓣膜面積越來越狹窄,會引起次發性肺動脈高壓,此時第二心音 P2 會變大聲 3.當二尖瓣膜面積越來越狹窄,會引起次發性肺動脈高壓,此時 A2 與 P2 間距會變寬 4.二尖瓣膜狹窄是舒張期雜音(diastolic rumble) 5.Austin-Flint murmur 是用來描述二尖瓣狹窄的雜音
---
- A. 1+3+5
- B. 1+4
- C. 2+3
- D. 3+4
- E. 3+5
### Correct Answer: E
MS 心音特色:
1. Loud S1(反映瓣膜的順應性變差)。
2. P2A2 融合且 P2 聲音變大 (pulmonary hypertension 嚴重度) 。
3. Opening snap (為舒張中期時, mitral valve 打開造成的 high pitch 心音,隨著 MS 嚴重度,open snap 與 S2 間距會縮短)。

4. 選項 3: (UpToDate) second heart sound is initially normal but, with the development of
pulmonary hypertension, P2 becomes increased in intensity and may be widely transmitted.
As pressure increases further, splitting of S2 is reduced and ultimately S2 becomes a single sound.
Austin Flint murmur:
是 low pitch 心音, 在心尖較明顯, 是 Aortic regurgitation(AR) 特色的心音, 推論是 regurgitation jet 衝擊 MV 或 LV free wall 造成。
## Question 18:
有關二葉式主動脈瓣(bicuspid aortic valve)的描述何者錯誤?
---
- A. 二葉式主動脈瓣的患者,其一等親罹患該疾病的盛行率(prevalence)為 10%
- B. 二葉式主動脈瓣的患者主動脈會擴大,有時候會形成主動脈瘤或主動脈剝離
- C. 二葉式主動脈瓣患者的主動脈病變與主動脈瓣狹窄血型力學的嚴重程度不一定有相關 ( independent of the severity of hemodynamic severity of the valve lesions)
- D. 二葉式主動脈瓣的男女比為 1:2~4
- E. 二葉式主動脈瓣會與其他先天性心臟病合併發生
### Correct Answer: D
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV)
A: BAV 患者, 其一等親罹患該疾病的盛行率(prevalence)約 9.4%。
B: BAV 患者約有 20~84%伴隨 aortic dilation。 BAV 患者較一般人, 有 5~10 倍機率有 aortic dissection 。
C: 主動脈病變與主動脈瓣狹窄血型力學的嚴重程度相關性目前仍有爭議 (from reference 2)
D: 盛行率約 1~ 2%, 男: 女: 2~4:1。
E: 常伴隨 coarctation of the aorta (most common) , supravalvular aortic stenosis, subvalvular aortic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and sinus of Valsalva aneurysm。
## Question 19:
一位 82 歲男性病患因骨頭壓痛,喘與腳腫至門診就診,血壓為 96/60 毫米汞柱,心跳每分鐘為 80 次,身體檢查呈現:結膜蒼白,頸靜脈怒張,兩側呼吸音減弱,心臟聽診左下胸骨呈現第三級收縮期雜音,並隨吸氣加重,心尖部呈現第三級收縮期雜音,兩側下肢明顯水腫。抽血檢查呈現 BUN 70 mg/dl, Cre 5.5mg/dl, Na 140 mmol/L, K 4.2 mmol/L, Calcium 2.8 mmol/L, Phosphate 5.3 mg/dL, Hb 10.7 g/dl, MCV 85.2 fL, WBC 9.61 k/uL, platelet 197 k/uL, albumin 3.1 g/dl, total protein 7.6 g/dl, 驗尿尿蛋白呈現 3+, 頭骨 X 光呈現 punched-out 病灶. 骨髓切片檢查呈現明顯 plasma cell neoplasm.醫師懷疑心臟也有被此疾病波及.請問下列心臟檢查結果,何者與這個懷疑較不吻合?




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- A. 心電圖 A
- B. 心電圖 B
- C. 心臟超音波呈現心肌肥厚與 sparkling
- D. 心臟超音波左心室出現 restrictive filling pattern
- E. 心臟超音波呈現中至重度三尖瓣膜閉鎖不全
### Correct Answer: B
multiple myeloma related restrictive cardiomyopathy
A: Restrictive cardiomyopathy 為 nonhypertrophied and nondilated ventricles EKG 多為 low voltage; pseudoinfarction pattern (Non-specific ST segment / T wave changes and Pathological Q waves); bundle branch blocks or/and atrioventricular block。
B: 圖 B 為 LVH 為 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 的表現。
C&D: Restrictive cardiomyopathy 超音波表現
1. LV 與 RV 壁 diffuse thickness 或不增厚 並伴隨 increased myocardial echogenicity (sparkling)
2. Diastolic dysfunction; biatrial enlargement
3. Elevated right atrial (RA) pressure (dilated IVC)
4. Restrictive filling pattern
5. Valve thickening
6. Intracardiac thrombus
7. ↑ E velocity, ↓ A velocity : pseudonormalization (↓E’velocity)
7. Prolonged isovolumic relaxation time
8. Decreased early-diastolic deceleration slope
E: Restrictive cardiomyopathy 常會伴隨 valve thickening 與 valve regurgitation, 進而有時可見 Giant C-V Waves。
## Question 20:
有關新型口服抗凝血劑的描述,下列何者錯誤?
---
- A. apixaban 是作用在 thrombin
- B. rivaroxaban 是作用在 factor Xa
- C. dabigatran 80%由腎臟代謝
- D. edoxaban half life 是 9~11 小時
- E. 無法藉由 prothrombin time 來監控該藥物抗凝血效果
### Correct Answer: A
A&B: apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban 作用在 factor Xa; dabigatran 作用在 factor IIa (thrombin)。
C:

D: Half-life: dabigatran 12~17hrs; rivaroxaban 5~ 9hrs (young), 11~ 13hrs (olderly) apixabain 12hrs; edoxaban 9~11hrs。
E: 目前 NOAC 無法用特定凝血測試監控藥物抗凝血效果
## Question 21:
一位 65 歲女性髖骨骨折開刀後 7 天,主訴呼吸窘迫;開刀前血壓為 130/80 毫米汞柱,呼吸窘迫時測量之血壓為 80/50 毫米汞柱.血氧濃度由 98%降至 70%.心電圖如圖.值班醫師沒抽血測
D- dimer 便直接安排影像檢查;胸部電腦斷層掃描如附圖.請問下列描述何者為誤?




