# Arithmetic Operators in Javascript
# Abstract:
An arithmetic operator is a mathematical function that takes two operands and performs a calculation on them. Arithmetic Operators use a specific symbol in order to be used within the program. Arithmetic Operators use two operands and an operator between them in order to calculate the result. Arithmetic Operators are simply sign’s which we use in the mathematical equations in order to compute results.

# Introduction:
Before starting this article I assume that you know a few important concepts, such as how to store an object in the fields, how to name a storage, by calling them variables. You have also know how you can use an array, the container object that stores many elements or data types.
Now, the question is, what do we do with them? In many cases, you have assigned a value or initialized the value by using an assignment operator`(=)`. After assigning a value to two operands, you can add them by using a `+` symbol. You can perform many types of operations on one or more than one operands by using such symbols. These symbols are called operators.

Let's take an example As a student, I often find studnet's trying to calculate how much they should score on the next exam so that their average is a passing grade, something like the following:


Let’s see each one of them in detail:

# Addition Operator:
This operator adds two numeric operands together. The add(+) operator is a bit different:

If one of the operands is a string, the result of the operation is a string, according to these rules:

* If both operands are strings, the second string is concatenated to the first.
* If only one operand is a string, the other operand is converted to a string and the result is the concatenation of the two strings.
* If single or both operands are decimal values then it's return the decimal values.
* * `Infinity` added to `–Infinity` results `NaN`.

This behavior of add operator is a source of common mistakes, as this code snippet shows:
# Syntax:
You just need to write two integers. These two integers are stored in variable `num1` and` num2` respectively. Then, these two numbers are added using the `+` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

num1 + num2

# Example:

var num1 = 22;
var num2 = 28;
var num3 = 10.2;
var num3 = 20.6;
console.log("22 + 28 = " + num1 + num2);   // 22 + 28 = 2228
console.log("22 + 28 = " + (num1 + num2)); // 22 + 28 = 50
console.log("10.2 + 20.6 = " + (num1 + num2)); // 10.2 + 20.6 = 30.8

# Explanation:
* Addition Operator`(+)` is ambiguous. It can mean **"concatenate"** or **"add"**. The expression in the first `console.log()` method converts `num1` to a string, because the left operand of add is another string. The result is a string, so `num2` is converted to a string, too.
* In the second expression, the parentheses change the operator precedence, and so first the `num1` + `num2` expression is evaluated to 50, then this value is converted to a string.

> Arithmetic operators can handle special values, such as NaN, Infinity and –Infinity.

* If any of the operands is `NaN`, the operation result will be `NaN`, too.
* If an operation provides a result that is higher than the maximum value that can be represented by Number, the result is `Infinity`.
* Similarly, if the result is lower than lowest negative value that can be represented by Number, the result is `–Infinity`.

# Subtraction Operator:
This operator subtracts the right operand from the left. Subtraction Operator(-) however has only one meaning subtract. So it subtracts only. There is no opposite of concatenation (I think) and the subtraction operator(-) only performs subtraction regardless of the type of operands.
* `Infinity` subtracted from `Infinity` results `NaN`.
# Syntax:
You just need to write two integers. These two integers are stored in variable `num1` and` num2` respectively. Then, these two numbers are subtracted using the `-` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

num1 - num2

# Examples:

var num1 = 28;
var num2 = 22;
var num3 = 28.50;
var num4 = 22.75;
console.log("28 - 22 = " + num1 - num2);   // 28 - 22 = NaN
console.log("28 - 22 = " + (num1 - num2)); // 28 - 22 = 6
console.log("28.50 - 22.75 = " + (num3 - num4)); // 28.50 - 22.75 = 5.75

# Explanation:
* The expression in the first console.log() method converts num1 to a string, because the left operand of subtraction is another string. The result is a NaN, If the string value cannot be converted into a Number.
* In the second expression, the parentheses change the operator precedence, and so first the `num1 - num2` expression is evaluated to 6, then this value is converted to a string.
* In the third expression, decimal value is subtracted.

# Multiplication Operator:
This operator multiplies the two operands together. Multiplication Operator is defined as (*) and multiply two value and return a product.

