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# System prepended metadata

title: 3.4 CIDOC CRM

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---
title: "3.4 CIDOC CRM"
---

# CIDOC CRM
The core of ArchOnto, providing the concepts and properties to capture archival records’ essential features, e.g., event, date, location, person, group. The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a theoretical and practical tool for information integration in the field of cultural heritage.
Next will be presented the CIDOC CRM [classes](#classesCIDOC) and [properties](#propertiesCIDOC) used in ArchOnto.

### <span id="classesCIDOC">**Classes**

- [E3 Condition State](#E3)
- [E5 Event](#E5)
- [E7 Activity](#E7)
- [E8 Acquisition](#E8)
- [E9 Move](#E9)
- [E10 Transfer of Custody](#E10)
- [E12 Production](#E12)
- [E21 Person](#E21)
- [E22 Human-Made Object](#E22)
- [E31 Document](#E31)
- [E32 Authority Document](#E32)
- [E33 Linguistic Object](#E33)
- [E34 Inscription](#E34)
- [E35 Title](#E35)
- [E41 Appellation](#E41)
- [E42 Identifier](#E42)
- [E52 Time-Span](#E52)
- [E53 Place](#E53)
- [E54 Dimension](#E54)
- [E55 Type](#E55)
- [E56 Language](#E56)
- [E57 Material](#E57)
- [E58 Measurement Unit](#E58)
- [E65 Creation](#E65)
- [E66 Formation](#E66)
- [E67 Birth](#E67)
- [E68 Dissolution](#E68)
- [E69 Death](#E69)
- [E74 Group](#E74)
- [E85 Joining](#E85)
- [E86 Leaving](#E86)
- [E96 Purchase](#E96)

|<span id="E3">E3 Condition State |
|-|
|This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span.<br> An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object or feature during a specific instance of E52 Time Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain condition can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held.<br>The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the instance of E3 Condition State “condition of the SS Great Britain between 22 September 1846 and 27 August 1847” can be characterized as an instance “wrecked” of E55 Type.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E2 Temporal Entity|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P5 consists of (forms part of): Ε3 Condition State|
|**Example values**:<br>- the "reconstructed" state of the “Amber Room” in Tsarskoje Selo from summer 2003 until now (Owen, 2009)<br>- the "ruined" state of Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg from 1944 to 1946 (Maddox, 2015)|

<br>

|<span id="E5">E5 Event|
|-|
|This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles.<br>While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations.<br>The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event.<br>While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience.<br>Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analyzed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the size of the phenomena. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy overall effect and are thus not instances of E5 Event.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E4 Period|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E7 Activity<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence<br>- E64 End of Existence|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor<br>- P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item |
|**Example values**:<br>- the birth of Cleopatra (E67) (Pomeroy, 1984)<br>- the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6) (Camardo, 2013)|

<br> 

|<span id="E7">E7 Activity|
|-|
|This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.<br>This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E5 Event|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E8 Acquisition<br>- E9 Move<br>- E10 Transfer of Custody<br>- E11 Modification<br>- E13 Attribute Assignment<br>- E65 Creation<br>- E66 Formation<br>- E85 Joining<br>- E86 Leaving<br>- E87 Curation Activity|
|**Related properties**:<br>-  P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor<br>- (P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type)<br>- P15 was influenced by (influenced): E1 CRM Entity<br>- P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing<br>- (P16.1 mode of use: E55 Type)<br>- P17 was motivated by (motivated): E1 CRM Entity<br>- P19 was intended use of (was made for): E71 Human-Made Thing<br>- (P19.1 mode of use: E55 Type)<br>- P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of): E5 Event<br>- P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type<br>- P32 used general technique (was technique of): E55 Type<br>- P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure<br>- P125 used object of type (was type of object used in): E55 Type<br>- P134 continued (was continued by): E7 Activity|
|**Example values**:<br>- the Battle of Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993)<br>- the Yalta Conference (Harbutt, 2010)<br>- my birthday celebration 28-6-1995|
    
<br>

|<span id="E8">E8 Acquisition|
|-|
|This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor.<br>The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of right. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:<br>**1.** the beginning of ownership<br>**2.** the end of ownership<br>**3.** the transfer of ownership<br>**4.** the acquisition from an unknown source<br>**5.** the loss of title due to destruction of the item<br>It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E7 Activity|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E96 Purchase|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P22 transferred title to (acquired title through): E39 Actor<br>- P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through): E39 Actor<br>- P24 transferred title of (changed ownership through): E18 Physical Thing |
|**Example values**:<br>- the collection of a hammer-head shark of the genus Sphyrna Rafinesque, 1810 (Carchariniformes) by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on March 25th, 1940. (Steinbeck, 2000)<br>- the loss of my stuffed chaffinch ‘Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758’ due to insect damage last year (fictitious)|

<br> 

|<span id="E9">E9 Move|
|-|
|This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object.<br>Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E7 Activity|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P25 moved (moved by): E19 Physical Object<br>- P26 moved to (was destination of): E53 Place<br>- P27 moved from (was origin of): E53 Place |
|**Example values**:<br>- the relocation of London Bridge from the UK to the USA. (Wildfang, 2005)<br>- the movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15th September and 2nd November 2019.|

<br> 

|<span id="E10">E10 Transfer of Custody|
|-|
|This class comprises transfers of the physical custody or the legal responsibility for the physical custody of objects. The recording of the donor or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient.<br>Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:<br>**1.** the beginning of custody (there is no previous custodian)<br>**2.** the end of custody (there is no subsequent custodian)<br>**3.** the transfer of custody (transfer from one custodian to the next)<br>**4.** the receipt of custody from an unknown source (the previous custodian is unknown)<br>**5.** the declared loss of an object (the current or subsequent custodian is unknown)<br>In the event that only a single kind of transfer of custody occurs, either the legal responsibility for the custody or the actual physical possession of the object but not both, this difference should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of).<br>The sense of physical possession requires that the object of custody be in the hands of the keeper at least with a part representative for the whole. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.<br>The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.<br>Theft is a specific case of illegal transfer of custody.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E7 Activity|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through): E39 Actor<br>- P29 custody received by (received custody through): E39 Actor<br>- P30 transferred custody of (custody transferred through): E18 Physical Thing|
|**Example values**:<br>- the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery<br>- the return of Picasso’s “Guernica” to Madrid’s Prado in 1981 (Chipp, 1988)|