---
- A. 該病患很有可能因開刀後臥床而導致深部靜脈栓塞
- B. 該值班醫師應該抽血等 D- dimer 數值檢測出來後,再進行安排影像檢查
- C. 該病患之血壓降低的原因之一是由於右心血液無法回到左心,來提供足夠心輸出量所致
- D. 此時抽血,血中乳酸會升高
- E. D-dimer 對此肺部血管變化的診斷敏感度(sensitivity)>95%
### Correct Answer: B
A: Risk factor: Fracture of lower limb; Hospitalization due to heart failure or Afib; Hip or knee replacement; Previous venous thromboembolism; MI within 3 months, Chemotherapy; Auto–immune diseases; Cancer; Bed rest >3 days……。
B: 在病患出現 shock 或 hypotension 時, 評估 D-dimer 是不適當的。

C: 急性肺栓塞, 由於 RV 一般無法提供 mean pulmonary artery pressure > 40mmHg, 使得右心血液無法完全到達左心, 進而減少左心輸出量, 造成 hypotension。
D: 急性肺栓塞時, D-dimer; plasma Troponin; lactic acid; BNP; NT-proBNP; Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) 皆會升高。
E: D-dimer testing sensitivity >95%; specificity 則隨著年紀上升而遞減 (>80 years old 只剩10% specificity) 。
## Question 22:
一位 75 歲男性 過去罹患糖尿病 但血糖控制不佳 抽菸有 40 年 血壓高但長年未治療 最近 3
個月出現間歇性跛行 醫師懷疑他有週邊動脈阻塞性疾病 (peripheral arterial occlusive disease), 因此開立腳踝與肱動脈血壓比值 (ankle brachial index, 檢查 請問下列描述何者錯誤
---
- A. ABI 正常值在 1.0~1.4
- B. ABI<1.0 可以確立診斷週邊動脈阻塞性疾病
- C. 運動後立即測量 ABI 如果 ABI 數值明顯下降 可以協助症狀模稜兩可的病人診斷週邊動脈阻塞性疾病
- D. 除非病人有規劃進行血管重建治療 (revascularization), 磁振血管造影 ( Magnetic Resonance Angiography) 不要被當成常規篩檢工具
- E. ABI 對罹患週邊動脈阻塞性疾病之病人 除了診斷的功用 還可以協助找出可能發生冠狀動脈粥樣硬化疾病(atherothrombotic 風險的人
### Correct Answer: B
A&B:
ABI 正常值為 1.0~1.4 ; 一般 ABI <0.9 即可診斷為 PAOD 或 LEAD ( Lower Extremity
Arterial Disease 。
C:
若病患休息時 ABI 為正常或邊界值 , 會請病人在跑步機上走路 斜度 10~20%, 速度約3.2 km/ h ), 直到跛行症狀出現 , ABI 會明顯下降。
D: MRA
sensitivity 93 ~ 100% specificity : 93 100%100%, 但和 CTA 一樣 , 都不建議拿來當篩檢工具比較貴、需打 contrast)contrast), 目前仍建議用超音波 sensitivities: 80~98 %%; 89~ 99 %) 拿來篩檢疑似 PAOD 病患。
E: Low ABI (<0.9):
可預測為 atherosclerosis risk 如 : CAD 或 carotid artery disease , 且有較高心血管罹 病率和死亡率 。 High ABI (>1.4): 與 stiffened arteries 相關 , 也有較高的死亡率。
## Question 23:
關於慢性阻塞性肺病 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD) 的理學檢查 下列描述何者錯誤
---
- A. 嚴重的患者會出現 cachexia 此與體內發炎物質 TGF β 升高有關。
- B. 杵狀指 (Clubbing of the 與 COPD 無關 在 COPD 患者身上新發現到杵狀指 須尋找其他的原因。
- C. 有些患者會因為肺部過度充氣 ( 使橫膈膜變平 在吸氣時肋骨下緣會異常地向內移動 (paradoxical inward 稱為 Hoover s sign 。
- D. 有些患者會因為 hyperinflation 呈現出桶狀胸 (barrel chest) 。
- E. 重度患者常採 " 坐姿 以利輔助呼吸肌 (accessory respiratory 的使用。
### Correct Answer: A
A. Advanced disease may be accompanied by cachexia, with significant weight loss, bitemporal wasting, and diffuse loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue. This syndrome has been associated with both inadequate oral intake a nd elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines ( TNF α ). Such wasting
is an independent poor prognostic factor in COPD.
B. Clubbing of the digits is not a sign of COPD , and its presence should alert the clinician to initiate an investigation for causes of clubbi ng. In this population, the development of lung cancer is the most likely explanation for newly developed clubbing.
C. Some patients with advanced disease have paradoxical inward movement of the rib cage with inspiration (Hoover's sign) sign), the result of alterat ion of the vector of diaphragmatic contraction on the rib cage as a result of chronic hyperinflation. (Air trapping 讓 diaphragm flattenin g 所以原本吸氣時 diaphragm 應該向下收縮變成向內收縮,導致 inferior rib 向內凹陷
D. Signs of hyperinflation include a barrel chest and enlarged lung volum es with poor diaphragmatic excursion as assessed by percussion.
E. Patients with severe airflow obstruction may also exhibit use of accessory muscles of respiration, sitting in the characteristic "tripod" position to facilitate the actions of the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and intercostal muscles.
## Question 24:
有關造成低血氧症 (Hypoxemia) 下列描述何者正確
---
- A. 高海拔 (high altitude) 引起 hypoxemia 肺泡 動脈氧氣壓力差 (P(A-a)O2 Alveolar arterial oxygen tension gradient) 會上升
- B. 換氣量不足 ( hypoventilation) 動脈血中的二氧化碳壓力 ( 會升高
- C. 間質性肺病 (interstitial lung disease) 患者,氧氣的擴散異常 (diffusion limitation) 吸入高濃度的氧氣無法改善 hypoxemia
- D. 肺栓塞 (pulmonary embolism) 會造成分流 (shunt) 導致 hypoxemia
- E. 慢性阻塞性肺病 ( COPD ) 患者,會因通氣與血液灌流不匹配 (V/Q mismatch) 造成低血氧此時吸入高濃度的氧氣無法改善 hypoxemia
### Correct Answer: B
A. At sea level there is a large pressure gradient for oxygen between inspired air and tissue. However, as barometric pressure falls so does the available oxygen . At high altitudes, especially when tissue oxygen demands are high during athletic or work activities, the marked reduction in the pressure gradient and available oxygen can lead to tissue hypoxia. This form of hypoxia is termed hypobaric hypoxia , and it represents the initial cause of high altitude illness (HAI). 高海拔地區 Patm 下 降 、 FiO2 不變、 PaCO2 初期稍微下降,所以 PAO2 下降很多,導致低血氧,但是 A a gradient 反而是下降的
B. Both arterial ( PaCO2 ) and alveolar PACO2 ) carbon dioxide tension increase during hypoventilation
C. A reduction in the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is a common but nonspecific finding in most ILDs. This decrease is due in part to effacement of the alveolar capillary units but, more important, to mismatching of ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) typically responsive to oxygen therapy
D. Pulmonary embolism: ventilation of unperfused lung distal to a pulmonary embolus. "Shunt”: perfusion of nonventilated lung.
E. In contrast to shunt regions, inhalation of supplemental oxygen does raise the PAO2, even in relatively underventilated low V/Q regions, and so the arterial hypoxemia induced by V/Q heterogeneity is typically responsive to oxygen therapy.

