# Python Tutorial
Billy Su (@Billy4195)
----
## About me
Billy Su(蘇炳立) --- GitHub:[Billy4195](https://github.com/Billy4195)
* 交大資工大四
* 自由軟體愛好者
* 吃飯工具
* Python
* C/C++
* 2016 7~8月 普安科技實習
* 2017 7~8月 聯發科技實習
---
投影片參考[wdv4758h/Python-Introduction](https://github.com/wdv4758h/Python-Introduction)的內容
___
內容主要包含基本常用的東西，但不包含所有操作。
---
## Outline
### Introduction to Python
### Guess number game(猜數字遊戲 4A0B)
---
## Introduction
----
### What is Python?
----
## History
Python 是一個由 Guido van Rossum 在 1991 年 2 月釋出的程式語言， 發展至今大約過了 20 餘年， 廣泛使用於科學計算、網頁後端開發、系統工具等地方
Python 是源自於當時 Guido van Rossum 觀賞的 BBC 喜劇 「Monty Python's Flying Circus」
----
## Features
* 直譯式
* 物件導向
* 高階語言
----
## Python2 & Python3
Python3在2008年12月3日首次釋出，與Python2不相容。
***Python2*** 將在2020年後停止維護
所以～學新的比較潮(?)
---
## Installation
----
### Ubuntu
`$ sudo apt-get install python3`
----
### Centos
```
$ sudo yum install yum-utils
$ sudo yum-builddep python
$ curl -O https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.5.0/Python-3.5.0.tgz
$ tar xf Python-3.5.0.tgz
$ cd Python-3.5.0
$ ./configure
$ make
$ sudo make install
```
----
### Windows
[零基礎學網頁爬蟲 01_安裝Python環境](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23Rtl8GVZkc&list=PLS6ActuqbfA2bSOZV35MVpsVFvd6xxlzn&index=2)
----
### Mac OSX
`$ brew install python3`
---
## Start
```python=
>>> print("Hello World!")
Hello World!
```
---
## Variable
----
A space for storing data
----
Example
```python=
>>> x = 123
>>> x
123
>>> y = 3.14
>>> y
3.14
```
----
Data types
* int
* float
* str
* list
* dict
* ...
----
## How to know the data type?
### `type()`
```python=
>>> type(1)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(1.5)
<class 'float'>
>>> type("Hello")
<class 'str'>
>>> type([1,2,3])
<class 'list'>
```
----
## list() element access
```python=
>>> friends = ["Joe","John","Jack"]
>>> friends[0]
Joe
>>> friends[2]
Jack
```
---
## Comments
```python=
>>> #This is a comment
>>> print("Hello World!")
Hello World!
```
---
## Arithemathic Operation
----
### Integer(整數運算)
```python=
>>> 1 + 1
2
>>> 1 - 1
0
>>> 3 * 4
12
>>> 4 // 2
2
>>> 5 % 3
2
```
----
### Floating Point(浮點數、小數運算)
```python=
>>> 1.1 + 1.2
2.3
>>> 1.5 - 3.5
-2.0
>>> 5.0 * 3.0
15.0
>>> 4.0 / 1.5
2.666666666665
>>> 6 / 3
2.0
```
----
Power (指數運算)
```python=
>>> 5 ** 2
25
>>> 5 ** 0.5 #5的平方根
2.23606797749979
>>> 27 ** (1/3) # 27的立方根
```
----
```python=
>>> x = 5
>>> x += 1
>>> x
6
>>> x += 4
>>> x
10
>>> x *= 2
>>> x
20
```
----
### String(字串)
```python=
>>> msg = "Hello" + " world!"
>>> msg
Hello world!
```
----
### List(列表)
```python=
>>> [2,3] + [4,6]
[2,3,4,6]
```
---
## Relational Operation
----
```python=
>>> 1 < 2
True
>>> 1 > 2
False
>>> 1 == 2
False
>>> 1 != 2
True
>>> 1 >= 2
False
>>> 1 <= 2
True
```
---
## Logical Operation
----
```python=
>>> x = 5
>>> y = 12
>>> x >= 1 and x <= 10
True
>>> y <= 10 or y >= 15
False
>>> not True
False
>>> not False
True
```
---
## Standard input & output
----
### Output
```python=
>>> print(5)
5
>>> x = 60
>>> print(x)
60
>>> y = "Hello"
>>> print(y)
Hello
>>> print(y * 4)
HelloHelloHelloHello
```
----
### Input
```python=
>>> x = input("Input something: ")
Input something: 123
>>> print(x)
123
>>> x = input("Input something: ")
Input something: Something
>>> print(x)
Something
```
---
## `If-else` Statement
```python=
>>> score = input("Enter your score: ")
Enter your score: 92
>>> if score >= 60:
>>> print("Passed")
>>> else:
>>> print("Failed")
Passed
>>> if score >= 90:
>>> print("Excellent!")