<br> 

|<span id="E12">E12 Production |
|-|
|This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items.<br>It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one.<br>This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event.<br>An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.|
|**Superclass**: <br>- E11 Modification <br>- E63 Beginning of Existence|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P108 has produced (was produced by): E24 Physical Human-Made Thing<br>- P186 produced thing of product type (is produced by): E99 Product Type|
|**Example values**:<br>- the construction of the SS Great Britain (Gregor, 1971)<br>- the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen (Dewey, 2003)|

<br> 

|<span id="E21">E21 Person|
|-|
|This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.<br>Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.<br>In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae.|
|**Superclass**: <br>- E20 Biological Object <br>- E39 Actor|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P152 has parent (is parent of): E21 Person |
|**Example values**: <br>- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)<br>-  Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006)|

<br> 

|<span id="E22">E22 Human-Made Object|
|-|
|This class comprises all persistent physical objects of any size that are purposely created by human activity and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.<br>The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E19 Physical Object<br>- E24 Physical Human-Made Thing|
|**Example values**:<br>- the Rosetta Stone (E22)<br>- the Portland Vase (Walker, 2004) |

<br> 

|<span id="E31">E31 Document|
|-|
|This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality.<br>These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as instances of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the concept “document” in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E73 Information Object|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E32 Authority Document|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P70 documents (is documented in): E1 CRM Entity |
|**Example values**:<br>- the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32) (Kogan, 1958)<br>- the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36)|

<br> 

|<span id="E32">E32 Authority Document|
|-|
|This class comprises encyclopaedia, thesauri, authority lists and other documents that define terminology or conceptual systems for consistent use.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E31 Document|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P71 lists (is listed in): E1 CRM Entity|
|**Example values**:<br>- Webster's Dictionary (Herbert, 1994)<br>- Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (Getty Trust, 1990)<br>- the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (Gergatsoulis et al., 2010)|

<br> 

|<span id="E33">E33 Linguistic Object |
|-|
|This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages.<br>Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g., as written texts, recorded speech or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.<br>In general, an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base.<br>In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E73 Information Object|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E34 Inscription<br>- E35 Title|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P72 has language (is language of): E56 Language<br>- P73 has translation (is translation of): E33 Linguistic Object|
|**Example values**:<br>- the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019)<br>- the lyrics of the song "Blue Suede Shoes" (Cooper, 2008)<br>- the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981)|

<br> 

|<span id="E34">E34 Inscription|
|-|
|This class comprises recognisable, texts attached to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.<br>The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CIDOC CRM as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.<br>The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E18 Physical Thing. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Objec|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E33 Linguistic Object<br>- E37 Mark|
|**Example values**:<br>- "keep off the grass" [on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College, Oxford, UK]<br>- the text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 (Mommsen, 1872)<br>- "Kilroy was here"|
    
<br> 

|<span id="E35">E35 Title|
|-|
|This class comprises textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music.<br>Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting” or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.<br>This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E33 Linguistic Object<br>- E41 Appellation|
|**Example values**:<br>- “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005)<br>- “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006)|

<br> 

|<span id="E41">E41 Appellation |
|-|
|This class comprises signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class or category within a certain context<br>Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but instead by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of E41 Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes<br>Different languages may use different appellations for the same thing, such as the names of major cities. Some appellations may be formulated using a valid noun phrase of a particular language. In these cases, the respective instances of E41 Appellation should also be declared as instances of E33 Linguistic Object. Then the language using the appellation can be declared with the property P72 has language: E56 Language.<br>Instances of E41 Appellation may be used to identify any instance of E1 CRM Entity and sometimes are characteristic for instances of more specific subclasses E1 CRM Entity, such as for instances of E52 Time-Span (for instance “dates”), E39 Actor, E53 Place or E28 Conceptual Object. Postal addresses and E-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients.<br>Even numerically expressed identifiers for extents in space or time are also regarded as instances of E41 Appellation, such as Gregorian dates or spatial coordinates, even though they allow for determining some time or location by a known procedure starting from a reference point and by virtue of that fact play a double role as instances of E59 Primitive Value.<br>E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E90 Symbolic Object|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E35 Title<br>- E42 Identifier<br>- E61 Time Primitive<br>- E94 Space Primitive<br>- E95 Spacetime Primitive|
|**Example values**:<br>- "Martin"<br>- “Aquae Sulis Minerva”<br>- "the Merchant of Venice" (E35)|

<br> 

|<span id="E42">E42 Identifier |
|-|
|This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E41 Appellation|
|**Example values**:<br>- "MM.GE.195"<br>- "13.45.1976"<br>- "OXCMS: 1997.4.1"|

<br> 

|<span id="E52">E52 Time-Span|
|-|
|This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end and a duration.<br>Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “timeline” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning.<br>Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which we can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies.<br>Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span.<br>When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E1 CRM Entity|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P79 beginning is qualified by: E62 String<br>- P80 end is qualified by: E62 String<br>- P81 ongoing throughout: E61 Time Primitive<br>- P82 at some time within: E61 Time Primitive<br>- P86 falls within (contains): E52 Time-Span<br>- P191 had duration (was duration of): E54 Dimension|
|**Example values**:<br>- 1961<br>- 14h30 - 16h22 4th July 1945<br>- 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999<br>- duration of the Ming Dynasty (Chan, 2011)|

<br> 

|<span id="E53">E53 Place|
|-|
|This class comprises extents in space, in particular on the surface of the earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter.<br>The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objetcts. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame.<br>It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance.<br>Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E1 CRM Entity|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P89 falls within (contains): E53 Place<br>- P121 overlaps with: E53 Place<br>- P122 borders with: E53 Place<br>- P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for): E18 Physical Thing<br>- P168 place is defined by (defines place): E94 Space Primitive<br>- P171 at some place within: E94 Space Primitive<br>- P172 contains: E94 Space Primitive<br>- P189 approximates (is approximated by): E53 Place|
|**Example values**:<br>- the extent of the UK in the year 2003<br>- the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring|

