---
# System prepended metadata

title: CertiK Final Report For Farmland Finance
tags: [final-report]

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---
title: CertiK Final Report For Farmland Finance
tags: final-report
---
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<center>
<img src="https://www.wing.vc/uploads/images/companies/certik-logo04.png" height="232" />
</center>
<p style="font-size: 28px">Farmland Finance Protocol</p>
<p style="font-size: 22px">Security Assessment</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px">November 19th, 2020</p>

For :
Farmland-Finance Team @ Farmland

By  :
Owan Li @ CertiK
guilong.li@certik.org
Bryan Xu @ CertiK
bryan.xu@certik.org

---

{%hackmd vb2ypisZSneY5y8y5ou-nw %}

---

## <img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Overview

#### Project Summary

<table>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Project Name</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><a href="https://github.com/farmland-finance/contracts">Farmland Finance Protocol</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Description</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">a decentralized cross-chain platform for DeFi farming and profit distribution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Platform</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">Ethereum; Solidity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Codebase</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><a href="https://github.com/farmland-finance/contracts">GitHub Repository</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Commit</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><a href="https://github.com/farmland-finance/contracts/commit/3a715b074990b6e8f7310f449a19655eca03b9ee">
3a715b074990b6e8f7310f449a19655eca03b9ee</a><br/><a href="https://github.com/farmland-finance/contracts/commit/3a715b074990b6e8f7310f449a19655eca03b9ee">
14f7ff47e580f2fe4944f04d69b7e90858fb94d5</a><br/><a href="https://github.com/farmland-finance/contracts/commit/3a715b074990b6e8f7310f449a19655eca03b9ee">
5a02bc46bbd8cd1ac174a2e1d4c2f0cb1a6a33bd</a><br/>
<a href="https://github.com/farmland-finance/contracts/commit/3a715b074990b6e8f7310f449a19655eca03b9ee">
f5b0915dae971fae6c8d7ffe764da51370954cf2</a><br/></td>
</tr>
</table>

#### Audit Summary

<table>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Delivery Date</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">Nov. 19, 2020</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Method of Audit</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">Static Analysis, Manual Review</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Consultants Engaged</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Timeline</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">Nov. 10, 2020 - Nov. 13, 2020</td>
</tr>
</table>

#### Vulnerability Summary

<table>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Total Issues</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Total Critical</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Total Major</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Total Minor</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top"><b>Total Informational</b></td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">6</td>
</tr>
</table>

---

## <img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Executive Summary

This report has been prepared for Farmland-Finance to discover issues and vulnerabilities in the source code of their Smart Contract as well as any contract dependencies that were not part of an officially recognized library. A comprehensive examination has been performed, utilizing Dynamic Analysis, Static Analysis, and Manual Review techniques.

The auditing process pays special attention to the following considerations:

* Testing the smart contracts against both common and uncommon attack vectors.
* Assessing the codebase to ensure compliance with current best practices and industry standards.
* Ensuring contract logic meets the specifications and intentions of the client.
* Cross referencing contract structure and implementation against similar smart  contracts produced by industry leaders.
* Thorough line-by-line manual review of the entire codebase by industry experts.


---

## <img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Documentation

The sources of truth regarding the operation of the contracts in scope were lackluster and are something we advise to be enriched to aid in the legibility of the codebase as well as project. To help aid our understanding of each contract’s functionality we referred to in-line comments and naming conventions.

These were considered the specification, and when discrepancies arose with the actual code behaviour, we consulted with the Farmland team or reported an issue.

---

## <img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> System Overview

Farmland Finance  is a decentralized platform for DeFi farming and profit distribution. 

The core components are the Controll,Strategy and Vault, which allow users to deposit their cross-chain digital assets.

These assets are transferred to a third party service Uniswap. In exchange, users are issued LP tokens that represent their claim on their deposits.

Users will be incentivized for earning staking rewards in Unipool,  and saving gas by aggregation staking.