## Question 25:
關於阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症 (Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome OSAHS)OSAHS),下列哪些描述是正確的? 1. 肥胖 ( 與男性為最重要的危險因子 2. 標準的診斷方法 (gold standard) 為 overnight oximetry 3. 和心 腦 血管疾病、代謝性疾 病有關 4. 對健康造成的不利影響是透過 sleep fragmentation 、 cortical arousal 與 chronic intermittent hypercapnia (increase in PaCO2) 造成 5. 持續陽壓呼吸器 (continuous positive airway pressure CPAP) 為標準的治療方法 6. CPAP 可使血壓下降平均達到 12~14 mmHg
---
- A. 2+3+6
- B. 2+3+5
- C. 1+3+6
- D. 1+3+5
- E. 1+5+6
### Correct Answer: D
1. The major risk factors for OSAHS are obesity and male sex
2. The gold standard for diagnosis of OSAHS is an overnight polysomnogram (PSG)
3. OSAHS is a major contributor to cardiac, cerebrovascular, and metabolic disorders as well as
to premature death
4. This broad range of health effects is attributable to the impact of sleep fragmentation, cortical
arousal, and intermittent hypoxemia on vascular, cardiac, metabolic, and neurologic functions
5. CPAP is the standard medical therapy with the highest level of e vidence for efficacy.
6. Treatment of OSAHS with nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been shown to reduce 24 h ambulatory blood pressure . Although the overall impact of CPAP on blood pressure levels is relatively modest averaging 2 4 mmH g ), larger improvements are observed among patients with high AHIs and sleepiness.
## Question 26:
肺功能檢查中的一氧化碳瀰漫量 (DLCO the diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide) 是測量 CO 從肺泡擴散入微血管的能力 以下敘述何者錯誤
---
- A. 測量時若病患閉氣不足十秒,測得的數值可能會偏低。
- B. 切除肺葉的患者,若剩餘肺部是健康的,測得的 DLCO 雖然絕對值可能偏低,但校正肺泡換氣量 (alveolar volume) 後則會正常。
- C. 可以用來監測藥物毒性,如 :Bleomycin 。
- D. 肺氣腫 ( emphysema ) 與氣喘 ( Asthma ) 會下降。
- E. 運動與急性肺出血 (acute pulmonary hemorrhage ) 會上升
### Correct Answer: D
A.
The diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monox ide (DLCO) uses a small (and safe) amount of carbon monoxide (CO) to measure gas exchange across the alveolar membrane during a 10 sec breath hold. 閉氣的時間越短,肺泡中 CO 擴散進入微血管的量減少,測得的數值應該會偏低
B.
Discrete loss of alveolar units: The loss of alveolar units is reflected by a low VA. Because blood flow of lost units is diverted to remaining units, KCO (DLCO/VA) increases slightly. As a result, DLCO falls relatively less than VA.
C.
We suggest assessment of pulmonary function tests (PFTs), typically spirometry and di ffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), at baseline prior to treatment and at intervals during therapy for most adults receiving a bleomycin containing chemotherapy regimen for any malignancy. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved prescri bing information recommends that DLCO be monitored monthly if it is employed to detect toxicities and that the drug should be discontinued when the DLCO falls below 30 to 35 percent of the pretreatment value.
D.
In emphysema, KCO is low because of the loss of alveolar capillary surface. As a result (low VA), DLCO is severely reduced. In contrast, KCO may be increased in asthma where the pulmonary microcirculation is preserved and cardiac output may be increased.
E.
Disorders to consider when the DLCO is near or above the upper limit of the normal range include obesity, asthma, high altitude, polycythemia, pulmonary hemorrhage, left to right intracardiac shunting, mild left heart failure (due to increased pulmonary capillary blood volume), exercise just
prior to t he test session (due to increased cardiac output), supine position; Mueller maneuver (inhalation against closed glottis decreases intrathoracic pressure and increases blood return to the lungs)

## Question 27:
45 歲男性 因呼吸不適 檢查出右側肋膜積液 (pleural 。肋膜積液經抽取後分析結果如下 : 黃色 , LDH: 180 U/L, total protein: 4 g/dL。血清 ( 的檢驗值為 : LDH: 200 U/L, total pr otein: 6.2 g/dL 。則此病患的病因最不可能是
![圖片放這]()
---
- A. Pneumonia
- B. Hepatic hydrothorax
- C. Malignancy
- D. Methothelioma
- E. Pulmonary embolus
### Correct Answer: B
本題是考 pleural effusion Light's criteria 判 讀:
TP eff / TP serum = 4 / 6.2 = 0.64 > 0.5
LDH eff / LDH serum = 180 / 200 = 0.9 > 0.6
----> Exudate ----> 選項中只有 hepatic hydrothorax 為 transudate
Transudative Pleural Effusions
1. Congestive heart failure
2. Cirrhosis 3. Nephrotic syndrome
4. Peritoneal dialysis
5. Superior vena cava obstruction 6. Myxedema
7. Urinothorax
## Question 28:
80 歲男性有慢性阻塞性肺病 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD) 與心衰竭病史一周來呼吸困難來急診 在急診治療三天後住院。到病房時 意識清醒 血壓 160/90 mmHg 心跳 108/min 呼吸速率 20/min 。在未用氧氣的狀態下,動脈氣體分析 (arterial blood gas): pH =7.50, PaO2= 65 mmHg, PaCO2 =43 mmHg, HCO3= 35 mEq/L, SaO2 93% 。 urine [Cl-] =10 mEq/L 。請問下列何者正確
---
- A. 是代謝性鹼血症 (metabolic 合併呼吸酸血症 (respiratory
- B. 為急性呼吸衰竭
- C. Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve 左移,組織或器官容易缺氧。
- D. 易合併高血鉀症 ( Hyperkalemia ) 。
- E. 在急診一定有使用類固醇 ( corticosteroid ) 治療。
### Correct Answer: C
A: Metabolic alkalosis + respiratory alkalosis
△ HCO3 = 35 24 = 11, expected compensatory response = 0.7 x 11 = 7.7
△ PaCO2 = 43 40 = 3 presence of respiratory alkalosis
B: Acute respiratory failure:
Type 1: PaO2 < 60 mmHg + PaCO2 50 mmHg
Type 2: PaO2 < 60 mmHg + PaCO2 > 50 mmHg
C: Alkalosis → less oxygen delivery → oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shift to left
D: Metabolic alkalosis → H+ ion move to extracellular fluid to buffer → extracellular potassium move into cell → hypokalemia
E: Urine [Cl-] 20 → saline responsive, related to volume
Metabolic alkalosis related to steroid use → Urine [Cl-] > 20