<br> 

|<span id="E54">E54 Dimension |
|-|
|This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc.<br>An instance of E54 Dimension represents the true quantity, independent from its numerical approximation, e.g. in inches or in cm. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of instances of E54 Dimension. If the true values belong to a non-discrete space, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that interoperability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions.<br>Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension as appropriate.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E1 CRM Entity|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E97 Monetary Amount|
|**Related properties**: <br>- P90 has value: E60 Number<br>- P91 has unit (is unit of): E58 Measurement Unit|
|**Example values**:<br>- The 250 metric ton weight of the Luxor Obelisk<br>- The 5.17 m height of the statue of David by Michaelangelo|

 <br> 

|<span id="E55">E55 Type |
|-|
|This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes.<br>E55 Type is the CIDOC CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E28 Conceptual Object|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E56 Language<br>- E57 Material<br>- E58 Measurement Unit<br>- E99 Product Type|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type<br>- P150 defines typical parts of (define typical wholes for): E55 Type|
|**Example values**:<br>- eight, length, depth [types of E54]<br>- portrait, sketch, animation [types of E38]<br>- French, English, German [E56]<br>- excellent, good, poor [types of E3]|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E56">E56 Language |
|-|
|This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts.<br>This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g.: “instances of Mandarin Chinese”.<br>It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639-1:2002 and later versions.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E55 Type|
|**Example values**:<br>- ell [Greek]<br>- eng [English]<br>- epo [Esperanto]|

<br> 

|<span id="E57">E57 Material |
|-|
|This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials<br>Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing).<br>This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g.: “instances of gold”.<br>It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E55 Type|
|**Example values**:<br>- Brick (Gurcke, 1987)<br>- Gold (Watson, 1990)<br>- Aluminium (Norman, 1986)|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E58">E58 Measurement Unit|
|-|
|This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc.<br>This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g.: “instances of cm”.<br>Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E55 Type|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E98 Currency|
|**Example values**:<br>- cm [centimetre]<br>- A [Ampere]<br>- GRD [Greek Drachme] (Daniel, 2014) (E98)|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E">E65 Creation|
|-|
|This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E7 Activity<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence|
|**Subclasses**:<br>- E83 Type Creation|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P94 has created (was created by): E28 Conceptual Object|
|**Example values**:<br>- the framing of the U.S. Constitution (Farrand, 1913)<br>- the drafting of U.N. resolution 1441 (United Nations Security Council, 2002)|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E66">E66 Formation|
|-|
|This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation or nation.<br>E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective. The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formation and E85 Joining.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E7 Activity<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence|
|**Related properties**:<br>-P95 has formed (was formed by): E74 Group<br>- P151 was formed from (participated in): E74 Group|
|**Example values**:<br>- the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group<br>- the formation of the Soviet Union (Pipes, 1964)|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E67">E67 Birth|
|-|
|This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living being).<br>Twins, triplets etc. are typically brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. The introduction of E67 Birth as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood with the intervention of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the birth.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P96 by mother (gave birth): E21 Person<br>- P97 from father (was father for): E21 Person<br>- P98 brought into life (was born): E21 Person|
|**Example values**:<br>- The birth of Alexander the Great (Stoneman, 2004)|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E68">E68 Dissolution|
|-|
|This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an instance of E74 Group.<br>If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an instance of E7 Activity.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E64 End of Existence|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P99 dissolved (was dissolved by): E74 Group|
|**Example values**:<br>- the fall of the Roman Empire (Whittington, 1964)<br>- the liquidation of Enron Corporation (Atlas, 2001)|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E69">E69 Death|
|-|
|This class comprises the deaths of human beings.<br>If a person is killed, the death should be documented as an instance of both E69 Death and E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented asinstances of E64 End of Existence.|
|**Superclass**: <br>- E64 End of Existence|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P100 was death of (died in): E21 Person|
|**Example values**:<br>- the murder of Julius Caesar (E69, E7) (Irwin, 1935)<br>- the death of Senator Paul Wellstone (Monast and Tao, 2002)|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E74">E74 Group |
|-|
|This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e., a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group.<br>A gathering of people becomes an instance of E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an instance of E74 Group. Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E39 Actor|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of): E39 Actor<br>- (P107.1 kind of member: E55 Type)|
|**Example values**:<br>- the impressionists (Wilson, 1994)<br>- the Navajo (Correll, 1972)<br>- the Greeks (Williams, 1993)|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E85">E85 Joining|
|-|
|This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor becoming a member of an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party.<br>Typical scenarios include becoming a member of a social organisation, becoming employee of a company, marriage, the adoption of a child by a family and the inauguration of somebody into an official position.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E7 Activity|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P143 joined (was joined by): E39 Actor<br>- P144 joined with (gained member by) E74 Group<br>- (P144.1 kind of member: E55 Type)|
|**Example values**:<br>- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (Gleick,2003)<br>- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (Butson, 1986)<br>- The implementation of the membership treaty between EU and Denmark, 1st January 1993|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E86">E86 Leaving|
|-|
|This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party.<br>Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E7 Activity|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P145 separated (left by) E39 Actor<br>- P146 separated from (lost member by) E74 Group|
|**Example values**:<br>- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (Gleick, 2003)<br>- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (Jones, 1979)<br>- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland’s membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland February 1st 1985|
    
 <br> 

|<span id="E96">E96 Purchase|
|-|
|This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more different instances of E39 Actor, where the transferring party is completely compensated by the payment of a monetary amount. In more detail, a purchase agreement establishes a fixed monetary obligation at its initialization on the receiving party, to the giving party. An instance of E96 Purchase begins with the contract or equivalent agreement and ends with the fulfilment of all contractual obligations. In the case that the activity is abandoned before both parties have fulfilled these obligations, the activity is not regarded as an instance of E96 Purchase.<br>This class is a very specific case of the much more complex social business practices of exchange of goods and the creation and satisfaction of related social obligations. Purchase activities which define individual sales prices per object can be modelled by instantiating E96 Purchase for each object individually and as part of an overall instance of E96 Purchase transaction.|
|**Superclass**:<br>- E8 Acquisition|
|**Related properties**:<br>- P179 had sales price (was sales price of): E97 Monetary Amount|
|**Example values**:<br>- the purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18th September 1895 in Thessaloniki (Syrmas, 1896)|

