# QEMU 在 RISC-V 上跑 Ubuntu 本筆記整合完整步驟與實驗心得，全部放在同一份，方便直接複製執行。涵蓋 QEMU + Ubuntu 啟動、QEMU / OpenSBI / U-Boot 最後正確編譯版本、網路/SSH、共享、NFS/CIFS/SSHFS、CoreMark 編譯、常見錯誤對應。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SktJqDvKle.png) --- 安裝必要套件： ```bash sudo apt update sudo apt install -y build-essential git wget xz-utils qemu-utils gcc-riscv64-linux-gnu \ libglib2.0-dev libfdt-dev libpixman-1-dev zlib1g-dev ninja-build meson \ nfs-common cifs-utils sshfs flex bison pkg-config ``` --- ### QEMU（正確編譯版本，支援 slirp 網路） ```bash git clone https://gitlab.com/qemu-project/qemu.git ~/qemu-src cd ~/qemu-src git checkout v8.2.0 # 最後實測可用版本 ./configure --target-list=riscv64-softmmu --enable-slirp --disable-werror make -j$(nproc) ``` 輸出檔案： `~/qemu-src/build/qemu-system-riscv64` --- ### OpenSBI（正確版本） ```bash git clone https://github.com/riscv/opensbi.git ~/opensbi-src cd ~/opensbi-src git checkout v1.5 make CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-linux-gnu- PLATFORM=generic -j$(nproc) ``` 輸出檔案： * `build/platform/generic/firmware/fw_jump.elf` * `build/platform/generic/firmware/fw_dynamic.bin` --- ### U-Boot（正確版本） ```bash git clone https://source.denx.de/u-boot/u-boot.git ~/u-boot cd ~/u-boot git checkout v2023.07 make distclean make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-linux-gnu- qemu-riscv64_smode_defconfig make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-linux-gnu- -j$(nproc) ``` 輸出檔案： * `~/u-boot/u-boot` * `~/u-boot/u-boot.elf` --- ### 下載 Ubuntu riscv64 映像 ```bash wget https://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/24.04.3/release/ubuntu-24.04.3-preinstalled-server-riscv64.img.xz xz -dk ubuntu-24.04.3-preinstalled-server-riscv64.img.xz ``` --- ### 啟動 QEMU virt 平台 ```bash ~/qemu-src/build/qemu-system-riscv64 \ -machine virt -m 2G -smp 4 -nographic \ -bios ~/opensbi-src/build/platform/generic/firmware/fw_jump.elf \ -kernel ~/u-boot/u-boot \ -nic user,hostfwd=tcp::2222-:22 \ -device virtio-rng-pci \ -drive file=ubuntu-24.04.3-preinstalled-server-riscv64.img,format=raw,if=virtio \ -append "console=ttyS0" ``` 登入方式： ```bash ssh -p 2222 ubuntu@127.0.0.1 # 預設帳密 ubuntu/ubuntu ``` --- ### WSL 轉發（如需從 Windows 連進去） ```powershell wsl hostname -I # 取得 WSL IP netsh interface portproxy add v4tov4 listenaddress=0.0.0.0 listenport=2222 connectaddress=<WSL_IP> connectport=2222 New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName "QEMU-WSL-SSH-2222" -Direction Inbound -LocalPort 2222 -Protocol TCP -Action Allow ``` --- ### Host ↔ Guest 共享目錄 (9p virtfs) 啟動 QEMU 時加： ```bash -virtfs local,path=/home/you/share,mount_tag=hostshare,security_model=passthrough,id=hostshare ``` Guest 掛載： ```bash sudo mkdir -p /mnt/share sudo mount -t 9p -o trans=virtio hostshare /mnt/share ``` --- ### 區域網共享 NFS： ```bash sudo mount -t nfs 192.168.1.100:/srv/nfs/share /mnt ``` CIFS： ```bash sudo mount -t cifs //192.168.1.101/share /mnt/smb -o username=USER,password=PASS ``` SSHFS： ```bash sshfs user@192.168.1.102:/remote/path /mnt/ssh ``` --- ### 傳檔：scp / sftp / rsync ```bash scp -P 2222 file ubuntu@127.0.0.1:/home/ubuntu/ sftp -P 2222 ubuntu@127.0.0.1 rsync -avz -e "ssh -p 2222" ubuntu@127.0.0.1:/remote ./local ``` --- ### CoreMark 編譯 ```bash export CROSS_COMPILE=/path/to/toolchain/riscv64-linux- make compile CC="${CROSS_COMPILE}gcc" \ XCFLAGS="-march=rv64gc -mabi=lp64d -mcmodel=medany" ``` --- ### 常見錯誤 * `Invalid read/write @0x0`：映像與 machine 不符，請確認用 `virt` 搭配通用 img。 * `SD card size has to be power of 2`：用 `qemu-img resize img 4G`。 * `network backend 'user' is not compiled`：需重編 QEMU 加 `--enable-slirp`。 * `Image 'itb' missing external blobs (fw_dynamic.bin)`：請先編譯 OpenSBI 並設 `OPENSBI=/path/to/fw_dynamic.bin`。 --- ✅ 最後正確組合版本： * QEMU v8.2.0 + `--enable-slirp` * OpenSBI v1.5 (generic, fw\_jump.elf) * U-Boot v2023.07 (qemu-riscv64\_smode\_defconfig) * Ubuntu 24.04.3 preinstalled server riscv64 image