## Question 29:
關於急性呼吸窘迫症候群 (Acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS) 下列哪些描述是錯誤的
---
- A. 必須是急性發作 (acute onset) 、 X 光為兩側浸潤、肺微血管楔壓 (PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure) ≤ 18 mm Hg 或無左心房壓力升高之臨床證據。
- B. 根據 Berlin definition PaO2 /FiO2 需小於 300 mm Hg 嚴重度再依 PaO2 /FiO2 值區分為輕 (200~300 、中 (100~200 、重度 (< 100) 而且不建議使用 acute lung injury 這個名詞。
- C. 常見原因為敗血症 ( sepsis ) 、肺炎 (pneumonia) 、嗆入胃內物 ( aspiration ) 、外傷等。
- D. 常須插管及呼吸器支持。隨機分派研究的結果強烈建議使用低潮氣容積 (low tidal volume ) 和低吐氣末陽壓 (low PEEP, positive end expiratory pressure) 。
- E. 隨機分派研究的結果強烈建議使用呼吸器患者,除 sedation 以外,早期給予 cisatracurium besylate (early neuromuscular blockade) 。對於 severe ARDS 患者,可增加存活率。
### Correct Answer: D
A:
Diagnostic criteria: acute onset hypoxemia , bilateral alveolar or interstitial infiltrates , absence of left atrial hypertension PCWP ≤ 18 mmHg or no clinical evidence of increased left atrial pressure
B:
**AECC ALI/ARDS definition (1994):**
ALI: PaO2/FiO2 300 mmHg
ARDS: PaO2/FiO2 200 mmHg
**Berlin definition (2012)**
- Mild: 200 mmHg < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg + PEEP 或 CPAP ≥ 5 cm H2O
- Moderate: 100 mmHg < PaO2/FiO2 200 mmHg + PEEP ≥ 5 cm H2O
- Severe: PaO2/FiO2 100 mmHg + PEEP ≥ 5 cm H2O
C:
Etiology: severe sepsis syndrome and/or bacterial pneumonia (~40–50%), trauma, multiple transfusions, aspiration of gastric contents, and drug overdose.
D:
Whichever mode of MV is used in acute respiratory failure, the evidence from several important controlled trials indicates that a protective ventilation approach guided by the following principles is safe and offers the best chance of a good outcome:
- (1) Set a target tidal volume close to 6 mL/kg of ideal body weight .
- (2) Preven t plateau pressure (static pressure in the airway at the end of inspiration) exceeding 30 cm H2O
- (3) Use the lowest possible fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) to keep the Sao2 at ≥ 90%
- (4) Adjust the PEEP to maintain alveolar patency while preventing ove rdistention and closure/reopening.
With the application of these techniques, the mortality rate among patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure has decreased to ~30% from close to 50% a decade ago.
E: In severe ARDS, sedation alone can be inadequate for the patient ventilator synchrony required for lung-protective ventilation. This clinical problem was recently addressed in a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of early neuromuscular blockade (with cisatracurium besylate) for 48 h. In severe ARDS, early neuromuscular blockade increased the rate of survival and ventilator-free days without increasing ICU-acquired paresis.

## Question 30:
關於頑固型氣喘 (Refractory Asthma) 的敘述,下列何者為非
---
- A. 首要之務為確認病人用藥的遵從性 ( 與減少可能的誘發因子 (trigger factors)
- B. 低劑量 theophylline 完全沒效,不宜嘗試
- C. Omalizumab 對於某些 allergic asthma 患者,具有療效,特別是很頻繁惡化發作患者
- D. Anti TNF (tumor necrosis factor) 對於 severe asthma 患者治療效果不佳,不應使用
### Correct Answer: B
1) 氣喘控制不佳的處理步驟
i. 評估患者吸入劑的使用方式
ii. 評估患者用藥遵從性
iii. 再次檢視氣喘診斷
iv. 評估可能的風險因子及處理共病症 (eg. Obesity, rhinosinusitis,
v. 考慮 step up 治療
2) Add on therapy
Without phenotyping: LAMA
With phenotyping: severe allergic asthma→ anti IgE Ab; Aspirin exacerbated asthma→ LTRA
3) Anti TNFα 對於 severe asthma 患者治療效果 : FEV1 unchanged, no reductio n in exacerbation, 無增加生活品質且有增加感染的風險
## Question 31:
下列何者對於治療氣喘急性發作 (acute exacerbations),沒有角色
---
- A. Systemic steroids
- B. Supplemental oxygen
- C. Inhaled heliox
- D. IV magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
- E. Antibiotics
### Correct Answer: E
- 1 Acute exacerbation 處理原則
i. High dose short acting beta 2 agonist inhalation therapy (pMDI [4 10 puff Q20mins] with spacer or nebulizer)
ii. Prompt systemic steroid use (1mg/kg/d, max 50mg/d in adults)
iii. Controlled flow oxygen delivery, keep SpO2 > 90% (GINA 2015 建議 93- 95%)
iv. Don’t give antibiotics unless there is substantial evidence of infection
給予治療後密集評估療效,症狀未緩解或加重的要考慮
i. 繼續給 SABA
ii. Short acting anticholingernic inhalation
對inhalation therapy 反應不佳可給
I. IV beta 2 agonist
II. IV MgSO4
III. IV aminophylline
- 2 Heliox 是氦氣與氧氣的混和氣體,與空氣相比密度 ( 低但黏稠度 ( 相似。根據流體力學, heliox inhalation 能降低 AIRFLOW resistance ,在臨床上可應用於各式各樣的 AIRWAY disease 。
- 3 GINA 2015 guidline: A systematic review of studies comparing helium oxygen with air oxygen suggests there is no role for this intervention in routine care (Evidence B), but it may be considered for patients who do not respond to standard therapy ; however, availability, cost and technical issues should be considered.
## Question 32:
35 歲年輕女性,因健檢照了一張胸部 X 光,如右圖所示:此外,患者在小腿上有皮膚病灶,經診斷為結節性紅斑(erythema nodosum),請問下列哪些敘述正確:
1.需要轉介眼科醫師進行眼睛的評估
2.該疾病的分期需要近一步使用電腦斷層進行分期
3.所有患者均需接受治療
4.該疾病容易造成多重器官侵犯
5.所有患者均需要病理切片的檢查