### <span id="propertiesCIDOC">**Properties**
    
- [P1 is identified by](#P1)
- [P2 has type](#P2)
- [P3 has note](#P3)
- [P4 has time-span](#P4)
- [P5 consists of](#P5)
- [P7 took place at](#P7)   
- [P8 took place on or within](#P8)    
- [P9 consists of](#P9)    
- [P11 had participant](#P11)    
- [P12 occurred in the presence of](#P12)
- [P14 carried out by](#P14)    
- [P14.1 in the role of](#P14_1)
- [P17 was motivated by](#P17)
- [P20 had specific purpose](#P20)
- [P24 transferred title of ](#P24)
- [P25 moved](#P25)    
- [P26 moved to](#P26)
- [P28 custody surrendered by ](#P28)
- [P29 custody received by](#P29)
- [P30 transferred custody of](#P30)
- [P43 has dimension](#P43)
- [P44 has condition](#P44)
- [P45 consists of](#P45)
- [P46 is composed of](#P46)
- [P48 has preferred identifie](#P48)
- [P49 has former or current keepe](#P49)
- [P50 has current keeper](#P50)
- [P53 has former or current location](#P53)
- [P54 has current permanent location](#P54)
- [P67 refers to](#P67)
- [P70 documents](#P70)
- [P71 lists](#P71)
- [P72 has language](#P72)
- [P74 has current or former residence](#P74)
- [P89 falls within](#P89)
- [P90 has value](#P90)
- [P91 has unit](#P91)
- [P94 has created](#P94)
- [P95 has formed](#P95)
- [P96 by mother](#P96)
- [P97 from father](#P97)    
- [P98 brought into life](#P98)
- [P99 dissolved](#P99)
- [P100 was death of](#P100)
- [P102 has title](#P102)    
- [P106 is composed of](#P106)    
- [P107 has current or former member](#P107)
- [P108 has produced](#P108)
- [P121 overlaps with](#121)
- [P122 borders with](#122)
- [P128 carries](#P128)
- [P129 is about](#P129)
- [P130 shows features of](#P130)
- [P134 continued](#P134)
- [P143 joined](#P143)
- [P144 joined with](#P144)    
- [P145 separated](#P145)    
- [P146 separated from](#P146)    
- [P151 was formed from](#P151)
- [P173 starts before or with the end of](#P173)
- [P183 ends before the start of](#P183)

    
|<span id="P1">P1 is identified by|
|-|
|This property links a CIDOC CRM class to a DataObject class to validate existing fields|
|**Domain**: E1 CRM Entity|
|**Range**: E41 Appellation|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier<br>- E71 Human-Made Thing. P102 has title (is title of): E35 Title<br>- E53 Place. P168 place is defined by (defines place): E94 Space Primitive<br>- E95 Spacetime Primitive. P169i spacetime volume is defined by: E92 Spacetime Volume<br>- E61 Time Primitive. P170i time is defined by: E52 Time Span|
|**Inverse**: P1 identifies|
|**Example values**:<br>- The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017)<br>- Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P2">P2 has type|
|-|
|This property allows sub typing of CIDOC CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.<br>The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.|
|**Domain**: E1 CRM Entity |
|**Range**: E55 Type|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E1 CRM Entity. P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by): E55 Type<br>- E13 Attribute Assignment. P177 assigned property of type: E55 Type |
|**Inverse**: P2 is type of|
|**Example values**:<br>- “enquiries@cidoc-crm.org” (E41) has type e-mail address (E55). (fictitious)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P3">P3 has note|
|-|
|This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CRM constructs.<br>In particular it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance etc.<br>Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g. "construction", "decoration" etc.<br>An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item.|
|**Domain**: E1 CRM Entity|
|**Range**: E62 String|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- P3.1 has type: E55 Type|
|**Example values**:<br>- coffee mug - OXCMS:1983.1.1 (E19) has note "chipped at edge of handle" (E62) has type Condition (E55) (fictitious)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P4">P4 has time-span|
|-|
|This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E52 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to an identical declarations or events.|
|**Domain**: E2 Temporal Entity|
|**Range**: E52 Time-Span|
|**Inverse**: P4 is time-span of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52)|

<br> 
    
|<span id="P5">P5 consists of|
|-|
|This property describes the decomposition of an instance of E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states.<br>It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole - although the entire story may not be completely known – and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay.<br>This property is transitive.|
|**Domain**: Ε3 Condition State|
|**Range**: Ε3 Condition State|
|**Inverse**: P5 forms part of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The Condition State of the ruined Parthenon (E3) consists of the bombarded state after the explosion of a Venetian shell in 1687 (E3). (Mommsen, 1941)|

<br> 
    
|<span id="P7">P7 took place at|
|-|
|This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period.<br>The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837- 1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations.<br>It is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place. E4 Period is a subclass of E92 Spacetime Volume. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections, that is, instances of E53 Place. Something happening at a given place can also be considered to happen at a larger place containing the first. For example, the assault on the Bastille July 14th 1789 took place in the area covered by Paris in 1789 but also in the area covered by France in 1789.|
|**Domain**: E4 Period|
|**Range**: E53 Place|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E92 Spacetime Volume. P161 has spatial projection (is spatial projection of): E53 Place|
|**Inverse**: P7 witnessed|
|**Example values**:<br>- The period “Révolution française” (E4) took place at the area covered by France in 1789 (E53). (Bertaud, 2004)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P8">P8 took place on or within|
|-|
|This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an instance of E19 Physical Object.<br>P8 took place on or within (witnessed) is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from ‘E4 Period’ through ‘P7 took place at’, ‘E53 Place’, ‘P156i is occupied by’, to ‘E18 Physical Thing’.<br>It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant.<br>For example, the French and German armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11 November 1918.|
|**Domain**: E4 Period|
|**Range**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Inverse**: P8 witnessed|
|**Example values**:<br>- The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (E7) took place on or within Westminster Abbey (E18). (Strong, 2005)|
    