>>> elif score >= 60:
>>> print("Passed")
>>> else:
>>> print("Failed")
Excellent!
```
---
## `for` Loop Statement
```python=
>>> friends = ['John','Jack','Joe']
>>> for person in friends:
>>> print(person)
John
Jack
Joe
```
---
## `while` Loop Statment
```python=
>>> F = input("Input x for calculating x! --- ")
Input x for calculating x! --- 5
>>> i = 1
>>> result = 1
>>> while i <= int(F):
>>> result *= i
>>> i += 1
>>> print(result)
120
```
---
## Function
```python=
>>> def plus1(input):
>>> return input+1
>>> print(plus1(5))
6
```
---
## Module
Hello.py
```python=
def print_Hello():
print("Hello")
```
main.py
```python=
import Hello
Hello.print_Hello()
```
----
### Install module
`pip3 install <Module name>`
----
### Using Standard Library
```python=
import random
print(random.choice([1,2,3,4,5]))
```
---
## 寫遊戲囉！
猜數字~
----
## 出題目
從 0-9選出四個隨機排列的數字
用 ***random*** module
```python=
import random
def generate_problem():
candidate = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
candidate = random.sample(candidate,4)
return candidate
```
----
## 主要結構
```python=8
problem = generate_problem()
print(problem)
guess = input("Input your guess: ")
result = check_correct(problem,guess)
print( "{}A{}B".format(result[0],result[1]) )
if result[0] == 4:
print("Congratulation! Your guess is correct.")
else:
print("Wrong answer. Try again :)")
```
----
## 怎麼確認答案對不對
```python=
def check_correct(problem,guess):
for idx1,num in enumerate(problem):
print(idx,num)
```
----
```python=
def check_correct(problem,guess):
print(guess,type(guess))
for idx1,num in enumerate(problem):
print(idx,num)
```
----
```python=
def check_correct(problem,guess):
for idx2,digit in enumerate(guess):
print(idx,digit,type(digit))
for idx1,num in enumerate(problem):
print(idx,num)
```
----
## 把string換成integer
```python=
>>> s = "123"
>>> int(s)
123
```
----
```python=
def check_correct(problem,guess):
for idx2,digit in enumerate(guess):
print(idx,type(int(digit)))
for idx1,num in enumerate(problem):
print(idx,num)
```
----
## 怎麼確認答案正不正確
確認答案的每一個數字有沒有在猜測的數字裡</br>
再確認位置是不是正確的
```python=
def check_correct(problem,guess):
for idx1,num in enumerate(problem):
for idx2,digit in enumerate(guess):
if num == digit:
print("Match")
```
----
```python=
def check_correct(problem,guess):
A = 0
B = 0
for idx1,num in enumerate(problem):
for idx2,digit in enumerate(guess):
if num == digit:
if idx1 == idx2:
A += 1
else:
B += 1
return [A,B]
```
----
## 只能猜一次XD
用while loop解決
```python=
game_over = False
problem = generate_problem()
print(problem)
while not game_over:
guess = input("Input your guess: ")
result = check_correct(problem,guess)
print("{}A{}B".format(result[0],result[1]))
if result[0] == 4:
print("Congratulation! Your guess is correct.")
game_over = True
else:
print("Wrong answer. Try again :)")
```
----
```python=
import random
def generate_problem():
candidate = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
candidate = random.sample(candidate,4)
return candidate
```
----
```python=8
def check_correct(problem,guess):
A=0
B=0
for idxP,num in enumerate(problem):
for idxG,digit in enumerate(guess):
if int(digit) == num:
if idxP == idxG:
A += 1
else:
B += 1
return [A,B]
```
----
```python=19
game_over = False
problem = generate_problem()
print(problem)
while not game_over:
guess = input("Input your guess: ")
result = check_correct(problem,guess)
print("{}A{}B".format(result[0],result[1]))
if result[0] == 4:
print("Congratulation! Your guess is correct.")
game_over = True
else:
print("Wrong answer. Try again :)")
```
---
## More about Python
* 網頁爬蟲
* [零基礎學網頁爬蟲-Python3.6.1](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS6ActuqbfA2bSOZV35MVpsVFvd6xxlzn)
* Python3文件(找工具好去處)
* [Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/)
* Stack Overflow(Copy & Paste寫程式？)
* [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/)
* Reddit Python(外國PTT)
* [Python Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/)
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