This protocol has an external dependency. All user deposits are immediately transferred to a third-party service (like Uniswap). The system should only be used if the service is appropriately trusted.

---

## <img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Review Notes 

The scope for the Farmland-Finance protocol contains the vault,strategy and controll function.

Certain optimization steps that we pinpointed in the source code  mostly referred to coding standards and inefficiencies, however 3 minor vulnerabilities were identified during our audit that solely concerns the specification. 

Certain discrepancies between the expected specification and the implementation of it were identified and were relayed to the team, however they pose no type of vulnerability and concern an optional code path that was unaccounted for.

The project has adequate doumentation and specification outside of the source files, but the code comment coverage was minimal.

---

## <img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Recommendations

Overall, the codebase of the contracts should be refactored to assimilate the findings of this report, enforce linters and / or coding styles as well as correct any spelling errors and mistakes that appear throughout the code to achieve a high standard of code quality and security.


---

## <img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Findings

|     ID | Title                                        | Type              | Severity      |
| -----: | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------- |
| EXH-01 | Unlocked Compiler Version Declaration        | Language Specific | Informational |
| EXH-02 | Incorrect Naming Convention Utilization      | Coding Style      | Informational |
| EXH-03 | Proper Usage of "public" and "external" type | Optimization      | Informational |
| EXH-04 | Check Zero Address                           | Optimization      | Informational |
| EXH-05 | Missing Emit Events                          | Optimization      | Minor         |
| EXH-06 | Simplifying Existing Code                    | Optimization      | Informational |
| EXH-07 | Check Zero Address                           | Optimization      | Minor         |
| EXH-08 | Redundant Codes                              | Coding Style      | Informational |
| EXH-09 | Duplicated Codes                             | Coding Style      | Informational |
| EXH-10 | DAO Needed                             | Optimization      | Minor |



---
### <a name="UNP-01" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/>Exhibit-01: Unlocked Compiler Version Declaration

| Type              | Severity      | Location                                                     |
| ----------------- | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Language Sepcific | Informational | [Controller.sol, StrategyDForceDAI.sol, VaultDai.sol, StrategyCRV.sol,VaultRenbtc.sol, StrategyFortubeUsdc.sol,VaultUsdc.sol, StrategyDForceDAFortube.sol,VaultUsdt.sol](#) |

#### Description:

The compiler version utilized throughout the project uses the “^” prefix specifier, denoting that a compiler version which is greater than the version will be used to compile the contracts. Recommend the compiler version should be consistent throughout the codebase.

#### Recommendation:

It is a general practice to instead lock the compiler at a specific version rather than allow a range of compiler versions to be utilized to avoid compiler-specific bugs and be able to identify ones more easily. We recommend locking the compiler at the lowest possible version that supports all the capabilities wished by the codebase. This will ensure that the project utilizes a compiler version that has been in use for the longest time and as such is less likely to contain yet-undiscovered bugs.  

### <a name="UNP-02" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Exhibit-02:  Incorrect Naming Convention Utilization 

| Type         | Severity      | Location                                                     |
| ------------ | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Coding Style | Informational | [StrategyDForceDAI.sol L124,L132,L149,L151,L153 Controller.sol L188 StrategyCRV.sol L171,L176  StrategyFortubeUsdc.sol L161,L164 StrategyFortube.sol L161,L164](#) |

#### Description:

Solidity defines a naming convention that should be followed. In general, parameters should use mixedCase, refer to: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.16/style-guide.html#naming-conventions

Functions other than constructors should use mixedCase. 
Examples: 
Contract like:  `dRewards`,`dERC20`

Constants should use UPPER_CASE_WITH_UNDERSCORES.
Examples:
Constants like:`d`,`df`,`unirouter`,`curveminter`,`curvedeposit`

Parameter shoud use mixedCase.
Examples:
Parameter like:`_onesplit`



#### Recommendation:

The recommendations outlined here are intended to improve the readability, and thus they are 
not rules, but rather guidelines to try and help convey the most information through the names 
of things.