<br> 
    
|<span id="P9">P9 consists of|
|-|
|This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore, the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former.<br>This property is transitive and non-symmetric.|
|**Domain**: E4 Period|
|**Range**: E4 Period|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E92 Spacetime Volume. P10i contains: E92 Spacetime Volume|
|**Inverse**: P9 forms part of|
|**Example values**:<br>- Cretan Bronze Age (E4) consists of Middle Minoan (E4). (Hood, 1971)|
    

<br> 
    
|<span id="P11">P11 had participant|
|-|
|This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event.<br>It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during thecourse of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide us with constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e., instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.<br>The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.|
|**Domain**: E5 Event|
|**Range**: E39 Actor|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E7 Activity. P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor<br>- E67 Birth. P96 by mother (gave birth): E21 Person<br>- E68 Dissolution. P99 dissolved (was dissolved by): E74 Group<br>- E85 Joining. P143 joined (was joined by): E39 Actor<br>- E85 Joining. P144 joined with (gained member by): E74 Group<br>- E86 Leaving. P145 separated (left by): E39 Actor<br>- E86 Leaving. P146 separated from (lost member by): E74 Group<br>- E66 Formation. P151 was formed from (participated in): E74 Group|
|**Inverse**: P11 participated in|
|**Example values**:<br>- Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018)<br>- Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P12">P12 occurred in the presence of|
|-|
|This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role.<br>It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide us with constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.|
|**Domain**: E5 Event|
|**Range**: E77 Persistent Item|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor<br>- E7 Activity. P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing<br>- E9 Move. P25 moved (moved by): E19 Physical Object<br>- E11 Modification. P31 has modified (was modified by): E18 Physical Thing<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77 Persistent Item<br>- E64 End of Existence. P93 took out of existence (was taken out of existence by): E77 Persistent Item<br>- E80 Part Removal. P113 removed (was removed by): E18 Physical Thing|
|**Inverse**: P12 was present at|
|**Example values**:<br>- Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008)|

<br> 
    
|<span id="P14">P14 carried out by|
|-|
|This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity.<br>It implies causal or legal responsibility.|
|**Domain**: E7 Activity|
|**Range**: E39 Actor|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E8 Acquisition. P22 transferred title to (acquired title through): E39 Actor<br>- E8 Acquisition. P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through): E39 Actor<br>- E10 Transfer of Custody. P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through): E39 Actor<br>- E10 Transfer of Custody. P29 custody received by (received custody through): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P14 performed|
|**Example values**:<br>- The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michaelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P14_1">P14.1 in the role of|
|-|
|The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation|
|**Domain**: PC14 Carried Out By|
|**Range**: E55 Type|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P17">P17 was motivated by|
|-|
|This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the instance of E7 Activity.<br>For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from headquarters can start a military manoeuvre.|
|**Domain**: E7 Activity|
|**Range**: E1 CRM Entity|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E7 Activity. P15 was influenced by (influenced): E1 CRM Entity|
|**Inverse**: P17 motivated|
|**Example values**:<br>- The resignation of the chief executive (E7) was motivated by the collapse of SwissAir (E68).<br>- The coronation of Elizabeth II (E7) was motivated by the death of George VI (E69). (Strong,2005)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P20">P20 had specific purpose|
|-|
|This property identifies the relationship between a preparatory activity, an instance of E7 Activity and the instance of E5 Event it is intended to be preparation for.<br>This includes activities, orders and other organisational actions, taken in preparation for other activities or events.<br>P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) implies that an activity succeeded in achieving its aim. If it does not succeed, such as the setting of a trap that did not catch anything, one may document the unrealized intention using P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type and/or P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure.|
|**Domain**: E7 Activity|
|**Range**: E5 Event|
|**Inverse**: P20 was purpose of|
|**Example values**:<br>- Van Eyck’s pigment grinding in 1432 (E7) had specific purpose the painting of the Ghent altar piece (E12). (Borchert, 2008)|
    

<br> 
    
|<span id="P24">P24 transferred title of|
|-|
|This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing involved in an instance of E8 Acquisition.<br>In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item.|
|**Domain**: E8 Acquisition|
|**Range**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Inverse**: P24 changed ownership through|
|**Example values**:<br>- The acquisition of the Amoudrouz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title of the Amoudrouz Collection (E78).|

<br> 
    
|<span id="P25">P25 moved|
|-|
|This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object.<br>The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.|
|**Domain**: E9 Move|
|**Range**: E19 Physical Object|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item|
|**Inverse**: P25 moved by|
|**Example values**:<br>- Monet ́s “Impression sunrise” (E22) moved by preparations for the First Impressionist Exhibition (E9)|

<br> 
    
|<span id="P26">P26 moved to|
|-|
|This property identifies a destination, an instance of E53 place, of an instance of E9 Move.<br>A move will be linked to a destination, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many terminal instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes a distribution of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).<br>Therefore, the described destination is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.|
|**Domain**: E9 Move|
|**Range**: E53 Place|
|**Inverse**: P26 was destination of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The movement of the exhibition "Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh" between 15th of September and 2nd of November 2019 (E9) moved to the Saatchi Gallery London (E53).|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P28">P28 custody surrendered by|
|-|
|This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.<br>The property will typically describe an Actor  surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily – through accident, loss or theft.<br>In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both|
|**Domain**: E10 Transfer of Custody|
|**Range**: E39 Actor|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E7 Activity. P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P28 surrendered custody through|
|**Example values**:<br>- The Secure Deliveries Inc. crew (E74) surrendered custody through The delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P29">P29 custody received by|
|-|
|This property identifies the instance(s) E39 Actor who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.<br>The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally – through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.<br>In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.|
|**Domain**: E10 Transfer of Custody|
|**Range**: E39 Actor|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E7 Activity. P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P29 received custody through|
|**Example values**:<br>- Representatives of The National Gallery (E74) received custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).|

