# Physical Climatology topics by chapter

1. Introduction to the Climate System
- 1.1 Atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land surface
- 1.2 Atmospheric temperature
- 1.3 Atmospheric composition
- 1.4 Hydrostatic balance
- 1.5 Humidity
- 1.6 Atmospheric thermodynamics, stability, lapse rate
- 1.7 Ocean
- 1.8 Cryosphere
- 1.9 Land Surface

2. Global Energy Balance
- 2.1 Energy
- 2.2 Solar system
- 2.3 Earth's energy balance
- 2.4 Emission temperatures
- 2.5 Greenhouse effect
- 2.6 Global radiative balance
- 2.7 Insolation distribution
- 2.8 TOA energy balance
- 2.9 Poleward energy transfer

3. Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate
- 3.2 Electromagnetic radiation
- 3.3 Radiative energy
- 3.4 Planck's law
- 3.5 Absorption and emission by atmospheric gases
- 3.6 Lambert-Bouguer-Beer Law
- 3.7 Infrared radiative transfer
- 3.8 Simple modeling of radiative transfer
- 3.9 Clouds and radiation
- 3.10 Radiative-convectivec equilibrium
- 3.11-3.13 Clouds and energy balance

4. Energy Balance of the Surface
- 4.2 Surface energy budget
- 4.3 Heat storage
- 4.4 Radiative heating
- 4.5 Atmospheric boundary layer
- 4.6 Sensible and latent heat fluxes
- 4.7 Diurnal variation
- 4.8 Seasonal variation
- 4.9 Geographic variation

5. Hydrologic Cycle
- 5.2 Water balance
- 5.3 Surface water and runoff
- 5.4 Precipitation and dewfall
- 5.5 Evaporation and transpiration
- 5.6 Annual cycle
- 5.7 Modeling surface water balance

6. Atmosphere General Circulation and Climate
- 6.2 Energy balance of the atmosphere
- 6.3 Meridional energy transport (atmosphere)
- 6.4 Angular-momentum balance
- 6.5 Large-scale circulation patterns and climate

7. Ocean General Circulation and Climate
- 7.2 Seawater properties
- 7.3 Mixed layer
- 7.4 Wind-driven circulation
- 7.5 Theories of wind-driven circulations
- 7.6 Thermohaline circulation
- 7.7 Energy transport (ocean)
- 7.8 Mechanisms of ocean energy transport

8. Intraseasonal and Interannual variability
- 8.2 Internal atmospheric variability and atmospheric modes
- 8.3 ENSO
- 8.4 Decadal variability

9. Paleoclimate
- 9.2 Instrumental record
- 9.3 Historical record
- 9.4 Paleoclimatic record
- 9.5 Earth's climate history
- 9.6 Uses of paleoclimate data

10. Climate sensitivity
- 10.2 Measures of climate sensitivity and feedbacks
- 10.3 Radiative feedbacks
- 10.4 Ice-albedo feedback
- 10.5 Dynamical feedbacks and meridional energy transport
- 10.6 LW and evaporative feedbacks in surface energy budget
- 10.7 Cloud feedbacks
- 10.8 Biogeochemical feedbacks

11. Global Climate Models
- 11.1 Mathematical modeling
- 11.2 History of climate model development
- 11.3 Atmospheric models
- 11.4 Land models
- 11.5 Ocean models
- 11.6 Sea-ice models
- 11.7 Validation of climate models
- 11.8 Feedback strength and sensitivity estimates from models
- 11.9 Coupled atmosphere-ocean processes and the thermohaline circulation

12. Natural Climate Change
- 12.1 Natural forcing of climate change
- 12.2 Solar variations
- 12.3 Natural aerosols and climate
- 12.4 Volcanic eruptions
- 12.5 Orbital theory of ice ages
- 12.6 Modeling of ice age climates

13. Anthropogenic Climate Change
- 13.2 Humans and the greenhouse effect
- 13.3 Carbon dioxide
- 13.4 Methane
- 13.5 Halocarbons
- 13.6 Nitrous Oxide
- 13.7 Ozone
- 13.8 Anthropogenic aerosols and climate
- 13.9 Changing surface conditions
- 13.10 Climate forcing by humans
- 13.11 Global warming potential
- 13.12 Equilibrium climate changes
- 13.13 Detection and attribution
- 13.14 Time-dependent climate changes
- 13.15 Projections of future climate
- 13.16 Outlook for the future
- 13.17 Geoengineering
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