### <a name="UNP-03" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/>  Exhibit-03: Proper Usage of "public" and "external" type

| Type         | Severity      | Location                                                     |
| ------------ | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Optimization | Informational | [VaultDai.sol L465,Controller.sol L244,L256, VaultRenbtc.sol L391,L412,L456, VaultUsdc.sol L465,VaultUsdt.sol L465](#) |

#### Description:

"public" functions that are never called by the contract should be declared "external" . When the inputs are arrays "external" functions are more efficient than "public" functions.
Examples
Functions like : `getPricePerFullShare()` ,`inCaseTokensGetStuck`,`yearn()`,`batchDepositbtc`,`balanceOfBtc`

#### Recommendation:

Consider using the "external" attribute for functions never called from the contract. 

### <a name="UNP-04" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Exhibit-04: Check Zero Address 

| Type         | Severity      | Location                                                     |
| ------------ | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Optimization | Informational | [Controller.sol L193, StrategyDForceDAI.sol L340, VaultDai.sol L384,VaultRenbtc.sol L318, StrategyCRV.sol L340, StrategyFortubeUsdc.sol L320, VaultUsdc.sol L384, StrategyFortube.sol L319, VaultUsdt.sol L384](#) |

#### Description:

The function `setGovernance` does not verified the address before usage.


#### Recommendation:

We recommend adding below code:
`require(_governance != address(0), "Address zero is forbbiden");`
（Farmland - Resolved） The issue is addressed in commit 14f7ff47e580f2fe4944f04d69b7e90858fb94d5.



### <a name="UNP-05" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Exhibit-05: Missing Emit Events

| Type         | Severity | Location                                                     |
| ------------ | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Optimization | Minor    | [Controller.sol, StrategyDForceDAI.sol, VaultDai.sol, StrategyCRV.sol,VaultRenbtc.sol, StrategyFortubeUsdc.sol,VaultUsdc.sol, StrategyDForceDAFortube.sol,VaultUsdt.sol](#) |

#### Description:

Several sensitive actions are defined without event declarations.

1. Fucntion `setGovernance()` in all above listed contracts can change the governance of the contracts.
2. Fucntions `setMin()`, `available()` in all Vault contracts will decide the proportion of assest to be borrowed.
3. Function `inCaseTokensGetStuck()` in controller contract can transfer any amount of assets to governance in case the controller has.
4. Fucntions `setFee()`,`setCallFee()`,`setWithdrawalFee()` in all listed Strategy contracts will decide the important metrics.


#### Recommendation:

Consider adding events for sensitive actions, and emit it in the function.
（Farmland - Resolved） The issue is addressed in commit f5b0915dae971fae6c8d7ffe764da51370954cf2.

### <a name="UNP-06" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Exhibit-06: Simplifying Existing Code

| Type         | Severity      | Location                                                     |
| ------------ | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Optimization | Informational | [Controller.sol L178,L183,L188,L193,L198,L205,L210,L239,L244 StrategyDForceDAI.sol L340,L345,L349,L353,L358,L364 VaultDai.sol L379,L384,L389,L393 StrategyCRV.sol L349,L345,L350,L354,L358,VaultRenbtc.sol L313,L318,L323,L327, StrategyFortubeUsdc.sol L320,L325,L329,L333,L338,L344 VaultUsdc.sol L379, L384,L389,L393 StrategyDForceDAFortube.sol L319,L324,L328,L332,L337,L348,VaultUsdt.sol L379, L384,L389,L393](#) |

#### Description:

Consider using a modifier to replace the below same codes existing in many functions:
require(msg.sender == governance, "!governance");
Example: 

Functions  `setFactory()`, `setSplit()`, `setOneSplit()`,`setGovernance()`,`setVault()`,`setConverter()`,`setStrategy()`,`withdrawAll()`,`inCaseTokensGetStuck()` in Controller.sol.
Functions  `setGovernance()`,`setController()`,`setFee()`,`setCallFee()`,`setWithdrawalFee()`,`setLastHarvestTimestampSec()` in StrategyDForceDAI.sol.
Functions  `setMin()`,`setGovernance()`,`setController()`,`setEarnLowerlimit()` in VaultDai.sol

#### Recommendation:

Consider changing it as following example:

```Solidity
 modifier onlyGovernance() {
        require(msg.sender == governance, "!governance");
        _;
    }
```
（Farmland - Resolved） The issue is addressed in commit 14f7ff47e580f2fe4944f04d69b7e90858fb94d5.