<br> 
    
|<span id="P30">P30 transferred custody of|
|-|
|This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing concerned in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.<br>The property will typically describe the object that is handed over by an instance of E39 Actor to to the custody of another instance of E39 Actor. On occasion, physical custody may be transferred involuntarily or illegally – through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.|
|**Domain**: E10 Transfer of Custody|
|**Range**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Inverse**: P30 custody transferred through|
|**Example values**:<br>- The delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10) transferred custody of paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E19).|

<br> 
    
|<span id="P43">P43 has dimension|
|-|
|This property records a E54 Dimension of some E70 Thing.<br>In the case that the recorded property is a result of a measurement of an instance of E18 Physical Thing, this property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P39i was measured by, E16 Measurement, P40 observed dimension to E54 Dimension.<br>It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom. Knowledge about an instance of E54 Dimension need not be the result of a measurement; it may be the result of evaluating data or other information, which should be documented as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment.<br>An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing.|
|**Domain**: E70 Thing|
|**Range**: E54 Dimension|
|**Inverse**: P43 is dimension of|
|**Example values**:<br>- Silver cup 232 (E22) has dimension height of silver cup 232 (E54). [which has unit (P91) mm (E58), has value (P90) 224 (E60) ] (fictitious)|   

<br> 
    
|<span id="P44">P44 has condition|
|-|
|This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing.<br>This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom.<br>An instance of Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.|
|**Domain**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Range**: Ε3 Condition State|
|**Inverse**: P44 is condition of|
|**Example values**:<br>- Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)|

<br> 
    
|<span id="P45">P45 consists of|
|-|
|This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed.<br>All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material.<br>A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances.|
|**Domain**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Range**: E57 Material|
|**Inverse**: P45 is incorporated in|
|**Example values**:<br>- Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P46">P46 is composed of|
|-|
|This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole.<br>Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.<br>This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.<br>The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).<br>This property is transitive and non-reflexive.|
|**Domain**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Range**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E19 Physical Object. P56 bears feature (is found on): E26 Physical Feature|
|**Inverse**: P46 forms part of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22).<br>- The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24).|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P48">P48 has preferred identifier|
|-|
|This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded.<br>More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time.<br>Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance. <br>The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property.|
|**Domain**: E1 CRM Entity|
|**Range**: E42 Identifier|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E1 CRM Entity. P1 is identified by (identifies): E41 Appellation|
|**Inverse**: P48 is preferred identifier of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P49">P49 has former or current keeper|
|-|
|This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.<br>The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current.<br>This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor.|
|**Domain**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Range**: E39 Actor|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E18 Physical Thing. P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of): E39 Actor<br>- E78 Curated Holding. P109 has current or former curator (is current or former curator of): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P49 is former or current keeper of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74).|

<br> 
    
|<span id="P50">P50 has current keeper|
|-|
|This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.<br>This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time.|
|**Domain**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Range**: E39 Actor|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E18 Physical Thing. P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P50 is current keeper of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P53">P53 has former or current location|
|-|
|This property identifies an instance of E53 Place as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing.<br>In the case of instances of E19 Physical Object, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the instance of E19 Physical Object was located at this instance of E53 Place, nor if this is the current location.<br>In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation.<br>This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, though, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to or P27 moved from to E53 Place.|
|**Domain**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Range**: E53 Place|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E19 Physical Object. P55 has current location (currently holds): E53 Place<br>- E18 Physical Thing. P156 occupies (is occupied by): E53 Place|
|**Inverse**: P53 is former or current location of|
|**Example values**:<br>- Silver cup 232 (E22) has former or current location Display Case 4, Room 23, Museum of Oxford (E53) (fictitious)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P54">P54 has current permanent location|
|-|
|This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.<br>P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 hascurrent location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location.|
|**Domain**: E19 Physical Object|
|**Range**: E53 Place|
|**Inverse**: P54 is current permanent location of|
|**Example values**:<br>- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P67">P67 refers to|
|-|
|This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.|
|**Domain**: E89 Propositional Object|
|**Range**: E1 CRM Entity|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E29 Design or Procedure. P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material<br>- E31 Document. P70 documents (is documented in): E1 CRM Entity<br>- E32 Authority Document. P71 lists (is listed in): E1 CRM Entity<br>- E89 Propositional Object. P129 is about (is subject of): E1 CRM Entity<br>- E36 Visual Item. P138 represents (has representation): E1 CRM Entity|
|**Inverse**: P67 is referred to by|
|**Example values**:<br>- The eBay auction listing of 4th July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P70">P70 documents|
|-|
|This property describes the CRM Entities documented as instances of E31 Document<br>Documents may describe any conceivable entity, hence the link to the highest-level entity in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. This property is intended for cases where a reference is regarded as making a proposition about reality. This may be of a documentary character, in the scholarly or scientific sense, or a more general statement|
|**Domain**: E31 Document|
|**Range**: E1 CRM Entity|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E89 Propositional Object. P67 refers to (is referred to by): E1 CRM Entity|
|**Inverse**: P70 is documented in|
|**Example values**:<br>- The ‘Catalogue of the Greek coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia’ (E31) documents parts of the British Museum’s Collection (E78). (British Museum & Hill, 1922)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P71">P71 lists|
|-|
|This property associates an instance of E32 Authority Document, with an instance of E1 CRM Entity which it lists for reference purposes|
|**Domain**: E32 Authority Document|
|**Range**: E1 CRM Entity|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E89 Propositional Object. P67 refers to (is referred to by): E1 CRM Entity|
|**Inverse**: P71 is listed in|
|**Example values**:<br>- The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (E32) lists alcazars (E55). (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300006897)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P72">P72 has language|
|-|
|This property associates an instance(s) of E33 Linguistic Object with an instance of E56 Language in which it is, at least partially, expressed.<br>Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human Languages. This property allows these languages to be documented.|
|**Domain**: E33 Linguistic Object|
|**Range**: E56 Language|
|**Inverse**: P72 is language of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The American Declaration of Independence (E33) has language 18th Century English (E56). (Perley, 2017)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P74">P74 has current or former residence|
|-|
|This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor.<br>The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.|
|**Domain**: E39 Actor|
|**Range**: E53 Place|
|**Inverse**: P74 is current or former residence of|
|**Example values**:<br>- Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P89">P89 falls within|
|-|
|This property identifies an instance of E53 Place that falls wholly within the extent of another instance of E53 Place.<br>It addresses spatial containment only and does not imply any relationship between things or phenomena occupying these places.<br>This property is transitive and reflexive|
|**Domain**: E53 Place|
|**Range**: E53 Place|
|**Inverse**: P89 contains|
|**Example values**:<br>- The area covered by the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge (E53) falls within the area of Salisbury Plain (E53). (Pryor, 2016)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P90">P90 has value|
|-|
|This property allows an instance of E54 Dimension to be approximated by an instance of E60 Number primitive.|
|**Domain**: E54 Dimension|
|**Range**: E60 Number|
|**Example values**:<br>- The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has value 226 (E60). (fictitious)<br>- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30th March 1987 (E97) has value 24,750,000 (E60)|
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P91">P91 has unit|
|-|
|This property shows the type of unit an instance of E54 Dimension was expressed in.|
|**Domain**: E54 Dimension|
|**Range**: E58 Measurement Unit|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E97 Monetary Amount. P180 has currency: E98 Currency|
|**Inverse**: P91 is unit of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has unit mm (E58). (fictitious)|   
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P94">P94 has created|
|-|
|This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it.<br>It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.|
|**Domain**: E65 Creation|
|**Range**: E28 Conceptual Object|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77 Persistent Item|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E83 Type Creation. P135 created type (was created by): E55 Type|
|**Inverse**: P94 was created by|
|**Example values**:<br>- The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012)| 