* `Infinity` multiplied by `0` results `NaN`.
* `Infinity` multiplied by `Infinity` results `Infinity`.
* If `Infinity` is multiplied by any `finite number` other than `0`, the result is either `Infinity` or `–Infinity`, depending on the sign of the second operand.
# Syntax:
You just need to write two integers. These two integers are stored in variable `num1` and` num2` respectively. Then, these two numbers are multiply using the `*` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

num1 * num2

# Examples:

var num1 = 28;
var num2 = 22;
console.log("28 * 22 = " + (num1 * num2)); // 28 * 22 = 616

var num1 = 28;
var num2 = -22;
console.log("28 * -22 = " + (num1 * num2)); // 28 * -22 = -616

var num1 = 'scaler';
var num2 = 22;
console.log("scaler * 22 = " + (num1 * num2)); // scaler * 22 = NaN

# Explanation:
* In the expression, the parentheses change the operator precedence, and so first the `num1 * num2` expression is evaluated to 616, then this value is converted to a string.

# Division Operator:
This operator divides the left operand by the value of right operand. Division Operator is defined as (/) and divides two value and return a quotient.
* `Infinity` divided by `Infinity` results `NaN`.
* `Zero` divided by `zero` results `NaN`.
* If a `nonzero finite number` is divided by `zero`, the result is either `Infinity` or `–Infinity`, depending on the sign of the first operand.
* If `Infinity` is divided by any number, the result is either `Infinity` or `–Infinity`, depending on the sign of the second operand.
# Syntax:
You just need to write two integers. These two integers are stored in variable `num1` and` num2` respectively. Then, these two numbers are divided using the `/` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

num1 / num2

# Examples:

var num1 = 28;
var num2 = 22;
console.log("28 / 22 = " + (num1 / num2)); // 28 / 22 = 1.2727272727272727

var num1 = 28;
var num2 = 0;
console.log("28 / 0 = " + (num1 / num2)); // 28 / 0 = Infinity

# Explanation:
* In the expression, the parentheses change the operator precedence, and so first the `num1 / num2` expression is evaluated to `1.2727272727272727`, then this value is converted to a string.

# Modulus Operator:
This operator gives the remainder of the left operand when divided by the right operand. It is also known as the Remainder operator. Modulus Operator is defined as `(%)` and divideds two value and return a remainder. Using Modulus operator we can find the numver is odd or even if we do a number modulo `2` answer is `zero` then it's mean number is `even`. If we do a number modulo `2` answer is `one` then it's mean number is `odd`.
* If the dividend is an `infinite` number and the divisor is a `finite number`, `modulus` results `NaN`.
* If the dividend is `zero` and the divisor is `nonzero`, modulus results `zero`.

> Generally, the remainder operator is useful only when its operands are positive integers.

Another applications of Modulus Operator is to strip the digist from a number.
# Syntax
You just need to write two integers. These two integers are stored in variable `num1` and` num2` respectively. Then, these two numbers are modulmodules using the `%` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

num1 % num2

# Examples:

var num1 = 28;
var num2 = 22;
console.log("28 % 22 = " + (num1 % num2)); // 28 % 22 = 6

var num1 = 1;
var num2 = 2;
console.log("1 % 2 = " + (num1 % num2)); // 1 % 2 = 1

123 % 10; // returns 3

# Explanation:
* In the expression, the parentheses change the operator precedence, and so first the `num1 % num2` expression is evaluated to `6`, then this value is converted to a string.
* The last example is interesting since 2 cannot divide 1 at all, the remainder is just the number being divided.

# Exponentiation Operator:
This operator gives the exponent of the left operand raised to the power of the right operand. Exponentiation Operator is defined as `(**)` and raise the first operand to the power second operand and return a exponent.
# Syntax:
You just need to write two integers. These two integers are stored in variable `num1` and` num2` respectively. Then, these two numbers are Exponentiation using the `**` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

num1 ** num2

# Examples:

var num1 = 2;
var num2 = 2;
console.log("2 ** 2 = " + (num1 ** num2)); // 2 ** 2 = 4

# Explanation:
* In the expression, the parentheses change the operator precedence, and so first the `num1 ** num2` expression is evaluated to `4`, then this value is converted to a string.

