# Postmodernism

* 'post': **'anti'** and **'post'**- a reflection on modernism
* 'anti' : 現代性危機
* 量子力學對物理學的衝擊：湧現理論，混沌理論，分形幾何
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#
* The term *postmodern* was first used in 1870 (depart from Impressionism);
Compete with modernism in the late 1950s and gained ascendancy over it in the 1960s
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# Postmodernism in Design
Development
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--- **Architecture**

* 《Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture》([Robert Venturi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Venturi),1966)*

>Challenge Mies van der Rohe "Less is more": "**Less is a bore**"


>**Claim for richness, ambiguity**
>
> "A valid architecture evokes many levels of meaning and combinations of focus
> ..It must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy unity
> of exclusion. (Which means) More is not less."

>**後現代主義特徵：文脈主義 隱喻主義 裝飾主義**
>#
* *《Language of Post Architecture》 ([Charles Jencks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jencks),1977)*
> **後現代主義建築語言：語義學-隱喻 符號-歷史記憶 對現有文化的尊重 大眾化**

[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanna_Venturi_House)

#
--- **Design**
>
* Sottsass and Memphis Group
> “設計必須走出工業需要或計畫之下的沈悶機械論，從而步入一個充滿可能性與實際性的寬闊大道。”
> --Sottsass
#
* *《Design Now》 (Fischer,1980)*
> **後現代時期(Post-Modern)的六種派別**（工業產品設計為例）：
>High-tech(?)，
>Trans High-tech, Alchimia & Memphis,
>Post-Modernism,
>Minimalism, Archetypes, (post-post)

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Post-Modernism in Product Design
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#
-- exemplified in "**table culrue**", "living environment"
-- 調和豐富與曖昧
-- 歷史主義（“Retro”style）和裝飾主義（Art Deco）的美學立場
* 【Venturi】 combining contrasting attitudes----strata(階級), mind
> 

* [【Michael Graves】](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Graves)
less specific; reveal the milky palette of the post-modern colour sense
>

#
--對歷史風格(archive)的抽取和拼貼(Pop Art)，並對其進行戲謔、反諷、娛樂性的重述
* “雅痞（yuppies）哲學”

> <pl.201 202/ 204 206 208/ 207 209 210>

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Discussion
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--形式美？
- Difficult to mix and balance ！

> <pl.211 212 213 215/ 214 216 217>
> 
> 

- Is it Superfacial Pluralism ?
#
--新藝術風格、後現代風格、當代異形風格的關係？
>“大自然沒有一條線是直的”-分形幾何- 阿拉伯圖騰；20C 新藝術運動；解構主義、異形建築...
>
[Casa Batlló](https://www.gooood.cn/mapping-living-architecture-casa-batllo-refik-anadol.htm), [Antoni Gaudí](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E8%BF%AA)

[Louvre Abou Dabi](https://www.gooood.cn/louvre-abu-dhabi-a-new-architectural-landmark-by-jean-nouvel.htm), Jean Nouvel

*Frank Gehry and The Bilbao Effect
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