<br> 
    
|<span id="P95">P95 has formed|
|-|
|This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded.|
|**Domain**: E66 Formation|
|**Range**: E74 Group|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77 Persistent Item|
|**Inverse**: P95 was formed by|
|**Example values**:<br>- The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74).|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P96">P96 by mother|
|-|
|This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of birth-giving mother.<br>Note that biological fathers are not necessarily participants in the Birth (see P97 from father (was father for)). The instance of EP21 Person being born is linked to the instance of E67 Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.|
|**Domain**: E67 Birth|
|**Range**: E21 Person|
|**Subproperty of**: <br>- E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P96 gave birth|
|**Example values**:<br>- The birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) by mother Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (E21). (Parker, 2002)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P97">P97 from father|
|-|
|This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of biological father.<br>Note that biological fathers are not seen as necessary participants in the birth, whereas birth-giving mothers are (see P96 by mother (gave birth)). The Person being born is linked to theBirth with the property P98 brought into life (was born).<br>This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.<br>An instance of E67 Birth is normally (but not  always) associated with one biological father.|
|**Domain**: E67 Birth|
|**Range**: E21 Person|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77 Persistent Item|
|**Inverse**: P97 was father for|
|**Example values**:<br>- King George VI (E21) was father for the birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67). (Parker, 2002)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P98">P98 brought into life|
|-|
|This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring.<br>Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.|
|**Domain**: E67 Birth|
|**Range**: E21 Person|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77 Persistent Item|
|**Inverse**: P98 was born|
|**Example values**:<br>- The Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21). (Parker, 2002)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P99">P99 dissolved|
|-|
|This property associates the instance of E68 Dissolution with the instance of E74 Group that it disbanded.|
|**Domain**: E68 Dissolution|
|**Range**: E74 Group|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor<br>- E64 End of Existence. P93 took out of existence (was taken out of existence by): E77 Persistent Item|
|**Inverse**: P99 was dissolved by|
|**Example values**:<br>- The end of The Hole in the Wall Gang (E68) dissolved The Hole in the Wall Gang (E74). (Patterson, 1998)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P100">P100 was death of|
|-|
|This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died.<br>An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster.<br>This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people|
|**Domain**: E69 Death|
|**Range**: E21 Person|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E64 End of Existence. P93 took out of existence (was taken out of existence by): E77 Persistent Item|
|**Inverse**: P100 died in|
|**Example values**:<br>- Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P102">P102 has title|
|-|
|This property associates an instance of E35 Title has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing.<br>The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc.<br>It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind.|
|**Domain**: E71 Human-Made Thing|
|**Range**: E35 Title|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E1 CRM Entity. P1 is identified by (identifies): E41 Appellation|
|**Inverse**: P102 is title of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982)<br>- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020)<br>- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P106">P106 is composed of |
|-|
|This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.<br>This property is transitive and non-reflexive.|
|**Domain**: E90 Symbolic Object|
|**Range**: E90 Symbolic Object|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E73 Information Object. P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E90 Symbolic Object|
|**Inverse**: P106 forms part of|
|**Example values**:<br>- This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33).<br>- ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90).|    
    
<br> 
    
|<span id="P107">P107 has current or former member|
|-|
|This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof.<br>Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person, may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member.<br>This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor.<br>The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.|
|**Domain**: E74 Group|
|**Range**: E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P107 is current or former member of|
|**Example values**:<br>- Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012)<br>- National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971)<br>- The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member<br>- Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P108">P108 has produced|
|-|
|This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production.<br>The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.|
|**Domain**: E12 Production|
|**Range**: E24 Physical Human-Made Thing|
|**Subproperty of**: - E11 Modification. P31 has modified (was modified by): E18 Physical Thing<br>- E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77 Persistent Item|
|**Inverse**: P108 was produced by|
|**Example values**:<br>- The building of Rome (E12) has produced Τhe Colosseum (E24). (Hopkins & Beard, 2011)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P121">P121 overlaps with|
|-|
|This symmetric property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place geometrically overlapping it.<br>It does not specify anything about the shared area. This property is purely spatial. It does not imply that phenomena that define, by their extent, places related by P121 overlaps with have ever covered a common area at the same time or even coexisted. In contrast, spatiotemporal overlaps described by P132 spatiotemporally overlaps are the total of areas simultaneously covered by the related spacetime volumes.<br>This property is symmetric.|
|**Domain**: E53 Place|
|**Range**: E53 Place|
|**Example values**:<br>- The territory of the United States as in 2020 (E53) overlaps with the Arctic (E53). (Gannett et al., 1904)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P122">P122 borders with|
|-|
|This symmetric property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53
Place which shares a part of its border.<br>This property is purely spatial. It does not imply that the phenomena that define, by their extent, places related by P122 borders with have ever shared a respective border at the same time or even coexisted. In particular, this may be the case when the respective common border is formed by a natural feature.<br>This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric.|
|**Domain**: E53 Place|
|**Range**: E53 Place|
|**Example values**:<br>- Scotland in its 1603 borders (E53) borders with England in its 1603 borders (E53). (Crofton, 2015)|
        
