---
# System prepended metadata

title: Residential Design Codes Volume 1
tags: [WA, ' Code']

---

---
tags: WA, Code
---

# Residential Design Codes Volume 1

## Part 1 Preliminary

### 1.1 Citation
This state planning policy is made under section 26 of the Planning and Development Act 2005. This policy is cited as State Planning Policy 7.3 Residential Design Codes Volume 1 or R-Codes Volume 1.

### 1.2 Purpose of the R-Codes
The purpose of the R-Codes is to provide a comprehensive basis for the control of residential development throughout Western Australia. 


### 1.3 General objectives of the R-Codes Volumne 1
The R-Codes Volume 1 have the following objectives.

#### 1.3.1 Objectives for residential development
1. To provide residential development of an appropriate design for the intended residential purpose, density, context of place and scheme objectives.
2. To encourage design consideration of the social, environmental and economic opportunities possible from new housing and an appropriate response to local amenity and place.
3. To encourage design which considers and respects heritage and local culture.
4. To facilitate residential development which offers future residents the opportunities for better living choices and affordability.

#### 1.3.2 Objectives for the planning governance and development process
1. To encourage design which is responsive to site, size and geometry of the development site.
2. To allow variety and diversity as appropriate where it can be demonstrated this better reflects context or scheme objectives.
3. To ensure clear scope for scheme objectives to influence the assessment of proposals.
4. To ensure certainty in timely assessment and determination of proposals applied consistently across State and local government.

#### 1.3.3 Application of objectives
In assessing and determining proposals for residential development the decision-maker shall have regard to the above general objectives, and any objectives provided in the R-Codes and the scheme.

### 1.4 Application of the R-Codes
The R-Codes apply to all residential development throughout Western Australia. 

R-Codes Volume 1 and associated tables and figures apply to:
- all single houses;
- all grouped dwellings; and
- multiple dwellings in areas with a coding of less than R40.

For multiple-dwelling developments in areas with a coding of R40 or greater, mixed use development and activity centres refer to R-Codes Volume 2. Part 7 applies to the local planning framework. Throughout this document, words written in bold print have a corresponding definition listed in Appendix 1.

### 1.5 Explanatory guidelines
The Western Australian Planning Commission (WAPC) may prepare more detailed explanatory guidelines on the matters addressed in the R-Codes Volume 1, in consultation with local government and relevant stakeholders, to meet the objectives of the R-Codes Volume 1 and, if prepared, these should be taken into account in the determination of proposals. 

The guidelines, which may be amended from time to time provide advice and guidance to assist interpretation and assessment of proposals against the design principles and/or deemed-to-comply provisions of the R-Codes Volume 1.

# Part 2 – R-Codes Volumne 1 approval process

## 2.1 R-Codes Volume 1 approval process

### 2.1.1
The R-Codes Volume 1 approval process is illustrated in the process flowchart below. This process flowchart has been designed as a guide for all decision-makers, developers and proponents using R-Codes Volume 1.

![](https://i.imgur.com/B7yawyQ.png)

### 2.1.2
Where development approval is required under a scheme a development application shall be lodged with the relevant decision-maker for assessment and making a determination.

### 2.1.3
All applications for development approval must provide all necessary details required under the scheme for the decision-maker to assess the proposal, including details where the application complies and does not comply with R-Code Volume 1 requirements.

### 2.1.4 
All residential development is to comply with the requirements of the R-Codes. 
Approval under and in accordance with the R-Codes Volume 1 is required if the proposed residential development: 
1. does not satisfy the deemed-to-comply provisions of Part 5 of R-Codes Volume 1 as appropriate; or 
2. proposes to address a design principle of Part 5 of R-Codes Volume 1 which therefore requires the exercise of judgement by the decision-maker. 

Approvals under Part 6 of the R-Codes have been replaced with R-Codes Volume 2. Refer to R-Codes Volume 2 for further information.

## 2.2 Single house approval 

### 2.2.1 
A proposal for a single house that meets the deemed-to-comply provisions of R-Codes Volume 1 does not require development approval, unless otherwise required by the scheme or clause 2.3. 

