DS20S11 - HackMD

## Data Studies 2020 // S11  <img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1LP3a79P.png" width="70%"> Pablo Velasco // Information Studies // [pablov.me](https://pablov.me) --- ## Plan for the day: * Surveillance(s) model * Capture model   ---  ### Winner: do artifacts have politics? Inherent politics of technology: ‘politics’ as arrangements of power and authority in human associations that include the design and use of technological devices If our moral and political language for evaluationg technology includes only categories having to do with tools and uses, if it does not include attention to the meaning of designs and arrangements of our artifacts, then we wil be blinded to much that is intellectually and practically crucial (...) Consciously or not, deliberately or inadvertently, societies choose structures for technologies that influence how people are going to work, communicate, travel, consume, and so forth over a very long time (...) different people are differently situated and posses unequal degrees of power as well as unequal levels of awereness (Winner 1980) * Robert Moses' bridges on Long Island --- Agre (1994) | Surveillance model | Capture model | | -------- | -------- | | visual metaphors | linguistic metaphors | | non-disruptive watching | "parsing" of activities for re-organisation | | territorial metaphor (*invasion*) | assembled from "parts" | | centralized/bureaucratic | decentralized and heterogenous | | identification with the state | mathematical formalism | **NOT** mutually exclusive models! --- # Surveillance(s) model ---- ## Many surveillances * Sur-veillance: watching-over * Disciplinary society (Foucault 1975) * Panoptic surveillance (Elmer 2003) * few observing many ("**unequal** gaze") * **internalized** regulatory gaze * Sousveillance (**inverted** surveillance)  * Panspectric veillance (De Landa 1991) * enabled by **sensors and signals**, instead of human senses ---- 1. Which devices/artifacts are tracking us now? 2. Which of them are obviously visible? Which are obfuscated? 3. Who is gathering this information? Do you know to what purpose? ----  visual metaphors non-disruptive watching territorial metaphor (invasion) centralized/bureaucratic identification with the state ----  Persistent Surveillance Systems <a style="color:white;text-decoration: underline" href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/update-eye-sky" target="_BLANK>">Radiolab: Eye in the sky</a> --- # Capture model ---- ## Linguistic metaphors <img src="https://pablov.me/pres/media/c-room.png" width="50%"> Searle 1980 **Grammars of action** (Agre): systematic representations of organisational activities (not so much to the content of each activity, but to the architecture that allows human activities to be represented by computers) ---- ## “Parsing” of activities for re-organisation * **Surveillance Capitalism**: profiling from exhaust 'surplus' (Zuboff 2019) Behavioural knowledge, manipulation, and prediction: microtargeting as a combination of politics and consumer marketing, and the capacity of manipulation of affective states (O'Neil 2017) * **Social surveillance**: self-tracking (Lupton 2014), *participatory* (watching each other, being viral) the ongoing eavesdropping, investigation, gossip, and inquiry that consitutes information gathering by people about their peers, made salient by the social digitalization normalized by social media (Marwick 2012) You can install *Thunderbeam-Lightbeam* for chrome [here](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/lightbeamchrome/hjkajeglckopdkbggdiajobpilgccgnj?hl=en-GB).   ---- ## Assembled from “parts” * Digital Surveillance: **Bigger** scope of data: CCTV, RFID, biometics... * **Dataveillance** (van Dijck 2014): continous tracking of (meta)data for **unstated** purposes 1. Go to Panopticlick: https://panopticlick.eff.org/ 2. Click on "Show full results for fingerprinting" after the test is done 3. Is your browser fingerprint unique? What does this mean? ----  ## Decentralized and heterogenous * **Liquid surveillance** (Lyon & Bauman 2013): fluid, uncontained, **pervasive** monitoring ----  ## Mathematical formalism *Compstats in Brooklyn Nine-Nine (S01E15) ----  ### How does grammars of action happen? 1. Analysis: identification of fundamental units of activity 2. Articulation: formal specifications (grammar) 3. Imposition: normative force (organisation of action under grammar) 4. Instrumentalisation: social and technical means for maintaining the grammar 5. Elaboration: captured activity can be stored, inspected, audited, etc... "The crime rate itself became the boss" "The people who started running CompStat didn't understand it" ### In the original design Data was the means, and eventually Data became the ends ---- ### Profiling from 'learned' models <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com/JacquesTD/status/1308777336574291971" target="_BLANK"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/J7IT3Zo.png" width="50%"></a> [Other recent (and familiar) cases where profiling is being implemented](https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/10/09/1009992/live-facial-recognition-is-tracking-kids-suspected-of-crime)  <style> .reveal{ font-family:mono; font-size: 25px; } .reveal .censor{ background:black; color:white; } .reveal .censorw{ background:white; color:black; } .reveal section img { border:none; } .reveal section left{ width:50%; } </style>