<br> 
    
|<span id="P128">P128 carries|
|-|
|This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature.<br>Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.|
|**Domain**: E18 Physical Thing|
|**Range**: E90 Symbolic Object|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E70 Thing. P130 shows features of (features are also found on): E70 Thing|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. P65 shows visual item (is shown by): E36 Visual Item|
|**Inverse**: P128 is carried by|
|**Example values**:<br>- Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious)|
           
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|<span id="P129">P129 is about|
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|This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity.<br>This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.|
|**Domain**: E89 Propositional Object|
|**Range**: E1 CRM Entity|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E89 Propositional Object. P67 refers to (is referred to by): E1 CRM Entity|
|**Inverse**: P129 is subject of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001)|
    
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|<span id="P130">P130 shows features of|
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|This property generalises the notions of "copy of" and "similar to" into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns.<br>The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”.<br>If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e., that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc. This property is not transitive.|
|**Domain**: E70 Thing|
|**Range**: E70 Thing|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E33 Linguistic Object. P73i is translation of: E33 Linguistic Object<br>- E18 Physical Thing. P128 carries (is carried by): E90 Symbolic Object|
|**Inverse**: P130 features are also found on|
|**Example values**:<br>- Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954)|
        
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|<span id="P134">P134 continued|
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|This property associates two instances of E7 Activity, where the domain is considered as an intentional continuation of the range. A continuation of an activity may happen when the continued activity is still ongoing or after the continued activity has completely ended. The continuing activity may have started already before it decided to continue the other one.<br>Continuation implies a coherence of intentions and outcomes of the involved activities.<br>This property is not transitive.|
|**Domain**: E7 Activity|
|**Range**: E7 Activity|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E7 Activity. P15 was influenced by (influenced): E1 CRM Entity<br>- E2 Temporal Entity. P176i starts before the start of (starts after the start of): E2 Temporal Entity|
|**Inverse**: P134 was continued by|
|**Example values**:<br>- The construction of the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral) , abandoned in the 15th century (E7), was continued by construction in the 19th century (E7). [The construction in the 19th century adapted the initial plans so as to preserve the intended appearance.] (Wolff, 1999)|
    
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|<span id="P143">P143 joined|
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|This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.<br>Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).|
|**Domain**: E85 Joining|
|**Range**: E39 Actor|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P143 was joined by|
|**Example values**:<br>- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)|
        
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|<span id="P144">P144 joined with|
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|This property identifies the instance of E74 Group of which an instance of E39 Actor becomes a member through an instance of E85 Joining.<br>Although a joining activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which becoming member of one Group implies becoming member of another Group as well.<br>Joining events allow for describing people becoming members of a group with a more detailed path from E74 Group through, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of)|
|**Domain**: E85 Joining|
|**Range**: E74 Group|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P144 gained member by|
|**Example values**:<br>- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)|
        
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|<span id="P145">P145 separated|
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|This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86 Leaving.|
|**Domain**: E86 Leaving|
|**Range**: E39 Actor|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P145 left by|
|**Example values**:<br>- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated George Washington (E21). (Unger, 2015)|
        
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|<span id="P146">P146 separated from|
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|This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving.<br>Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.|
|**Domain**: E86 Leaving|
|**Range**: E74 Group|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P146 lost member by|
|**Example values**:<br>- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015)|
        
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|<span id="P151">P151 was formed from|
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|This property associates an instance of E66 Formation with an instance of E74 Group from which the new group was formed preserving a sense of continuity such as in mission, membership or tradition.|
|**Domain**: E66 Formation|
|**Range**: E74 Group|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor|
|**Inverse**: P151 participated in|
|**Example values**:<br>- The formation of the House of Bourbon-Conti in 1581 (E66) was formed from House of Condé (E74). (Collectif & Musée d'art et d'histoire Louis-Senlecq, 1900)|
        
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|<span id="P173">P173 starts before or with the end of|
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|This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.<br>In other words, if A=[Astart, Aend] and B=[Bstart, Bend], we mean Astart ≤ Bend is true.<br>This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173–P176, P182–P185.<br>This property corresponds to the disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, met-by, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}.|
|**Domain**: E2 Temporal Entity|
|**Range**: E2 Temporal Entity|
|**Superproperty of**:<br>- E2 Temporal Entity. P174 starts before the end of (ends after the start of): E2 Temporal Entity|
|**Inverse**: P173 ends after or with the start of|
|**Example values**:<br>- The legendary run from Marathon to Athens 490BC (E7) starts before or with the end of The Battle of Marathon 490BC (E7)|
        
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|<span id="P183">P183 ends before the start of|
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|This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.<br>In other words, if A=[Astart, Aend] and B=[Bstart, Bend], we mean Aend<Bstart is true.<br>This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173–P176, P182–P185.<br>This property corresponds to the following Allen temporal relation (Allen, 1983) : {before}.|
|**Domain**: E2 Temporal Entity|
|**Range**: E2 Temporal Entity|
|**Subproperty of**:<br>- E2 Temporal Entity. P182 ends before or withat the start of (starts after or with the end of): E2 Temporal Entity|
|**Inverse**: P183 starts after the end of|
|**Example values**:<br>- Troy VII (E4) ends before the start of Troy VIII (E4). [uninhabited for some 200 years]|