胎兒心臟超音波 - II 5個切面 ,14個檢查項目
因為胎兒血液循環和出生後血液循環不盡相同,照胎兒心臟超音波有5個重要的切面:
一. 四腔室面(Four chamber view) (附圖1)-
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圖1
最基本也是最重要的切面。在我當住院醫師的年代,提到高層次超音波,最基本的部份就是心臟的四腔室面,如果可以把四腔室面看得好,基本上可以抓出40%的先天性心臟病;四腔室面主要是看2個心房和2個心室,同時檢查二尖瓣和三尖瓣的血流(附圖2. 3.)、
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圖2
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圖3
測量心跳速率,也可看左右肺靜脈。看此切面時,超音波探頭還可以平行上下移動順便看它和胃的相關位置,找出心臟和其他臟器的相關位置(胸膛和腹腔器官位置的排列是否正確),這就是所謂的situs solitus。所以看這個切面延伸出5個檢查項目。
(1) 二尖瓣血流 (Mitral valve flow)
(2) 三尖瓣血流 (Tricuspid valve flow)
(3) 肺靜脈血流 (Pulmonary vein flow)(附圖4)
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圖4
(4)心跳速率 ( Heart rate)
(5)心臟和其他臟器的相關位置是否正常( Situs solitus)
二. 長軸切面(Long axis view) (附圖5. 6.)
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圖5
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圖6
出生後小兒心臟科稱作Parasternal long axis view,相當於探頭位置放在胎兒的胸骨左側,這個切面是從胎兒的右肩到左下肢的方向(右上左下的斜切面),重點是檢查主動脈的血是否由左心室過來(左心房的血要流到左心室,左心室的血要流到主動脈),以及心室中隔與主動脈的相關位置,心室中隔是否缺損(VSD),可以排除法洛氏四重症(Fallots Tetralogy),也可檢查二尖瓣的血流和主動脈的血流。
三. Outlet view (LVOT. RVOT) (附圖7)-
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圖7
利用這個切面可以檢查主動脈和肺動脈的血流(正常狀況下由心臟發出的2支大動脈,左心室出來的是主動脈,右心室出來的是肺動脈),此切面主要是排除大血管轉位(主動脈和肺動脈位置顛倒)。
檢查重點:
(1 ) 肺動脈血流(pulmonary artery flow )
(2) 主動脈血流(aorta flow)
四. 短軸切面(Short axis view) (附圖8. 9.) -
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圖8
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圖9
它和長軸切面垂直,此切面主要檢查胎兒有沒有心室中隔缺損(VSD)、肺動脈有沒有分出左右肺動脈以及肺動脈的血流是否正常,也可看到動脈導管(通常大於或等於主動脈弓的尺寸,出生後要主動關閉)。
五. 大血管切面 : 主動脈(附圖10)
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圖10
以及上下腔靜脈 (附圖11)- 主動脈弓(Aortic arch)和降主動脈(Descending aorta)這條血管是體內最大條的動脈,它看起來像聖誕老公公的糖果棒(candy cane) (附圖10),此切面主要目的是排除主動脈狹窄 (附圖12),主動脈狹窄是新生兒猝死的主要原因之一。上腔靜脈(SVC)(附圖11. 13.),下腔靜脈(IVC)(附圖11. 14. 15.)這2條靜脈都是進入右心房,看這些血管的切面角度有些微差別,但是approach的大方向是一樣的。
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圖11
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圖12
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圖13
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圖14
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圖15
以這五個切面為基準,我把胎兒心臟超音波分為14個檢查項目,條列如下
檢查項目:
- Four chamber
- Long axis
- Outlet (LVOT、RVOT)
- Short axis
- Descending aorta
- Aortic arch
- Aortic artery flow
- Pulmonary artery flow
- Tricuspid valve flow
- Mitral valve flow
- IVC flow: 、SVC flow:
- Pulmonary vein:(1)R’t side:(2)L’t side:
- Heart rate
- Situs solitus
這是個人經驗,不代表一般醫療水準,也請勿做為訴訟依據,以免無謂困擾。