### 2.2.2 
Where a proposal for a single house*: 
1. does not satisfy the deemed-to-comply provisions; and 
2. proposes to address a design principle of Part 5 of R-Codes Volume 1; 
an application for development approval under the scheme shall be made and determined prior to the issuing of a building permit. 

Note: 
*includes the erection or extension to a single house, ancillary dwelling, outbuilding, external fixture, boundary wall or fence, patio, pergola, veranda, garage, carport or swimming pool – refer to schedule 2, clause 61 (c) and (d) of the Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015 (as amended). *

## 2.3 Planning approval for single houses on small lots 
Development approval is required for the erection of a single house on any lot smaller than 260m2, except where the single house complies with a structure plan or local development plan. 

## 2.4 Judging merit of proposals 
Where a proposal does not meet deemed-to-comply provision(s) of the R-Codes Volume 1 and addresses design principle(s), the decision-maker is required to exercise judgement to determine the proposal. 

Judgement of merit is exercised only for specific element(s) of a proposal which do not satisfy the relevant deemed-to-comply provision(s). 

## 2.5 Exercise of judgement 

### 2.5.1 
Subject to clauses 2.5.2 and 2.5.3, the decision-maker is to exercise its judgement to consider the merits of proposals having regard to objectives and balancing these with the consideration of design principles provided in the R-Codes Volume 1. 

The decision-maker, in its assessment of a proposal that addresses the design principle(s), should not apply the corresponding deemed-to-comply provision(s).6

### 2.5.2 
In making a determination on the suitability of a proposal, the decision-maker shall exercise its judgement, having regard to the following: 
1. any relevant purpose, objectives and provisions of the scheme; 
2. any relevant objectives and provisions of the R-Codes Volume 1; 
3. a provision of a local planning policy adopted by the decision-maker consistent with and pursuant to the R-Codes Volume 1; and 
4. orderly and proper planning. 

### 2.5.3 
The decision-maker shall not vary the minimum or average site area per dwelling requirements set out in Table 1 (except as provided in the R-Codes Volume 1 or the scheme). 

### 2.5.4 
The decision-maker shall not refuse to grant approval to an application where the application satisfies the deemed-to-comply provisions of the R-Codes Volume 1and the relevant provisions of the scheme and any relevant local planning policy. 

### 2.5.5 
For the purpose of the R-Codes Volume 1, a structure plan, local development plan or local planning policy, will only be a relevant consideration in the exercise of judgement where it is: 
1. specifically sanctioned by a provision of the R-Codes Volume 1; 
2. consistent with the design principles of the R-Codes Volume 1; and 
3. consistent with the objectives of the R-Codes Volume 1. 7

# Part 3 - Accompanying information

## 3.1 Applications for development approval 
Where: 
1. development approval is required under the scheme; 
2. the proposed development requires the decision-maker to exercise its judgement in respect to the R-Codes; or 
3. development approval is required by clause 2.3; 

an application shall be made to the decision-maker on the appropriate application for development approval form (refer to schedule 2, clause 62 and 86 of the Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015 (as amended). 

## 3.2 Information requirements 

### 3.2.1 
Unless otherwise required under the scheme, applications for residential development shall be supported with information about the development site, the proposed development, and adjoining properties contained in an existing site analysis plan, a proposed development site plan and drawings in accordance with the application information matrix below. 

### 3.2.2 
The application information matrix indicates which information for certain types of applications: 
1. shall be provided to support the application as denoted by “l” in the matrix; 
2. may be required to be provided, at the discretion of the decision-maker, dependent on the nature of an application, as denoted “ ” in the matrix; or 
3. may be required for an application which proposes to apply one or more design principle(s), as denoted “*” in the matrix. 
Notwithstanding the information requirements set out in clause 3.2, additional supporting information may be required under certain circumstances as outlined in clause 3.3. 

### 3.2.3 
An existing site analysis plan(s) shall be provided at a scale of not less than 1:200 containing the information outlined in the application information matrix relevant to the application type. 

### 3.2.4 
A proposed development site plan(s) (which may be combined with the site analysis plan at the discretion of the decision-maker as set out in clause 3.2.3) shall be provided at a scale of not less than 1:200 containing the information requirements, as outlined in the application information matrix relevant to the application type. 