---
- A. 1+3+4+5
- B. 1+2+4
- C. 1+4
- D. 2+3
- E. 2+4+5
### Correct Answer: C
首先要先釐清這題的診斷,根據患者的年紀、性別及症狀,還有X 光檢查結果,可以推測出
題者想考的是 sarcoidosis (you ng age woman, bilateral hilar adenopathy, erythema nodosum)簡介一下 sarcoidsis
- Etiology: unknown, probably genetic susceptible factors + infection/environmental trigger
- Pathophysiology: inflammation→ non caseating granuloma
- Epidemiology: life long incidence 3%, prevalence highest in Nordic population; young adults (>18 y/o), second peak in > 60 y/o, Female> Male
- Presentation: 會侵犯多重器官,肺部最常見也最容易發現 (照 X 光)第二常見是皮膚
(erythema nodosum, maculopapular lesions, hyper and hypopigmentation,
keloid formation, and subcutane ous nodules) 還有眼睛 anterior uveitis most common)
- 其中肺部病灶可以依據 胸部 X 光分成四期
I. hilar adenopathy alone, often with right paratracheal involvement.
II. A combination of adenopathy plus infiltrates.
III. Infiltrates alone.
IV. Consists of fibrosis.
診斷要配合臨床症狀和實驗室影像及病理表現,可參考 Harrisons 的圖,基本上都還是需要病理切片
的,但病理無典型表現並沒有辦法排除這個診斷。其他輔助診斷的方法有測血中的ACE 濃度 ( 濃度越高代表疾病活性越高 ),還有洗 BAL看有沒有 lymphocytosis 。如果病理下看到 noncaseating granuloma 也先別太高興,記得排除感染和 lymphoma

- Treatment: steroid , 反應不好可考慮 methotrexate, plaquenil, azathiopri ne
- Prognosis: 有 一半以上的疾病是 self limited, 不一定需要治療 。
## Question 33:
57 歲男性,右上肺葉腫瘤,經證實為肺腺癌。電腦斷層顯示,該腫瘤約 4 公分大,右下肺葉另有一小腫瘤約 1.5 公分大,也證實為同一組織型的肺腺癌,同側腋下淋巴結經切片證實為轉移,除此之外無其他淋巴結侵犯,也無其他器官遠端轉移,請問根據第七版的肺癌 TNM 分期系統,病患的肺腺癌分期為
---
- A. T2aN1M0, stage IIIB
- B. T2aN3M0, stage IIIB
- C. T3N1M0, stage IIIA
- D. T4N3M0, stage IIIB
- E. T4N0M1b, stage IV
### Correct Answer: E



腋下淋巴結屬於extrathoracic metastasis, 因此是M1b
## Question 34:
71 歲男性病人因為咳嗽三周,胸部X 光意外發現左肺有陰影。電腦斷層檢查顯示 (如圖示) 左下葉有一顆腫瘤及右氣管前有一顆1 公分淋巴結,頭部電腦斷層及骨骼掃描皆無異常。請問接下來的檢查何者最有效率,可以在最短的時間得到治療所需要的資訊?


---
- A. 先做電腦斷層切片檢查確認為惡性後,再做正子斷層造影,淋巴結有異常再做縱膈腔鏡淋巴取樣。
- B. 先做電腦斷層切片檢查確認為惡性後,再做正子斷層造影,淋巴結有異常再做支氣管超音波經氣管淋巴結抽吸。
- C. 先做支氣管超音波周邊腫瘤切片,再做正子斷層造影。淋巴結有異常再做支氣管超音波經氣管淋巴結抽吸。
- D. 先做支氣管超音波經氣管淋巴結抽吸,確認為惡性腫瘤,如果為良性同時做支氣管超音波周邊腫瘤切片後,再考慮正子斷層造影。
- E. 先做正子斷層造影,確認無其他轉移再做電腦斷層切片檢查。
### Correct Answer: D
做檢查的原則就是有高診斷率又最不具侵入性,而根據電腦斷層看到lung tumor 的位置,CT guide biopsy 似乎稍微優於 bronchoscopy biopsy ,但他還有顆淋巴結,而且靠在氣管旁邊,做 broncho 應該可以 approach 得到。考慮到如果他真的是惡性腫瘤,那淋巴結有沒有轉移就是 N0 和 N3 的差別 右邊氣管前,是對側 。而臨床上若有懷疑 metastatic disease, a biopsy of the most distant site of disease is preferred for tissue confirmation. 所以應該先對淋巴結切片,如果沒有,再切 lung tumor ,之後再考慮 PET 。
## Question 35:
65 歲男性病人腎絲球腎炎長期洗腎,最近因食慾不振來門診,痰液檢查發現為開放性肺結核,體重約 60 公斤,抗結核藥物該如何給予?
1. INH (100mg) 每天 3 顆
2. RIF (150 mg) 每天 4 顆
3. Rifater 每天 5 顆
4. EMB (400mg) 每天 2.5 顆
5. PZA (500mg) 每天 3 顆
6. EMB 洗腎後 2.5 顆
7. PZA 洗腎後 3 顆
---
- A. 1+2+3+4
- B. 1+2+6+7
- C. 3+6
- D. 1+2+4+7
- E. 1+2+5+6
### Correct Answer: B
(H) Isoniazid (INH) 4 6mg/kg, max 300mg/d
(R) Rifampicin (RMP) 8-12mg/kg, max 600mg/d
(E) Ethambutol (EMB) 15-20mg/kg, max 1600mg/d
(Z) Pyrazinamide (PZA) 15-30mg/kg, max 2000mg/d
**請記HREZ →5,10,15,25 腎功能不好 EZ 改吃 TIW ,如果洗腎就洗腎後給。**
因此,60kg 洗腎病人的給法是 INH 每天 3 顆, RMP 每天 4 顆, EMB 洗腎後 2.5 顆
( 1000mg ) PZA 洗腎後 3 顆
Rifater 裏頭有 INH 80mg, RMP 120mg, PZA 250mg ,基本上是 每 10kg 吃一顆,最多一天 5顆, 但顯然這個藥 不適合給洗腎病人吃 同時有兩種不用調劑量和一個需要調劑量的藥
Rifinah 的劑量 :
Rifinah[150] INH 100mg, RMP 150mg
Rifinah[300] INH150mg, RMP 300mg
( 記法 50kg 以上 Rifinah[300] 2 顆 , 50kg 以下 Rifinah[ 150] 3 顆
## Question 36:
在嚴重氣喘發作瀕臨呼吸衰竭的病人可以考慮下列哪些治療?
1. Noninvasive Ventilator
2. 預防性的插管治療,特別是 CO2 正常或稍高的病人
3. 靜脈注射 β2 agonist
4. 吸入式副交感神經拮抗劑 (anticholinergic)
5. 靜脈注射 Aminophylline ( 茶鹼 )
6. 靜脈注射 anti IgE antibody (Omalizumab)
---
- A. 1+3+4+5
- B. 2+3+4+5
- C. 2+4+5+6
- D. 1 +3+5+6
- E. 2+3+4+6
### Correct Answer: B
**Acute severe asthma**
The mainstay of treatment are high doses of SABA given either by nebulizer or via a metered dose inhaler with a spacer. In **severely ill patients with impending respiratory failure , IV β2 agonists** may be given. A **nebulized anticholinergic** may be added if there is not a satisfactory response to β2 agonists alone, as there are additive effects. In patients who are **refractory to inhaled therapies , a slow infusion of aminophylline** may be effective, but it is important to monitor blood levels, especially if patients have already been treated with oral theophylline. **Magnesium sulfate given intravenously or by nebulizer** is effective when added to inhaled β2 agonists, and is relatively well tolerated but is not routinely recommended. **Prophylactic intubation** may be indicated **for impending respiratory failure** , when the **PCO2 is normal or rises**
基本上就是把 Harrisons 的內文翻成中文來考你
## Question 37:
79 歲女性,從不抽菸,小時候無氣喘病史,為家庭主婦, 30 歲 以後,偶爾會有呼吸困難的情況,特別是在感冒後症狀加劇,在一般診所服用藥物後即改善。關於呼吸困難的情況隨著年齡增加而越來越嚴重,近年來常有喘鳴聲,肺功能檢查顯示 FVC 65.7 % FEV1 43.1% FEV/FVC 54.3% Bronchodilator test negative to Fenoterol 100 mcq 4puff 下列何者為非?
---
- A. 典型的 COPD 應該給予 long acting muscarinic antagonist
- B. 可以是長期的 Asthma 的結果
- C. 可以 是 Asthma COPD overlap syndrome
- D. 可以繼續給予 Inhaled corticosteroid
- E. 考慮肺部復健及流感肺炎鏈球菌疫苗
### Correct Answer: A
先看 FEV1/FVC ( 正常人約為 80%) 。 FEV1/FVC < 70% 70%(因為 obstructed airway, expiratory flow rate 下降,所以 FEV1 下降的程度大於 FVC ),代表為 obstructive pattern: asthma or COPD
接下來看 obstructive pattern 是否可以被 reverse 。若 obstructive pattern 可以被 bronchodilator therapy reverse (FEV1 > 12% or 200mL after 2-4 puffs of a short acting bronchodilator) bronchodilator),診斷為 asthma 的機會大升 。但在 chronic and severe asthma airflow obstruction 可能無法完全被 reverse 。 在這樣的病人身上, 想要看到 reversibility of PFT 最有效的方式是使用 oral corticosteroids ( usually 40mg/d for 10-14 days) 。所以, negative bronchodilator therapy of PFT 不能排除 asthma 。 而且以病人發病的年紀和無抽菸病史,病人診斷為氣喘較為合理。
Asthma 容易有 episodes of acute exacerbation, lasting minutes to hours, associ a ted with viral infections, allergens and occupati onal exposures. 所以疫苗要定期施打以便預防復發。
若病人 age > 50 yrs or with > 20 pack years of smoking ,診斷為 asthma 的機率就大幅下降
Management: 在任何嚴重程度的 asthma 的 rapid medication 皆為 SABA ; controller medication 首選為 low dose ICS ,再來是 LABA
## Question 38:
肺高壓 Pulmonary Hypertension 根據最新的定義分為五類 其中哪一類被衛福部健保署訂義為罕見疾病
---
- A. 肺動脈高壓 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- B. 左心疾病引起的肺高壓
- C. 慢性肺病引起的肺高壓
- D. 慢性血栓或栓塞疾病造成的肺高壓
- E. 不明或多重原因之肺高壓
### Correct Answer: A
根據衛福部公告之罕見疾病總表:正解為 primary pulmonary arterial hypertension, group 1 PTH
## Question 39:
63 歲女性病人因風濕性心臟病換過二尖瓣瓣膜,心律不整長期使用藥物。因為喘的情形加劇,
CXR 及電腦斷層如圖示,下列何者為是?


