Comparing ocean and climate models using new physics-informed methods and tools Novel tools and methods ... How good is your ocean model? Methods and tools beyond a point-by-point comparison. (current word count is 191) How good is your ocean model? Methods and tools beyond a point-by-point comparison As the number and complexity of ocean and climate models grows, more opportunities arise to compare simulations with each other and with observations. Such comparisons have the potential to elucidate how well models represent physical processes. In addition, larger model diversity will enable us to identify emergent constraints that increase confidence in future climate projections even in the presence of model bias. Changes in the mean state (caused by different setup/spinup/initial conditions) limit the utility of point-by-point comparisons between models.