## <span class="censor">Data Subjects 2021 <br>// Session 05: Biopolitical subject</span>
<a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-big-tech-makes-their-billions-2020/" target="_BLANK"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/0ICQNi2.png" width="55%"></a>
<small>Annual SEC filings 2019 / visualcapitalist</small>
Pablo Velasco // Information Studies // [pablov.me](https://pablov.me)
---
## Plan for the day:
* data subject's visibility and translation
* biopower & operaismo
---
<!--
Gene patenting -> modified genes as inventions
inherited breast cancer
DNA mining to find the mutated BRCA gene > extraction and isolation of the BRCA > controled test and research by *Miriad Genetics*
propietary generic database (of gene mutations)
Is the gene a new thing or something made of existing things? (invention or raw material?)
Q - can genes be property? What baout bits? Negroponte atoms -> bits-->
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Protein_BRCA1_PDB_1jm7.png" width="80%">
BRCA gene identification, isolation, and patenting by Miriad Genetics
<small>[*All your genes are belong to us* (Planet Money podcast)](https://www.npr.org/2020/11/20/937167323/all-your-genes-are-belong-to-us)</small>
---
# visibility
:sparkles:the algorithm:sparkles:
----
### "Indeed, you are rarely *you* online"
(Cheney-Lippold 2017, 4)
<br>
### <span class="censor">unknown</span>
<span class="fragment">Is the problem lack of transparency here?</span>
### <span class="censor">propietary</span>
<span class="fragment">Is the problem the purpose of categorisation? an specific agenda?<br>Is the problem the categories?</span>
### <span class="censor">modulatory</span>
<span class="fragment">Is the problem temporality?</span>
---
# translation
----
## Measurable type vs. the complexity of our internal stories [and bodies]
<br>
"Living individuals" (?)
↕️
Digital Identity (e.g. Baym 2015)
↕️
Shadow bodies (Balka 2016) / Digital Dossier (Solove 2006)<!--SHADOW BODIES “Shadow bodies are partial views of bodies derived from illumination of some aspects of the body, which, like a shadow, leave others underemphasized or less visible”-->
↕️
Statistical body (Rouvroy 2013) / Algorithmic identity (Chenney-Lippold 2011) / Measurable types (Cheney-Lippold 2017)
<!--
Manovich, cultural concepts translated into data, following 'computable' conventions
-> example: moods as a statistical certainty
-anxiety as undefinable
- neutrality === normality
-->
---
# Biopower
- *previous* iterations of power enacted discipline through **death and direct punishment of the body**
<!--withc example-->
- *contemporary* political power fosters a positive force (not punishing), **shaping desire, identities, and human behaviour**
<span class="censor">"a positive influence on life, that endeavors to administer, optimize, and multiply it, subjecting it to precise controls and coprehensive regulations" (Foucault 1978, 137)</span>
----
## <span class="fragment censor">Development of capitalism through maintenance of efficient labor</span>
**Anatomo-politics**: power over the human body -> it's integration into systems of efficient and economic controls (e.g. celebrating productivity)
## +
**Biopolitics**: power over populations -> altering demographics through institutions
## =
**Biopower**: subjugations of bodies, and control over populations
"**controled insertions of bodies into the machinery of production** and the adjustment of the phenomena of population to economic processes" (Foucault 2008, 229)
<!--Have you eaten today? why?-->
----
"Genetics, education, migration, parenting, medical care and more all become subjects of analysis and calculation; each becomes a matter of investment and expenditure **aimed at maximizing the human *abilities-machine***" (Foucault 2008, 228)
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/RSZKZuz.jpg" width="50%">
<!--But who is doing this??-->
---
<!-- .slide: data-background-color="red" -->
<span style="color:white;font-size:5em">✨Capitalism✨</span>
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## *The* machine
"the linking up of all these instruments, set in motion by a single engine, consitutes a **machine** [assemblage]" (Babbage)
* operaismo as a critique of divison of: **information** (human) and **source of energy** (nature)
<br>
### "living labor" -> information -> machinery
> "micro-decisions that workers have to take along the production process, that give *form* to the product, but also that give *form* to the machinic apparatus itself"
<!--MACHINIC: encompasses mechanic and organic // DETERRITORIALIZATION: points of instability, change // RETERRITORIALIZATION: stratification-->
----
"knowing capitalism" (Thrift 2005): new tech generates knowledge in the form of data, which is commodified
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/N66mNhO.jpg" width="40%">
* informational / cognitive capitalism (Hardt and Negri 2000 / Vercellone 2005):
* knowledge workers ("immaterial labour")
* commodification of culture ("general intellect")
----
"A machine for the **control, accumulation, and augmentation of surplus value**" (Pasquinelli) <span style="color:magenta">+</span> "ultra-rapid forms of free-floating control" (Deleuze) <span style="color:magenta">+</span> assembled **according to the needs of** whoever posseses the clouds" (Terranova)
--
<!-- NEEDS: VALUE USE--->
<!-- Q-what are these needs-->
### Issues of the distancing of "living subject" and iterations of the "data subject" within this machine:
* "we are losing **ownership over the meaning of the categories that constitute our identities**" (Cheney-Lippold 2011, 178)
* "the future of identity onine is **how we negotiate this identity**" (Cheney-Lippold 2017, 5)
---
# [Uncharted Data](https://hackmd.io/@dsub21/S19HeAAf_)
<!-- DEBRIS
data wars: surveillance "not on us, but on our data"
Butler -> gender (as performative) discourse
:::info
Is there a way to avoid this?
:::
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