---
- A. 為典型的 Interstitial Lung Disease ,可以是 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 。
- B. 肺部有許多小點, Miliary TB 無法排除。
- C. X 光及電腦斷層有許多的線條,可以是 kerleyline 應為肺水腫。
- D. 無顯影劑肝臟卻明顯較亮要考慮 Amiodarone 造成的 Interstitial Lung Disease 。
- E. 有許多的點跟線,應考慮肺癌合併 lymphangitis carcinomatosis 。
### Correct Answer: D
**Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity :**
interstitial pneumonitis (most common), organizing pneumonia, ARDS, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), pulmonary nodules and solitary masses, and also (rarely) pleural effusion.
**Interstitial pneumonitis : most common type of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity**
- Onset: 2 mo. of therapy (usually 6 mo.)
- Dosage: 400mg/day
- Incidence: estimated 1 5%, depend on accumulative dosage
- Clinical manifestations: nonproductive cough and/or dyspnea, fever, pleuritic pain, weight loss, malaise
- Diagnostic evaluation: “no” specific test that can d efinitely confirm the diagnosis
**Lab** : elevated NT proBNP, CRP, ESR
**Imaging** :
CXR: new, diffuse or localized, reticular, ground glass, or mixed opacities. Rare pleural effusion.
CT: high attenuation in the lungs, liver and spleen , due to the accumulation of
iodinated amiodarone in tissue macrophages. D iffuse (usually bilateral) GGOs and septal thickening; honeycomb ing and traction bronchiectasis
## Question 40:
對於急性呼吸窘迫症候群 ( ARDS ) 下列哪一種處置方式對於預後 survival 是沒有幫助的
---
- A. 一氧化氮的吸入使用 inhaled NO 。
- B. 俯臥 prone position 。
- C. 低潮氣量設定 Low tidal volume 。
- D. 高吐氣末端正壓 High PEEP or open Lung 。
- E. 早期神經肌肉阻斷( early Neuromuscular Blockade )。
### Correct Answer: A
1. Lung protective strategy : low tidal volume, limitation of plateau pressures
2. Minimizing ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) : use of neuromuscular blocking agents and prone ventilation
3. Management of hypoxemia
- Prone positioning: improve oxygenation, with survival advantage
- Inhaled NO : improve oxygen ation, but did NOT reduce morbidity or mortality and is associated wit h a risk of renal impairment
- Open lung strategy and lung recruitment : significantly reduces mortality
## Question 41:
57 歲油漆工因胸悶來醫院就診,心臟相關檢查無問題, CXR 如圖,仔細詢問過去的職業,曾在拆船廠工作十多年,其他器官並無轉移的跡象。下列何者為非?

