# Bibliography on ePassport

###### tags: `bibliography`

Focusing on the security of electronic passport.

Created by Rongyuan on 17 February 2025.

# Papers

# Reports

### 2026 Identity Fraud Report
* Fraud by document type: National ID Card (45.9%); Driving Licence (25.1%); Passport (19.0%).
* Most Targeted Documents: Bangladesh National ID (18%); Passport (France 12%).
* Physical counterfeits accounted for the majority of fraud attempts (47%), digital forgeries were also prevalent, accounting for 35% of attempts.
* https://www.entrust.com/sites/default/files/documentation/reports/2026-identity-fraud-report-re.pdf

### Risk Analysis for 2025/2026
* Air routes to the EU have witnessed irregular migrants exploiting visa-free regimes and transit hubs. Fraudulent documents, visa abuse and nationality swapping remain key risks.
* Enhanced EU border controls and increased cooperation with third countries are reshaping migration flows. As legal travel channels become more regulated under EES and ETIAS, there is a heightened risk that even more migrants will use fraudulent documents or clandestine methods to enter the Schengen area.
* https://www.frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/Risk_Analysis/Annual_Risk_Analysis_2025.pdf

### SWEETIDS – Sweet spot ID documentation system
* The objective of the SWEETIDS project was to create a system that can take high quality detailed images of these partial areas (“sweet spots”) of documents under different light sources. The images can be used to create document QCCs (“quick check cards”) that show the security features for training and comparison purposes, which are the main operational applications in border checks.
* It is shown that the large, expensive machines currently in use are not always necessary and often can be replaced by cheaper devices that put the focus on the sweet spots of ID documents, creating images with a smaller file size. They are comparable to those seen in (high quality) mobile document checking devices, and can be transmitted easily, including over slow lines or with mobile devices.
* https://www.frontex.europa.eu/assets/24.0463_Frontex_Research_Grants_2024_WEB.pdf

### 2025 Identity Fraud Report
* by Entrust Cybersecurity Institute
* latest updated report
* indicating GenAI fuels rise in digital document fraud.
* Fraud by document type: National ID Card (40.8%); Driving Licence (25.1%); Passport (16.3%).
* How fraudsters target documents: Digital Forgery (57.5%); Physical Counterfeit (32.3%).
* Most Targeted Documents: Indian Tax ID (27.1%); Paper version national ID (Pakistan 17.5%, Bangladesh 14.6%, and South Africa 7.7%); Passport (France 9.5%, Italy 7.6%, UK and Nothern Ireland 6.5%).
* https://www.entrust.com/sites/default/files/documentation/reports/2025-identity-fraud-report.pdf

### 2024 Annual Brief
* by Frontex (the European Border and Coast Guard Agency)
* 5,798 cases of document fraud.
* 2024 total of just over 239,000 IBCs on entry was 38% lower than the 2023 total.
* https://www.frontex.europa.eu/2024-in-brief/
* https://www.frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/General/Annual_Brief_2024.pdf

### Strategic Risk Analysis 2024
* by Frontex (the European Border and Coast Guard Agency)
* Within the next decade, the challenges to border management posed by identity and document fraud will **significantly evolve**, mainly driven by changes in dominant security and regulatory paradigms across the globe, socio-political developments and technological advancements.
* To prevent document fraud, **manufacturers will keep incorporating sophisticated security features into travel documents**. But, in many cases, **forgers quickly acquire extensive knowledge** of the production methods, security design and weaknesses in the identity chain. On the other hand, increasingly sophisticated security features may lead to **vulnerabilities in the detection** of unlawful alterations of these documents.
* By 2034, the volume of **border traffic** has **grown considerably**, reaching volumes that are difficult for the border authorities to process. The waiting time at the borders has increased tenfold while the volume of **human resources available for border control** has **decreased considerably**.

### Consumer Sentinel Network Data Book 2023
* by Federal Trade Commission
* 5.4 million reports
* Top two categories: Identity Theft; Imposter Scams.
* 853,935 Imposter Scam reports, with over US$ 10 billion losing to fraud – an increase of more than US$ 1 billion over 2022.
* https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/CSN-Annual-Data-Book-2023.pdf
* Data Access: https://www.ftc.gov/reports/consumer-sentinel-network-data-book-2023

# Websites
### Trends in Fraudulent Identity Documents in 2023
* by TrustID.co.uk
* In 2023, most common fake document seen by their customers: Passport (47.6%); ID Card (30.3%); Driving License (12.2%); BRP (8.2%); Visa (1.5%).
* In 2023, 68% of all fake documents were either a British passport or an Irish ID card.

### Fraudulent Documents Presented To Border Force
* by Migration Watch UK
* A freedom of information release shows that nearly **2,000 fraudulent identity documents** are presented to Border Force staff **per year** (totaling 21,256 between 2010 and 2020). (Sorce: Border Force, *didn't find reference on the offical web page*)
* From 1 October 2021, UK Border Force stopped accepting insecure ID cards from most EU, EEA and Swiss citizens, noting that ID cards are some of the most abused documents seen by Border Force officers. In 2020, almost half of all false documents detected at the border were EU, EEA or Swiss ID cards. (Sorce: [Home Office](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/insecure-id-cards-phased-out-as-travel-document-to-strengthen-uk-borders))
* https://www.migrationwatchuk.org/news/2022/01/04/fraudulent-documents-presented-to-border-force#_edn1