# Increment Operator:
This operator increases the value of the operand by one. Increment Operator is defined by a double plus sign `(++)`. This is a unary operator, `x++` produces a value of `x` before adding `1` to `x`. This is called the **post-increment operator**, since the value is produced, and then the variable is incremented. On the other hand,`++x` produces a value of `x` after adding `1` to `x`. This is called the **pre-increment operator**,

# Syntax:
You just need to write integers. This integer is stored in variable `x` respectively. Then, this numbers is incremented using the `++` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

x++  // Post-increment Operator 
++x  // Pre-increment Operator 

# Examples:

var x = 20;
x++; // x returns 21
console.log(x)

var x = 20;
var y = x++; // y is 20, x is 21
console.log(x)
console.log(y)

var x = 20;
var y = ++x; // y is 21, x is 21
console.log(x)
console.log(y)

# Explanation:
* In the first expression, variable x value is 20 and then it's increment by 1 beacuse we perform Increment operator on it, so the result will be 21.
* In the second expression, varivale x value is 20 then we perform increment operator on x and save into y but the value of y is 20 beacause increment happen post assignment.
* In the third expression, varivale x value is 20 then we perform increment operator on x and save into y but the value of y is 21 beacause increment happen before assignment.

# Decrement Operator:
This operator decreases the value of the operand by one. Decrement Operator is defined by a double minus sign `(--)`. This is a unary operator, `x--` produces a value of `x` before subtracting `1` to `x`. This is called the **post-decrement operator**, since the value is produced, and then the variable is decremented. On the other hand,` --x` decrements the variable first, and then produces the value the **pre-decrement operator**.
# Syntax:
You just need to write integers. This integer is stored in variable `x` respectively. Then, this numbers is decremented using the `--` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

x--   //Post-decrement Operator 
--x   //Pre-decrement Operator 

# Examples:

var x = 20;
x--; // x returns 19
console.log(x)

var x = 20;
var y = x--; // y is 20, x is 19
console.log(x)
console.log(y)

var x = 20;
var y = --x; // y is 19, x is 19
console.log(x)
console.log(y)

# Explanation:
* In the first expression, variable x value is 20 and then it's decrement by 1 beacuse we perform decrement operator on it, so the result will be 19.
* In the second expression, varivale x value is 20 then we perform decrement operator on x and save into y but the value of y is 20 beacause decrement happen post assignment.
* In the third expression, varivale x value is 20 then we perform decrement operator on x and save into y but the value of y is 19 beacause decrement happen before assignment.

# Unary negation (-) Operator:
Unary negation operator convert non-number or something to a number because it doesn't perform any operations on numbers. It can convert string into integer and float values and it can also convert Boolean value true, false, NULL into a number. It's also support decimal, hexadecimal and negative values.

# Syntax:
You just need to write integers. This integer is stored in variable `x` respectively. Then, this numbers is negate the value using the `-` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

-x  // convert an operand into a number and negate the value after that.

# Examples:

const x = +3;
const y = -x;
console.log(x) // x = 3
console.log(y) // y = -3

const x = -"0xFF"
console.log(x) // x = -255

const x = -"123e-5"
console.log(x) // x = -0.00123

const x = -"3.14"
console.log(x) // x = -3.14

console.log(-true);  // -1
console.log(-false); // -0
console.log(-null);  // -0
console.log(-function(val){ return val }); // NaN
console.log(-1n);    // -1n

# Explanation:
* In the first example value of x is 3 and we perform the unary negation operator on to it.
* In the second example value of x as a hexadecimal number 0xFF so it's convert into decimal number and apply unary negation(-) operator so it's print -255.
# Unary plus (+) Operator:
Unary plus operator`(+)` tries to convert If the operand is not a number. if the operand is already a number, it does nothing. It is fastest and preferred way of converting something into a number, because it does not perform any other operations on the number. It can convert string, boolean values, NULL to a number. If the operand cannot be converted into a number, the unary plus operator`(+)` will return `NaN`.
# Syntax:
You just need to write integers. This integer is stored in variable `x` respectively. Then, this converts its operand to Number type using the `+` operator, and the result is printed in the console.

+x  //converts its operand to Number type

# Examples:

const x = 1;
const y = "2";
console.log(+x); // 1
console.log(+y); // 2

+true  // 1
+false // 0
+null  // 0

# Explanation:
* In the first example value of x is 1 and we perform the unary plus operator on to it but does nothing.
* In the second example we apply unary plus operator on boolean values and NULL so it's convert all into number.

# Conclusion:
* Arithmetic operators are operators that allow us to apply mathematical operations on numerical data operands.
* Arithmetic operators are used to perform numeric operations on operands.
* Arithmetic operators perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division etc. result.
* These operators work as they do in most other programming languages when used with floating point numbers (in particular, note that division by zero produces Infinity).
* All other arithmetic operators will attempt to convert their arguments into numbers before evaluating.