### <a name="UNP-07" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Exhibit-07:  Check Zero Address 

| Type         | Severity | Location                |
| ------------ | -------- | ----------------------- |
| Optimization | Minor    | [Controller.sol L215](#) |

#### Description:

Function `earn()` is public, anyone can call it with any parameters.
The address of `_strategy` is not checked. If it's a zero address, assets in `Controller` will be transferred to zero address.


#### Recommendation:

We recommend adding below code:

`require(_strategy != address(0), "Strategy is not exist!");`

### <a name="UNP-08" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Exhibit-08:  Redundant Codes

| Type         | Severity      | Location                      |
| ------------ | ------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Coding Style | Informational | [Controller.sol L160,L178](#) |

#### Description:

Variable `factory` and function `setFactory()` are defined but never used.


#### Recommendation:

We recommend removing the redundant codes.
（Farmland - Resolved） The issue is addressed in commit 14f7ff47e580f2fe4944f04d69b7e90858fb94d5.

### <a name="UNP-09" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Exhibit-09:  Duplicated codes

| Type         | Severity      | Location                       |
| ------------ | ------------- | ------------------------------ |
| Optimization | Informational | [VaultRenbtc.sol L371,L395](#) |

#### Description:

There are below duplicated codes in both `withdraw` and `_checkBtcWithdrawal` :

```Solidity
    uint r = (balance().mul(_shares)).div(totalSupply());
    _burn(msg.sender, _shares);
    
    // Check balance
    uint b = token.balanceOf(address(this));
    if (b < r) {
        uint _withdraw = r.sub(b);
        Controller(controller).withdraw(address(token), _withdraw);
        uint _after = token.balanceOf(address(this));
        uint _diff = _after.sub(b);
        if (_diff < _withdraw) {
            r = b.add(_diff);
        }
    }
```

#### Recommendation:

We recommend to move the duplicated codes out of the code block and they can be replaced by one.
（Farmland - Resolved） The issue is addressed in commit 14f7ff47e580f2fe4944f04d69b7e90858fb94d5.

### <a name="UNP-10" style="display:none"> </a><img src="https://svgshare.com/i/Pp1.svg" width="40"/> Exhibit-10:  DAO needed

| Type         | Severity      | Location                       |
| ------------ | ------------- | ------------------------------ |
| Optimization | Minor | [StrategyDForceDAI.sol L247](#) |

According to the code and doc, the Farmland DAO and Timelock is not completed yet. 
Governance ownership is better to be transferred to Timelock or Farmland DAO when it is implemented.
See below function withdrawAll in StrategyDForceDAI.sol.
```Solidity
   function withdrawAll() external returns (uint balance) {

        require(msg.sender == controller, "!controller");
        _withdrawAll();
        
        
        balance = IERC20(want).balanceOf(address(this));
        
        address _vault = Controller(controller).vaults(address(want));
        require(_vault != address(0), "!vault"); // additional protection so we don't burn the funds
        IERC20(want).safeTransfer(_vault, balance);
```
This is same code as yfii <a href="https://github.com/yfii/yvault/blob/master/contracts/standard/StrategyDForce.sol">
StrategyDForce.sol</a>. But it is possible to avoid the check by setting controller to a new address. Then the balance can be transferred to a fake vault.


#### Recommendation:

We recommend to use multi-sig wallet as governor to ensure the security of user assets. 
Consider adding an event for `setController()`, and emit it in the function.

(Farmland - Response) Governance ownership will be transferred to the planning Timelock.






