## <span class="censor">Digital Identities and Social Media // S12</span> <img src="https://i.imgur.com/1lNkqiA.png" width=60%> Pablo Velasco // Information Studies // [pablov.me](https://pablov.me) --- ## Plan for the day: * Virtue and Deontological ethics * Programmable and Future oriented ethics <!--Joshua did not submit BB4--> --- ## Virtue ethics & Deontological ethics ---- **Virtue (or nicomachean or aristotelian) ethics**: act in accordance to *virtue* (*what we should be*) * virtue is learned by doing (*phronesis*: practical action wisdom) * virtue leads to happiness | Vice | <- Virtue -> | Vice | | -------- | -------- | -------- | cowardly | brave | daring | | spiritlessness | good temper | irascibility | | shamelessness | modesty | boastfulness | > Generally, when discussed in the realm of scientific research, ethics is defined as a *stance* one takes, adhering to a set of values and priciples about what is good or bad, and therefore what actions will be right or wrong (Markham 2014) ---- **Deontological ethics**: normative action theory (*what we ought to do*) * a person is good-willed when it acts according to *moral law* <!-- you can be good by chance--> Categorical imperative (Kant): > Act only according to that maxim by which you can also will that it would become a universal law * Research guidelines: ethics defined in past tense and applied in advance ---- Stanley Milgram experiment (1961/1963) <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Milgram_experiment_v2.svg/640px-Milgram_experiment_v2.svg.png?1606202798077" width="35%"> <!-- explain psychlogy of following orders during genocide - 65% go all the way - most participants were glad they participated--> * "Please continue or Please go on" * "The experiment requires that you continue" * "It is absolutely essential that you continue" * "You have no other choice; you must go on". <!-- how is this different from facebook emotinal contagion study?--> --- ## Programmable and future-oriented ethics ---- **Code as law**, and an opportunity to ask for new regulators (Lessig 2006) e.g. Blockchain based consent: https://legalfling.io/ <br><br><br> **Contemporary** ethical **decision-making** e.g. MIT's moral machine https://www.moralmachine.net/ <!-- algorithmic comælications--> ---- <!-- .slide: data-background-image="https://i.imgur.com/3stsEE5.png" data-background-size="100% auto"--> <span class="censor">website: https://anatomyof.ai/</span> <span class="censor">full image: https://anatomyof.ai/img/ai-anatomy-map.pdf</span> --- ## Future-making ethics (as of Markham 2018) * *produser* of ethics * Goffman *frames*: restructuration of meaning and behaviour in accordance to situation <br><br> 1. Error-avoidance model: frameworks based 2. Concept-driven model: refining concepts 3. **Impact-model**: exploring possible outcomes > these situations are in the end, a judgment call <!-- BB4 * "it was difficult for me to be trapped with my own thought" * "it’s the notifications which decides what I’m going to do on it and not me who decides" * "Talking to my Grandma for 5 minutes doesn't feel like consuming media" * "not just because I enjoy it, but simply because it’s a habit" * "I somehow feel like I’ve learned more about my media usage by not using media than I did, when I tracked my actual media use, which is really surprising to me" * "feel lonely, or – even worse – be bored! " * " I felt like I ignored my friends" * "Unconsciously I often feel an obligation to be online on facebook, messenger, email, etc." * "I got used to it" * "not planning on doing anything specific" * "Maybe it has something to do with all the things that are intertwined" -- "feels quiet and lonely" * "are the sounds louder than I remember?" * "So much guessing, so little knowing." * "the unsocial thing to do is now to not use media" --> <style> .reveal{ font-family:mono; font-size: 25px; } .reveal .censor{ background:black; color:white; } </style>