## <span class="censor">Data Studies 2020 // S08</span>
<!--image for class-->
<img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJSzy8uuw.png" width="70%">
Pablo Velasco // Information Studies // [pablov.me](https://pablov.me)
---
## Plan for the day:
* Covid changes / Mid-term results
* Networks
* ANT
* Visual network analysis
<!--readings: venturini, the whole is always smaller, bruns hashtags-->
---
<!-- .slide: data-background-image="https://gitlab.com/xpablov/data-studies/-/raw/master/DS19/S07/koenigsberg.png" data-background-size="auto 100%"-->
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
<span class="censor">The seven bridges of Königsberg problem: is it possible to cross each bridge once and return to the starting point?</span>
----
<!-- .slide: data-background-image="https://gitlab.com/xpablov/data-studies/-/raw/master/DS19/S07/euler-graph.jpg" data-background-size="auto 100%"-->
### <span class="censor">Graph theory</span>
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
<span class="censor">Leonhardt Euler solved the problem, and inaugurated the field of graph theory: all points must have an even degree (an even number of connections).</span>
<!--
Route is irrelevant
Problem has no solution
Abstraction of the problem: nodes and edges
As a walker, number times one enters is equal as number of times one leaves (except starting and ending point): thus, the number of edges must be even
-->
----
Baran (1964)
* Structures based on Nodes and Edges
* Statistical/Quantitative relations: clusters, centrality, density (see graph glossary below)
* Centralized, Decentralized and Distributed
<img src="https://gitlab.com/xpablov/data-studies/-/raw/master/DS19/S07/baran.png" width="100%">
----
### Sociometrics
* Moreno (1934)
* Discover social life through network properties & topologies
* Analysis of relational data
* Gain insight into social relations and make them available to intervention (Guggenheim 2012) -> participants become observers of their own problems
----
<img src="https://gitlab.com/xpablov/data-studies/-/raw/master/DS19/S07/moreno-rooms-girls.png" width="45%">
<img src="https://gitlab.com/xpablov/data-studies/-/raw/master/DS19/S07/moreno-topological-girls.png" width="40%"><br>
Likes and dislikes in a girl's boarding school (Moreno 1934 in Gießmann 2017)
<!-- – how to study inter-personal life on a micro-scale. - In a series of five maps, the concrete topography of the camp with its 435 girls in sixteen houses is transformed into a topological structure. Attraction (red), rejection (black), attraction/rejection (red/ black), and indifference (blue) are represented graphically.
-to help explain why girls attempted to escape
-->
----
### ACTIVITY: trace a network of the class
Go to: https://kinopio.club/ds20-s08-oIrSNuAAg7NkoAJgJMS6J
* What are the nodes?
* What are the edges?
* What is the *starting point*?
* How do you measure the weight of the edges?
---
### Actor Network Theory(ANT)
Actor Network Theory emphasizes a "flat" approach to the social, and argues that it can be study as a network consisting of any kind of elements.
<img src="http://pablov.me/pres/media/latour-reass.jpg" width="30%">
(Latour 2007; Latour et al 2012)
----
### ANT
* Relations between “technology” and “society”
* Heterogeneous networks
* 1 level: neither nature and society, nor micro and macro
* Actors: computers, text, humans, etc (and mostly the places they "colide")
* Properties emerge from networks
* No point of departure (but an epistemological point of entry)
<span class="censor">More subtle than the notion of system, more historical than the notion of structure, more empirical than the notion of a complexity, the idea of network is the Ariadne's thread of these interwoven stories (Latour 1993)</span>
---
#### Actors in a social network:
* By their engagement roles:
* sources
* leaders
* commenters
* lurkers
* etc.
* By their human / non-human categorization:
* bots
* hashtags
* servers
* etc.
* By their structural role:
* bridges
* hubs
* stars
* etc.
----
<!-- .slide: data-background-image="https://cdn.theculturetrip.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/weechat_0-3-5_-_es-wikipedia_at_irc-wikimedia-org_-1024x576.png" data-background-size="auto 100%"-->
<span class="censor">IRC</span>
[Internet Relay chat](https://webchat.freenode.net/)
----
## Ad-hoc hashtags
<!-- Ad hoc: “as necessary” / “when needed”: emergent -->
* *ad hoc* : emergent "as necessary" / "when needed"
* coordination between distributed, and possibly disconnected actors
* '#'
* user generated
* competing specific themes and uses
* evolving and non-deterministic
* community: common topics and (direct) engagement
* issue network (Marres): comunities generated from contested topics
<!-- how to find the right/relevant hashtag-->
<!--not trendy topics -->
<!-- issue network: BLM WLM-->
----
<a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/04/us/proud-boys-twitter-hashtag-gay-men-trnd/index.html" target="_BLANK"><img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkSpPxwuw.png" width="70%"></a>
---
### Visual Network Analysis
(tbc in Friday workshop)
* evolving, non-deterministic data
* force-vector: *gravity*
* not spatial, but relative position of the nodes (in relation to each other)
* borders are not exact, communities are fluid and can overlap
* mixed methods: qualitative inquiry before, after, or alongside the quantitative analysis
----
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/WI43yHD.jpg" width="80%">
<style>
.reveal{
font-family:mono;
font-size: 25px;
}
.reveal .censor{
background:black;
color:white;
}
.reveal section img {
border:none;
}
.reveal section left{
width:50%;
}
</style>
{"metaMigratedAt":"2023-06-15T14:44:58.563Z","metaMigratedFrom":"YAML","title":"DS20S08","breaks":true,"slideOptions":"{\"theme\":\"white\",\"transition\":\"slide\"}","contributors":"[{\"id\":\"088a33aa-785b-401b-a225-d782cd214529\",\"add\":15760,\"del\":9916}]"}