# Lesson 4 ORM(2) and Insomnia ###### tags: `Laravel` `ORM` `Insomnia` --- ## Inserting & Updating Models ### Inserts ```php= use App\Models\Flight; $flight = new Flight; $flight->name = $request->name; $flight->save(); ``` ---- ### Updates ```php= $flight = App\Models\Flight::find(1); $flight->name = 'New Flight Name'; $flight->save(); ``` ---- #### Mass Updates ```php= App\Models\Flight::where('active', 1) ->where('destination', 'San Diego') ->update(['delayed' => 1]); ``` --- ### Mass Assignment ```php= <?php namespace App\Models; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model; class Flight extends Model { /** * The attributes that are mass assignable. * * @var array */ protected $fillable = ['name']; } ``` ---- If you would like to make all attributes mass assignable, you may define the $guarded property as an empty array: ```php= protected $guarded = []; ``` --- ## Other Creation Methods ### firstOrCreate/ firstOrNew #### firstOrCreate ```php= // Retrieve flight by name, or create it if it doesn't exist... $flight = App\Models\Flight::firstOrCreate(['name' => 'Flight 10']); // Retrieve flight by name, or create it with the name, delayed, and arrival_time attributes... $flight = App\Models\Flight::firstOrCreate( ['name' => 'Flight 10'], ['delayed' => 1, 'arrival_time' => '11:30'] ); ``` ---- #### firstOrNew ```php= // Retrieve by name, or instantiate... $flight = App\Models\Flight::firstOrNew(['name' => 'Flight 10']); // Retrieve by name, or instantiate with the name, delayed, and arrival_time attributes... $flight = App\Models\Flight::firstOrNew( ['name' => 'Flight 10'], ['delayed' => 1, 'arrival_time' => '11:30'] ); ``` ---- #### Different > Note that the model returned by firstOrNew has not yet been persisted to the database. You will need to call save manually to persist it: --- ### updateOrCreate ```php= $flight = App\Models\Flight::updateOrCreate( ['departure' => 'Oakland', 'destination' => 'San Diego'], ['price' => 99, 'discounted' => 1] ); ``` --- ## Deleting Models ### Deleting An Existing Model By Key ```php= App\Models\Flight::destroy(1); App\Models\Flight::destroy(1, 2, 3); App\Models\Flight::destroy([1, 2, 3]); App\Models\Flight::destroy(collect([1, 2, 3])); ``` ---- ### Deleting Models By Query ```php= $deletedRows = App\Models\Flight::where('active', 0)->delete(); ``` --- ## Soft Deleting ```php= <?php namespace App\Models; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes; class Flight extends Model { use SoftDeletes; } ``` ---- ## Querying Soft Deleted Models **withTrashed** ```php= $flights = App\Models\Flight::withTrashed() ->where('account_id', 1) ->get(); ``` ---- ### Retrieving Only Soft Deleted Models **onlyTrashed** ```php= $flights = App\Models\Flight::onlyTrashed() ->where('airline_id', 1) ->get(); ``` --- ## Local Scopes Local scopes allow you to define common sets of constraints that you may easily re-use throughout your application. For example, you may need to frequently retrieve all users that are considered "popular". To define a scope, prefix an Eloquent model method with scope. ---- ```php= <?php namespace App\Models; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model; class User extends Model { /** * Scope a query to only include popular users. * * @param \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder $query * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder */ public function scopePopular($query) { return $query->where('votes', '>', 100); } /** * Scope a query to only include active users. * * @param \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder $query * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder */ public function scopeActive($query) { return $query->where('active', 1); } } ``` ---- and ```php= $users = User::active()->get(); ``` equal ```php= $users = User::where('active', 1)->get(); ``` ---- ### Dynamic Scopes ```php= <?php namespace App\Models; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model; class User extends Model { /** * Scope a query to only include users of a given type. * * @param \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder $query * @param mixed $type * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder */ public function scopeOfType($query, $type) { return $query->where('type', $type); } } ``` ---- Now, you may pass the parameters when calling the scope: ```php= $users = App\Models\User::ofType('admin')->get(); ``` --- ## Database: Query Builder ### Inserts ```php= DB::table('users')->insert([ ['email' => 'taylor@example.com', 'votes' => 0], ['email' => 'dayle@example.com', 'votes' => 0], ]); ``` ---- ### Auto-Incrementing IDs If the table has an auto-incrementing id, use the insertGetId method to insert a record and then retrieve the ID: ```php= $id = DB::table('users')->insertGetId( ['email' => 'john@example.com', 'votes' => 0] ); ``` --- ### Updates ```php= $affected = DB::table('users') ->where('id', 1) ->update(['votes' => 1]); ``` ---- #### Update Or Insert ```php= DB::table('users') ->updateOrInsert( ['email' => 'john@example.com', 'name' => 'John'], ['votes' => '2'] ); ``` --- ### Increment & Decrement 用於計算點閱次數 ```php= DB::table('users')->increment('votes'); DB::table('users')->increment('votes', 5); DB::table('users')->decrement('votes'); DB::table('users')->decrement('votes', 5); ``` --- ## Deletes ```php= DB::table('users')->delete(); DB::table('users')->where('votes', '>', 100)->delete(); ``` --- ## [Insomnia](https://insomnia.rest/) ### download  ---- ### Environment Variables [參考](https://support.insomnia.rest/article/18-environment-variables) --- ## 作業 - [ ] 建立 UserControler與 MealController 的CRUD ## 讀書報告 - [ ] [Blade 1/2](https://laravel.com/docs/8.x/blade#introduction)