---
A. 最有可能的診斷是肺腺癌。
B. 偏光顯微鏡可以看到組織切片內的結晶。
C. 免疫組織染色 TTF 1 應為 Negative 。
D. 可以考慮外科切除。
E. 第一線的化學治療為愛寧達( pemetrexed ) 加鉑金。
### Correct Answer: A
拆船會接觸到石綿( asbestos related pleuropulmonary disease 包括
- Asbestosis: pneumoconiosis
- Pleural disease (benign asbestos effusion, focal and diffuse benign pleural plaques)
- Malignancies (NSCLC and SCLC , malignant mesothelioma): 其中 malignant mesothelioma 跟石綿暴露是高度相關的。
**Malignant mesothelioma**
1. A rare and insidious neoplasm with a poor prognosis.
2. It arises from mesothelial surfaces of the pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity, tunica vaginalis, or pericardium
3. S/S: chest pain, dyspnea, cough, hoarseness, night sweats, or dysphagia
4. Metastasis: distant metastatic spread is less common but rarely can invo lve the bone, liver, or
central nervous system (CNS)
5. Asbestos 可用偏光顯微鏡來檢測並區分不同的石綿種類。
6. Imaging findings:
- A unilateral pleural abnormality with a large, unilateral pleural effusion
- A pleural mass or rind or diffuse pleural thickening in the absence of a pleural effusion
- Pleural plaques and/or calcifications.
- Ipsilateral mediastinal shift due to encasement of lung by a thick rind of tumor and relative ipsilateral lung volume loss 本題 CXR 的病灶為 unilateral 且有 pleural thickening ,加上 職業史,可聯想到是 malignant mesothelioma 。
7. TTF 1 positive cells are found in type II pneumocytes and club cells (lung), follicular and parafollicular cells(thyroid). 故可在 lung adenocarcinoma and thyroid cancer 偵測到。但 mesothelioma 從 pleura 長出,故 TTF 1 (-)
8. Treatment: 根據病人 perfor mance status 及是否有 metastasis 來選擇治療方式:
- Surgery based therapy: cytoreduction surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal perfusion with chemotherapy (HIPEC) (ex: mitomycin)
- Systemic chemotherapy: first line Tx with pemetrexed containin g regimen (+ cisplatin, carboplatin, gemicitabine)
## Question 42:
對於阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止低通氣症候群( obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome OSAHS ) 下列何者為是 ?
---
- A. 常併發血壓、心臟、腦血管疾病,但與糖尿病無關。
- B. 東方人發生此病的平均 BMI 較西方人為低,主要是遺傳疾病造成。
- C. 診斷嚴重 OSAHS 的標準是 Apnea hypoxia index AHI 15 events H 。
- D. OSAHS 在睡眠快速動眼期( REM )症狀最嚴重。
- E. 病人最常抱怨疲累、無法集中精神。
### Correct Answer: D
1. OSAHS associated conditions
**Cardiovascular disease** , including systemic hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmia, MI, and stroke
**Increased risk of death**
Increased prevalence of **diabetes** , and it is independent of the effect of **obesity**
2. The prevalence of OSA also varies by race and ethnicity. OSA is more prevalent in African Americans who are younger than 35 years old compared with Caucasians of the same age group, independent of body weight. The prevalence of OSA in Asia is similar to that in the United States, despite lower rates of obesity. Such differences might be related to craniofacial anatomy
3. Severity 根據 AHI Apnea hypoxia inde x, i.e. number of apnea an d hypopnea events per hour of sleep) 來分 : Mild: 5≤AHI<15 Moderate: 15≤AHI<30; **Severe: AHI≥30**
4. Some patients only have significant events when lying in certain positions (usually supine) or during **rapid eye movement (REM) sleep**
5. **Excessive daytime sleepiness ( is a classic symptom of OSAHS** . Patients may describe falling asleep while driving or having difficulty concentrating at work
- Daytime sleepiness, distinct from fatigue , is a common feature of OSA. Sleepiness is the inability to remain fully awake or alert during the wakefulness portion of the sleep wake cycle, while fatigue is a subjective lack of physical or mental energy that is perceived by the individual or caregiver to interfere with usual and desired activities
- 選項 E 的「疲累」應該指的是 fatigue ,和 OSA 最常見的 daytime sleepiness 不同。
## Question 43:
對於敗血症的治療下列何者為非 ?
---
- A. Early goal directed therapy 主要是為了提供足夠的灌流,建議在血壓低的病人,前一到兩小時給予 1~2 升的 Normal Saline 。
- B. 越快給予足夠且適當的抗生素是提高存活率的決定因素。
- C. 提升組織氧氣的使用是治療的目的之一,因此必須維持靜脈氧含量(氧氣飽和度) > 70%。
- D. 為了維持足夠血液灌流及避免肺水腫,中心靜脈壓要維持在 8~12cm H2O 。
- E. 盡量維持尿量在 0.5ml Kg 以上,如果尿量不足可以考慮利尿劑 furosemide 使用。
### Correct Answer: C
Target:
1. CVP 8-12 mm Hg
2. MAP ≥ 65 mm Hg
3. Urine output ≥ 0.5 mL/kg/hr
4. Scvo2 ≥ 70%
A:
In the resuscitation from sepsis induced hypoperfusion, at least 30 mL/kg of IV crystalloid fluid be given within the first 3 hours
B:
Administration of IV antimicrobials be initiated as soon as possible after recognition and within one hour for both sepsis and septic shock
C:
維持上腔靜脈血氧含量 ≥ 70%
D:
Keep CVP 8-12 mm Hg ( 不是 cmH 2 O 喔 )
E:
維持 U/O ≥ 0.5 mL/kg/hr ( 題幹漏了 /hr). 2013 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Use diuretics to reverse fluid overload when shock has resolve ,但 2016 並沒有建議在 septic shock 病人上用 diuretics
## Question 44:
對於 COPD 的治療下列何者為非 ?
---
- A. 對於運動會喘的病人,運動時給予氧氣是可以降低死亡率。
- B. 吸入性類固醇對於死亡率的降低仍有爭議,對於急性發作一年超過兩次的病人,可以考慮使用。
- C. 肺部復健是治療 COPD 重要的治療之一,可以有效降低住院率。
- D. 預防性的抗生素使用,無法降低急性發作的次數,但 azithromycin 似乎可以延長急性再發作的天數。
- E. 非侵襲性正壓呼吸器可以幫忙 COPD 呼吸衰竭的病人,但意識不清或痰量太多的病人不建議使用。
### Correct Answer: A
A:
Supplemental oxygen decreases mortality and improves physical and mental functioning in hypoxemic patients with COPD ( 非運動會喘就使用 ). Oxygen therapy is indicated for patients with PaO2 ≦55mmHg or SaO2 ≦88% of room air resting condition.
B:
Inhaled corticost eroids(ICSs) may increase the FEV 1 , reduce the freque ncy of COPD exacerbations, and improve quality of life. They do NOT slow the rate of decline of lung function of time.
D:
Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin 250 mg q day) may function as an anti i nfective or direct anti infl a mmatory in COPD. In patients with previous exacerbations, reduce the frequency of subsequent exacerbations by 19%.
## Question 45:
25 歲男性病人因吞嚥困難、胸痛及體重減輕接受胃鏡檢查,結果為正常。個案進一步接受上消化道攝影結果如圖,下列何者為正確診斷?

