LCC 10 Language Relay

# LCC 10 Language Relay ## ðesimien (The Song) ♬ (ðesirir) Alor emrara Alor emrara Alfrit banin el hacin os Alor emrara  ♬ (ðesi marθ) Alna alnimuniθ alniri bora Alor nima cuið ilmunavi ras Nuðar alalla alðaca el alalla tarta Alifrit ril alerða ri alcuil uniri  (ðesirir ira) ♬ (ðesi cuiθ) Ilcaruvatar alnifril ra ela arsal menursa Alumðil ala alensa nis eca alcuið ilala hara ubra Aliv ilanimien ana alilcuið anon is alcehalnur banes Ilivavar cita inalna  (ðesirir ira) ♬ (ðesi efrit) Alna ember emraris Uniri menor ela nimiri Nisθril alivumbra ra el alnimuniθ alilcuið anranora θri saðaca el ilo seðraci (ðesirir ira) ## Grammar ### **Basic syntax** - SOV - Agglutinative (e.g., _al_ + _in_ + _ensa_ &rightarrow; alinensa (gloss: to my house)) - epenthetic _-h-_ when at vowel morpheme boundary ### **Verbs** - end in _-in_ (e.g., _rin_, _ecin_) in their infinitive and present formal forms. - end in _-a_ (e.g., _ra_, _eca_) in their present, informal form - can combine with auxiliary particles to form moods, negation, voice, and aspect. (e.g., _rin_ + _-e_ &rightarrow; rine (gloss: was)) - Derivation: - Other words and parts of speech can be derived from verbs by isolating the stem, i.e., dropping the final _n_ of the verb - e.g., _rin_ (gloss: to be) − _n_ &rightarrow; _ri_ (gloss: being) - n.b., this form is very similar to the _future tense (informal)_ form of the verb, which is formed by dropping the verb ending _in_ and adding the future tense suffix _i_ - e.g., (_rin_ (gloss: to be) − _n_ &rightarrow; _r_) + _i_ &rightarrow; _ri_ (gloss: will be) ### **Formality** - A common way to indicate social formality is through verb stem choice as a base for conjugation - Informal registers use the bare stem of the verb, i.e., verb − _in_ ending - e.g., _anin_ (gloss: tell, recount) − _in_ &rightarrow; _an_ (verb stem base) _an_ (verb stem base) + _e_ (past tense) &rightarrow; _ane_ (gloss: told, recounted) - Formal registers do not drop the _in_ ending - e.g., _anin_ + _e_ &rightarrow; _anine_ - Honorific registers use the _im_ ending in place of the _in_ ending as the base for conjugation - e.g., _anin_ − _in_ + _im_ &rightarrow; _anim_ _anim_ + _e_ &rightarrow; _anime_ ### **Nouns** - Do not inflect - No distinction between singular and plural - Compounding is possible ### **Pronouns** - Have a subject, (in)direct object, and possessive forms - e.g., _ani_ (I), _an_ (me), _in_ (my, mine) - e.g., _iva_ (You (sg)), _iv_ (you), _iv_ (your, yours) ## Vocabulary Circle Tongue | POS | Description ---|---|--- -a | verb | present tense suffix (informal) -i | verb | future tense suffix (informal) -i | verb | present gerund al- | preposition | oblique and prepositional prefix ala | pronoun | 3rd person singular (subject) alce- | adverb | like, as, similar to alcuil | adverb | when alðacin | verb | look down on alilcuið | adverb | relative pronoun alla | pronoun | 3rd person singular fem. (oblique) alna | noun| baby alniri | verb | SEE alnirin (verb) + -i (verb: gerund) alnirin | verb | stumble into alor | adverb | now animien | noun| story, narrative anin | verb | tell, recount anon | pronoun | we (inclusive) anranorin | verb | share arsal | adverb | never avar | noun| eye, eyes banes | verb | SEE banin (verb) + is (verb) banin | verb | play borin | verb | explore car | adjective | their citin | verb | close cuið | conj | for, because cuiθ | noun | two ðar | noun| adult ðesi | noun | verse ðesirir | noun | chorus ðil | noun| day ecin | verb | return efrit | noun | three el | conj | and ela | conj | but ember | adverb | happily emrarin | verb | sleep emraris | verb | SEE emrarin (verb) + is (verb) ensa | noun| house erða | adjective | white frit | adverb | tomorrow hacin | verb | playfully laugh ifrit | noun| morning il- | particle | direct object ilo | pronoun | it (direct object) in | pronoun | my irin | verb | repeat is | adjective | everyone, you and me is, -s | verb | continuous aspect (clitic) iv | pronoun | 2nd person oblique marθ | noun | one menor | adverb | not, negation menursin | verb | forget mu | adjective | many navi | noun| friend nifril | adverb | far, remote nima | verb | SEE nimin (verb) + -a (verb) nimin | verb | dream nimirin | verb | continue dreaming nimu | noun| dream nisθril | noun| treasure niθ | noun| land nu | adjective | every os | verb | can, be able to ra | verb | SEE rin (verb) + -a (verb) ri | verb | SEE rin (verb) + -i (verb) ril | noun| sky rin | verb | copula saðaca | verb | SEE saðacin (verb) + -a (verb) saðacin | verb | search seðraci | verb | SEE seðracin (verb) + -i (verb) seðracin | verb | find tartin | verb | protect um | adjective | some umbra | noun| surroundings unirin | verb | wake up uvatar | noun| mother θri | adverb | just, only