# 通貨膨脹和股價的關係 聽說最近「通貨膨脹」(簡稱:通膨)很嚴重,我想知道哪些企業得利於通膨,並反映在股價上呢? 在回答這個問題前,需要先回答「前置問題」和提出一些「基本假設」。 ## 前置問題 1. 通膨是什麼時候開始的?(when) 2. 是什麼造成通膨?(what) ## 假設 ### 0.通膨原因 1. 中國持續的清零政策造成供應鏈緊繃 2. 烏俄戰爭造成糧食(烏)與能源(俄)供應受限,推升糧食與能源價格。 ### 1.「零售產業」相較全市場會得利於通膨 ### 2. 特定公司具有代表性,可以反應「零售產業」的景氣。 進一步研究時,發現有兩個指數比單一公司更可代表零售業景氣,分別是 1. S&P Retail Select Industry Index (註1) 2. Retail Sales Index (RSI) (註2) 前者是從S&P TMI (註3)選出的零售產業公司,為等權重市值指數(註4)。後者由VOGS(value of goods sold)計算得出。 ### 3.不能算是假設,但我想知道一些代表性公司股價變化 拜表性公司就從我狹隘的眼光來選: 1. 來美後每兩週去一次的Target(TGT) 2. 在台灣時就持續支持的Costco(COST) 3. 據說是龍頭的Walmart(WMT) ### 4. 選用 The S&P Total Market Index (TMI)代表全市場景氣 要比較零售市場和全市場,勢必要選擇一個能代表市場的指標。其實本來想用S&P500代表市場(直覺),但後來發現另個指數:The S&P Total Market Index (TMI),雖然兩者差異僅為25%小微型企業,但是S&P Retail Select Industry Index編列做法是直接從TMI中篩選出零售產業,因此兩者更有可比性。 ## 驗證 ### 0. 通膨 #### 通膨指標&何時發生 通貨膨脹最常見的指標為「美國消費者物價指數」[CPI](註4),下圖為CPI自2002到2022的各類商品的價格變化走勢。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/7MQzigl.png) [[source](https://www.bls.gov/charts/consumer-price-index/consumer-price-index-by-category-line-chart.htm)] 細看2022年每個月的數據可以看到自2021年11月至今(2022/09)成長了7.5%,2022年通膨創下美國40年來新高(註5)。 <iframe src='https://d3fy651gv2fhd3.cloudfront.net/embed/?s=unitedstaconpriindcp&v=202210131401V20220312&d1=20211102&h=300&w=600' height='300' width='800' frameborder='0' scrolling='no'></iframe><br />source: <a href='https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/consumer-price-index-cpi'>[tradingeconomics.com]</a> 如果取最近1個月來看,可以看到能源價格漲勢遠高於其他類別。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/dCOv0Og.png) [[source](https://www.bls.gov/charts/consumer-price-index/consumer-price-index-by-category-line-chart.htm)] #### 通膨生成原因 根據CNBC報導,CPI-U(註6)高升的原因可以分為: 1. increases in household demand 2. supply-chain shortages due to the pandemic 3. the war in Ukraine 4. the presence of a strong labor market 漲幅最大的類別: 1. gasoline/energy YoY成長 41.6% 2. shelter YoY成長 5.6% 3. food YoY成長 10.4% 上述三者占比超過CPI的54%,因此大幅推升CPI。 關於油價上漲,我本來直覺認為是俄羅斯因開站後供應短缺,後來發現西方國家制裁俄羅斯、禁止進口俄羅斯產的石油也進一步推升油價。 ### 1. 零售指數走勢 v.s. 全市場指數走勢 ![](https://i.imgur.com/t6gmniJ.png) 初步看來通膨並沒有讓零售指數表現優於全市場。 [[source](https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/tc/indices/equity/sp-retail-select-industry-index/#overview)] ### 2. 代表性公司股價變化 & 個股差異 ![](https://i.imgur.com/IpTHOM4.png) [[source](https://www.google.com/finance/quote/WMT:NYSE?comparison=NYSE%3ATGT%2CNASDAQ%3ACOST&window=YTD)] 註1:S&P Retail Select Industry Index The S&P Retail Select Industry Index represents the retail sub-industry portion of the S&P TMI. The S&P TMI tracks all the U.S. common stocks listed on the NYSE, AMEX, NASDAQ National Market, and NASDAQ Small Cap exchanges. The Retail Index is an equal-weighted market cap index. [[source](https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/indices/equity/sp-retail-select-industry-index/#overview)] 註2:Retail Sales Index (RSI) The Index of Retail Sales is a quarterly measure of the value of goods sold by retailers based on a sampling of retail stores of different types and sizes. It is an important indicator of movements in retail trade and is computed using the total receipts of a sample of retail establishments. [[source](https://cso.gov.tt/subjects/economic-indicators/retail-sales-index-rsi/)] 註3:The S&P Total Market Index (TMI) is designed to track the broad equity market, including large-, mid-, small-, and micro-cap stocks. The S&P 500® and the S&P Completion Index are subsets of the S&P TMI. [[source](https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/indices/equity/sp-total-market-index-tmi/#overview)] 註4:意思是無論公司市值大小,賦予每支股票相同權重。An equal-weighted index is a stock market index – comprised of a group of publicly traded companies – that invests an equal amount of money in the stock of each company that makes up the index. Thus, the performance of each company's stock carries equal importance in determining the total value of the index. [[source](https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/equities/equal-weighted-index/)] 註4:美國消費者物價指數(Consumer Price Index, CPI),是普遍用來觀察一國通膨的指標,同時也是各國央行制定貨幣政策的重要觀察數據。[[source](https://www.macromicro.me/charts/10/cpi)] 註5: 金融時報報導[[source](https://www.ft.com/content/b91996b3-79b2-4f41-acc9-651a0952008f)] 註6:Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, measuring price changes within a theoretical basket of goods and services for urban consumers, including food, apparel and automobiles, among other categories. [[source](https://www.cnbc.com/select/why-is-inflation-so-high/)]