---
- A. 食道廣泛性痙攣(diffuse esophageal spasm)
- B. 胃食道逆流性疾病(gastroesophageal reflux disease)
- C. 食道弛緩不能(achalasia)
- D. 嗜伊紅性食道炎(eosinophilic esophagitis)
- E. 食道癌(esophageal cancer)
### Correct Answer: C
A: 食道廣泛性痙攣(diffuse esophageal spasm)
Diagnosis is made by esophageal manometry. But UGI series could show “Corkscrew” characteristic resulting from spastic contraction of circular muscle

B: 胃食道逆流性疾病(gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Diagnosis could be made by clinical symptoms alone. Endoscopy (could be normal)/double contrast barium swallowing exam/Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring/esophageal manometry may help diagnosis
D: 嗜伊紅性食道炎(eosinophilic esophagitis)
EoE is diagnosed by typical esophageal symptoms + mucosal biopsy (squamous epithelial eosinophil-predominant inflammation)
E. 食道癌(esophageal cancer)
The diagnosis is based on endoscopic biopsy. But barium study may suggest the presence of esophageal cancer (irregular stricture)

## Question 46:
60 歲男性因胃酸逆流、胸口灼熱接受胃鏡檢查,結果發現食道有如圖之變化,下列何者不是造成此食道病變之促發因子?

---
- A. acid
- B. pepsin
- C. bile
- D. pancreatic enzyme
- E. Helicobacter pylori infection
### Correct Answer: E
圖示為 Barrett’s esophagus (Harrison 19 th . Figure 345 3)
The picture showed Barrett’s mucosa extending proximally from the EG junction Barrett's esophagus is specialized columnar metap1asia that replaces the normal squamous mucosa of the distal esophagus in some persons with GERD.
A:
Inherent in the pathophysiologic model of GERD is that gastric juice is harmful to the esophageal epithelium
BCD:
Pepsin, bile, and pancreatic enzymes within gastric secretions can also injure the esophageal epithelium
E:
A number of studies suggest that H. pylori infection may protect the esophagus from GERD and its complications like Barrett's esophagus, perhaps by causing a chronic gastritis that interferes with acid production.
## Question 47:
除了幽門螺旋桿菌感染外,藥物也是造成消化性潰瘍的主要原因,下列何種藥物較不會造成潰瘍?
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- A. Bisphosphonate
- B. Clopidogrel
- C. potassium chloride
- D. acetaminophen
- E. chemotherapeutic agent
### Correct Answer: D
**Drug/Toxin**
Bisphophonates, Chemotherapy, Clopidogrel, Crack cocaine, Glucocorticoid (when combined with NSAIDS ), Mycophenolate mofetil, Postassium
## Question 48:
65歲男性患者 25 年前因胃出血接受圖示之手術,出現飯後腹痛、腹脹、腹瀉,同時有脂肪及維生素 B12 吸收不良,這些症狀在使用抗生素後得到改善,試問最可能的診斷為何?

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- A. recurrent ulceration
- B. afferent loop syndrome
- C. postvagotomy diarrhea
- D. bile reflux gastropathy
- E. remnant gastric cancer
### Correct Answer: B
圖示為 Billroth II operation
**A. Recurrent ulceration:**
tend to develop at the anastomosis. Epigastric abdominal pain is the
most freq uent presenting com plaint (>90%).
**B. Afferent loop syndrome:**
bacterial overgrowth in the afferent limb secondary to stasis. Patients may experience postprandial abdominal pain, bloating , and dia rrhea with concomitant malabsorption of fats and vitamin B12
**C. Postvagotomy diarrhea:**
motility disorder from interruption of the vagal fibers supplying the luminal gut (after vagotomy)
**D. Bile reflux gastropathy:**
Mechanism unknown. A subset of post partial gastrectomy patients who pr esent with abdominal pain early satiety nausea , and vomiting
## Question 49:
有關膽酸 (bile) 的敘述,何者正確?
1. 飲食中沒有,其主要來源是肝臟合成
2. lithocholic acid 屬初級膽酸 (primary bile acid)
3. 次級膽酸 (secondary bile 例如 deoxycholic acid 之產生是由於大腸內細菌酵素分解初級膽酸而來
4. 膽酸異常會造成比脂肪酸異常更嚴重的脂肪腹瀉(stea torrhea)
5. 膽酸引起之腹瀉對低脂飲食治療效果不佳
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- A. 1+2+3
- B. 1+3+4
- C. 1+3+5
- D. 2+4+5
- E. 2+3+5
### Correct Answer: C
1. Bile acids are not present in the diet but are synthesized in the liver by a series of enzymatic steps that also represent cholesterol catabolism
2. Two primary bile acids in humans are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid (synthesized in the liver from cholesterol)
3. The most abundant secondary bile acids are deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid (synthesized from primary bile acids in the intestine by colonic bacterial enz ymes)
4. Liver > conjugated bile acids > intestine > most are reabsorbed at ileum > some are deconjugated by colon bacteria OR dehydroxylated to secondary bile acids. Defects in any of the steps in enterohepatic circulation of bile acids can result in a decre ase in the duodenal concentration of conjugated bile acids and consequently in the development of steatorrhea

## Question 50:
20歲男性因反覆性腹痛住院,小腸攝影檢查如圖,下列何者是最可能的診斷?

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- A. irritable bowel syndrome
- B. celiac sprue
- C. jejunal diverticulosis
- D. Crohn’s disease
- E. Whipple’s disease
### Correct Answer: D
A. Irritable bowel syndrome
(1) Most onset before 45y/o, F>M
(2) Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain, altered bowel habit, UGI symptoms (nausea…)
(3) Diagnosed by clinical symptoms
B. Celiac sprue
(1) Small bowel mucosa inflammation upon exposure to dietary gluten
(2) Symptoms (Malabsorption, diarrhea, weight loss) may appear with the introduction of cereals into an infant's diet. May resolves/persists/reappear.
(3) Diagnosed by intestinal biopsy (if probability high) or serology test (if probability low)
(4) Barium study (not sensitive): small intestine dilatation due to excess fluid, even loss of jejunal fold

C. Jejunal diverticulosis
(1) Almost asymptomatic. Some have malabsorption. May be complicated with bowel obstruction, diverticulitis, GI bleeding
(2) Diagnosed by contrast imaging(UGI series/CT/MRI)/endoscopy

E. Whipple’s disease
(1) Whipple’s disease is caused by T. whipplei infection
(2) Diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, migratory large-joint arthropathy, and fever as well as ophthalmologic and CNS symptoms.
(3) Diagnosed by tissue biopsy
(4) Endoscopy: pale, yellow, or shaggy mucosa with erythema or ulceration past the first portion of the duodenum
