# Sounds with arduino

This is a note about how to make sounds and music with an arduino step by step. It's also relying in the amazing work of [Robson Couto](https://github.com/robsoncouto)

_Thanks, man_

:::info

For people in the IB doing the new syllabus starting M27 this links to A1.2 (representing audio) and also B2 (arrays and lists)

:::

Now, let's get the party started!

First the connections!

We're going to connect a piezo (a buzzer) with a small potenciometer (to adjust the volume, we don't want to make it too loud) following the next scheme.


For this we're going to use the function `tone()` that is already integrated in arduino. You can see more information about it [here](https://docs.arduino.cc/language-reference/en/functions/advanced-io/tone/)

The function tone is going to ask for 3 things (three numbers)
* First the pin that you want to make the tone
* Then the frequency that you want to set. Lower pitch will have lower numbers, higher pitch will need higher numbers
* Last how long do you want to make this tone function (in milliseconds. )

int duration = 1000;
int speakerPin = 8;

void setup() {}

void loop() {
  tone(speakerPin, 440, duration); //A4 "LA"
  delay(duration);
  noTone(speakerPin);
  delay(duration);
  tone(speakerPin, 880, duration); //A5 "la"
  delay(duration);
  noTone(speakerPin);
  delay(duration); 
}

:::info

By now you should already guess what this code going to do!

:::

Of course when we want to do a score for people who have done some music you will see something like this:

_Spanish Christmas song that I had to play with flute when I was a kid. [Source](https://tomapartituras.wordpress.com/2010/08/10/partitura-campana-sobre-campana-flauta/)_

This may (and it is) a bit convoluted but it basically says what is the **pitch** of each note and the **duration** of each note.

So if we want to make a melody we only need to find a score and find the durations and the frequencies.

Then we need to play them in sequence. The projects of Robson Couto will do something similar but a bit more convoluted than this. Let me paste here a simplified version for it.

#define NOTE_D5  587

int buzzer = 8;

int melody[] = {
  659, 180, NOTE_D5, 180, 0, 320
};

int notes = 3; //sizeof(melody) / sizeof(melody[0]) / 2;
//C++ doesn't have a "len()" function, we need to do it in harder way
//but think of notes as len(melody) in python

//melody[0] -> 659 (frequency of 1st note)
//melody[1] -> 180 (duration of 1st note)
//melody[2] -> 587 (frequency of 2nd note, written in the first line with #DEFINE)
//melody[3] -> 180 (duration of 2nd note)
//melody[4] -> 0 (frequency of 3rd note, a rest)
//melody[5] -> 320 (duration of 3rd note)

void setup() {
  for (int thisNote = 0; thisNote < notes * 2; thisNote = thisNote + 2) {
    tone(buzzer, melody[thisNote], melody[thisNote+1]*0.9 );
    delay(melody[thisNote+1] );
    noTone(buzzer);
  }
}

void loop() {

}

Let's analyze it a bit.

// TO-DO (done in class step by step)

int buzzer = 4;
int duration = 100;
 
void setup() {
  Serial.begin(19200);
 
}
 
void loop() {
  for(int x = 40; x < 500; x = x +20){
    //Serial.println("Frequency: " + x);
    tone(buzzer, x, duration);
    delay(duration);
    noTone(buzzer);
  }
 
}

## Other implementations for scores

Another option is to just write tones and delays all the score down. If you want to see an example you can see it here

https://github.com/AnonymousAlly/Arduino-Music-Codes/blob/master/Megalovania.ino