# Workshop on Writing II --- 1. Planning, drafting, structuring 2. Sourcing and Referencing 4. Plagiarising 5. Reference Optimization: Zotero --- Essay writing experience Questions? --- ## The Eight Steps of a Writing Project - Ideation - Structuring (Planning - Drafting - Editing - Restructuring and revising - Polishing - Publishing - Promotion --- ## Planning - outlining - storyboarding --- ### Three Common Flaws - Do not organize your report as a narrative of your thinking. - Do not assemble your report as a patchwork of your sources - Do not map your report directly on to the language of your assignment --- ### Working Introduction --> expect to rewrite it at least once --- ### Introduction - Sketch - Frame the question - Remember Columbo principle: "say who did it" - Provide a "roadmap" --- ### Body - what background do you need and how much? - what sections and which order? - order for the reader not for you --- ### Argument ordering - Chronological - Simple to Complex - More familiar Les Familiar - Less Contestable More Contestable - More Important Less Important (or vice versa) - Logic of Understanding - General Analysis Specific Application --- ### For longer texts - Plan sections as well with introduction, body, conclusions - Think about arguments, evidence, warrants --- ### Conclusions - State your point again - So what? --- ## Drafting - Drafting as an act of discovery - Surprises happen better with a plan - Tool: Exploratory writing - Remember: "sh...y first draft" --> first draft as quickly as possible, then revise - For Slow Drafters: more meticulous plan --- ### Importance of Metadiscourse --- ### Quote, paraphrase, summarise --- **Summarize** when details are irrelevant or a source isn’t important enough to warrant much space. --- **Paraphrase** when you can state what a source says more clearly or concisely or when your argument depends on the details in a source but not on its speciffic words. --- ### Quote when: - The words themselves are evidence that backs up your reasons. - The words are from an authority who backs up your claims. - The words are strikingly original or express your key concepts so compellingly that the quotation can frame an extended discussion. - A passage states a view that you disagree with, and to be fair you want to state it exactly. ---  --- For **every** summary, paraphrase, or quotation you use, **cite its bibliographic data** in the appropriate style --- ## Citation Styles - dictates the information necessary for a citation - how the information is ordered - indicates punctuation and other formatting --- ### Chicago Style 1) notes and bibliography system 2) author-date system --- #### Book: **Note Style**: 1. Michael Pollan, *The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals* (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100. **Duplicate Note**: 2. Pollan, *Omnivore's Dilemma*, 3.  **Bibliography**: Pollan, Michael. *The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals*. New York: Penguin, 2006. --- #### Journal Article **Note Style**: 1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network,” *American Journal of Sociology* 115 (2009): 411, accessed February 28, 2010, doi:10.1086/599247. **Duplicate Note**: Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439. **Bibliography**: Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” *American Journal of Sociology* 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247. --- ### Author - date (Pollan 2006, 99–100) Pollan, Michael. 2006. *The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals*. New York: Penguin. *** (Kossinets and Watts 2009, 411) Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. 2009. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” *American Journal of Sociology* 115:405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247. --- [Chicago Quick Guide](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/citation-guide.html) --- ## Citation Style Types **Parenthetical** - author-page - author-date **Numbered** - footnote/endnote (Oxford) - numbered sequence (Vancouver) --- ## Don't Plagiarise!  --- ## Reference Management: Automate the Process --- ### Advantages - do not have to remember all the cytation styles - avoid tedious process of checking your references - easy to reformat - all the data in one place - pdf's do not get lost - saves time --- ### Disadvantage - you have to learn how to use :smiley_cat: - learning takes (some) time --- ### Choice - Zotero - Mendelay - Endnote - Refworks More: [Wikipedia: Comparison of reference management software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software) --- ## Zotero - (one of) the most popular - open source - constantly updated - all OS and most browsers - addons - integrated with MS Word, LibreOffice, GDoc, Keynote (?) --- ### zotero.org/download also Zotero Connect ---