## <span class="censor">Data Subjects 2021 <br>// Session 06: The Digital Citizen</span>
<img src="https://www.nemid.nu/dk-en/_shared/images/User-id-and-password.JPG" width="35%">
Pablo Velasco // Information Studies // [pablov.me](https://pablov.me)
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## Plan for the day:
* digital citizen: rights and economy
* inscription and enacting practices: data subject (multiple)
* open data (visibility) and counter-data
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<img src="https://safesitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Digital-Citizenship.jpg" width="100%">
<small>Elementary school guides</small>
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### "Translation" between citizen and governments
Government objectives <-> "projects of organisations, groups, or individuals who are subjects of government" (Rose 1999, 48)
<img src="https://asset.jmir.pub/assets/9dc3c9fcd4ffff3b7e3aac2ee4c99b9e.png" width="90%">
<small>The SMART framework (Katapally 2019)</small>
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### Categorisation: rights and economy
Doll: represents a human being (12%)
Toys: not human, e.g. transformers (6.8%)
<img src="https://pablov.me/pres/media/barbie.jpg"><img src="https://pablov.me/pres/media/beast.jpg">
<small>[Radiolab's Mutant Rights (podcast)](https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/177199-mutant-rights) // ["Toy Viz vs United States"](https://www.cit.uscourts.gov/sites/cit/files/slip-op%2003-2.pdf)</small>
<!-- rights and ecomonomy-->
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### Rights
"The Queen has a very special legal status. **She is not answerable for her actions**. She must observe the laws of Denmark, but she cannot be indicted and sentenced by the Courts. On the other hand, the Queen has no power." ([Section 13, My constitutional act](https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/~/media/pdf/publikationer/english/my_constitutional_act_with_explanations.ashx))
### Economy (governement spending)
"Parliament determines how much money the King or Queen shall have each year. The money is called a civil list annuity. **The Queen receives DKK 72.3 million a year**, of which DKK 7.2 million goes to Prince Henrik and DKK 1.1 million goes to Princess Benedikte (as of November 2013)" ([Section 10, My constitutional act](https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/~/media/pdf/publikationer/english/my_constitutional_act_with_explanations.ashx))
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### Creation of the citizen and intervention design
Creation of "state" subjects and national narratives through statistical knowledge (insitutions, taxation, regulations, through censuses and/or surveys) (Law 2009)
"Peopling"
<span class="censor">peopling involves cumulative data practices that bring a people into being as intelligible objects of government and matters of concern. (Cakici et al 2020)</span>
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### Enacting populations
"data practices ***enact*** populations (...) examine how those practices are ***situated*** in and produced by sets of relations; ***sociotechnical*** in that they involve relations between humans, materials, infrastructures, and technologies; ***performed*** by actors and function as stakes in struggles over authority and power within specific professional fields of practice; and ***contingent*** in that they do not have a “prior and determinate form” (Law 2004/Cakici et al 2020)
Governments rely on *databases* to identify, track, monitor, evaluate, govern, and intervene
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## AnneMarie Mol's The body multiple (2002)
* empirical investigation (ehtnography of atherosclerosis)
* breaking dualism between biology/social
* observing medical practice in different moments
* disease is created by different actors
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## MIS (management information systems)
- conceptual data model
- *classes* of data (objects): class Person
- contextual data model
- encounters and intervetions (relationships)
<br>
### Not *reality* represented in data, but data "making" (enacting, materialising) *reality*.
<span class="censor">"Rather than straightforward data entry and recoding, each entry is an inscription and the result of specific operations that mediate, translate, summarise and materialise the sets of relations that make up each context" (Ruppert 2013)</span>
<!-- aggregated from different times and contexts-->
MIS enacts while representing (not just a sum of 'subject' positions)
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# ♻️
## Data enacts
# ♻️
## production of interventions
# ♻️
## MIS subject is modified
# ♻️
Flattened when assembled into "populations" (e.g. governmental reports, statistical findings) <!-- translation into numbers-->
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### New forms of knowledge
"**Software systems** change how we know, think, and what we know, and like algorithms '**represent particular knowledge logic**'" and are built on specific presumptions about what knowledge is and how one should identify its most relevant components" (Ruppert 2013)
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“Non-Western immigrants” (ikke-vestlige indvandrere): *monolithic object* of governmental intervention (Zhang 2020)
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### New forms of interaction
Not only data from sensors, but "**new modes of interaction** with citizens and the production of *subjective* data" (Ruppert 2019, 640)
<span class="censor">"The more opaque, powerful and efficient the systems, the more capably the data can resist critique and operate as something real in a reinforcing loop" (Currie et al 2016, 3)</span>
## How open is government data in Denmark? How much does the citizen influences legislation and the creation of subject's categories?
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# * [OPEN DATA INDEX](https://index.okfn.org/place/dk/)
(seems outdated?)
# * [WORLD BANK](https://data.worldbank.org/country/denmark?view=chart)
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<img src="https://i.imgur.com/BVvZje3.png" width="70%">
<small>Bertelsmann Stiftung's Citizens’ Participatory Competence Report: Sustainable Governance Indicators (2017)</small>
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### COUNTER-DATA (citizen involvement)
#### CDS: data collection + data management + meaning/value
1. Data as material and discursive systems
2. research methods and their rationale
3. critical framework or counter-data action
Antagonist relation due to power relationships (which "create" subjects and their possibility for action)
"infrastructural inversion" -> uncover infrastructures that become invisible due to their efficiency or ubiquity
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# * [DECODE](https://decodeproject.eu/)
# * [DATACOMMONS (open IoT protocols, and storage](http://datacommons.nl/)
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