### 3.2.5 

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Application information

"•" shall be provided to support the application

"◊" may be required to be provided, at the discretion of the decision-maker,
dependent on the nature of an application

"♦" may be required for an application which proposes to apply one or more
design principle(s)
</td>
			<td colspan="7">Application type</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single house</td>
			<td>Grouped dwelling</td>
			<td>Multiple dwellings (land coded
less than R40)</td>
			<td>Aged and dependent persons’
dwellings</td>
			<td>Single bedroom dwellings</td>
			<td>Ancillary dwellings</td>
			<td>Outbuildings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="9">1. Site analysis plan showing the following:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a</td>
			<td>street name, lot number and address</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>b</td>
			<td>north point and scale bar</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>c</td>
			<td>all site boundaries and area dimensions and street frontages</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>d</td>
			<td>existing levels to an established datum, preferably using Australian Height Datum (AHD), contours at maximum
intervals of 0.5m and spot levels at all boundaries at intervals no greater than 5m</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>e</td>
			<td>the position and dimensions, setback distances both horizontal and vertical, of existing buildings, retaining
walls and other structures</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>f</td>
			<td>the position, type, and size of any existing tree exceeding 3m and/or significant landscaping features</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>g</td>
			<td>the street verge, including footpaths, street trees, crossovers, truncations, power poles and any services such as
telephone, gas, water and sewerage in the verge</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>◊</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>h</td>
			<td>the location of all service connections</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i</td>
			<td>the location of any easement or piped service traversing the site and any sewer or sewer connection point
servicing the site</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>j</td>
			<td>the location of any access restrictions such as road islands adjacent to the site</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>k</td>
			<td>the position of any adjoining and existing buildings that might affect, or be affected by, the proposed
development, including the position of the proposed development, levels and position of
habitable room windows, and designated locations of outdoor living areas</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>l</td>
			<td>exposure of the site to prevailing winds</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m</td>
			<td>any impacted view-lines of significance related to the streetscape and to and from public places</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n</td>
			<td>streetscape elevations (i.e. photographs and/or drawings of adjoining development) showing any existing
buildings on-site and on the adjoining sites, showing height, roof and wall materials, windows and roof pitch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>o</td>
			<td>a cadastral base identifying all lots located within the street block on which the site is located as well as the lots
on the opposite side of the street and location, height, street setback and land use of all buildings located on
these lots</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p</td>
			<td>any listed heritage places and landmarks within close proximity to the development</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>q</td>
			<td>location of retail and community services and public open spaces within 800m walkable catchment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td>◊</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>r</td>
			<td>location of train station on high frequency rail route (800m walkable catchment) and bus stops on
high frequency bus route (250m walkable catchment)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td>•</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>


## 3.3 Supporting information requirements 
The following additional supporting information shall be provided under certain planning circumstances to enable proper assessment by the decision-maker. 
 
### 3.3.1 
Where a component of the proposal proposes to apply one or more design principle(s) of R-Codes Volume 1, it is necessary to assess that component of the design against the relevant design principle(s). Additional supporting information shall include: 
1. identification of all design elements that are not deemed-to-comply; and 
2. written justification as to how the application/ proposal meets the design principles and objectives of the R-Codes Volume 1 and any relevant scheme and local planning policy objectives and requirements. 

### 3.3.2 
Where an existing heritage place or site is listed on any Commonwealth, State or local heritage register, municipal heritage inventory or is otherwise listed under the scheme, and is proposed to be demolished, or its external appearance significantly altered, the following additional information is required to be submitted: 
1. a copy of any heritage assessment or report or conservation plan that has previously been carried out for the place; 
2. photographs of the place or parts of the place proposed to be affected; and 
3. an explanation for the proposal as it relates to the heritage value of the site. 

### 3.3.3 
Any additional supporting information required under the local planning framework.

# Part 4 - Consultation

## 4.1 Consultation requirement 
 
### 4.1.1 
Where a development proposal is deemed-to-comply in accordance with the R Codes Volume 1, it will not require advertising to adjoining owners and occupiers. 

### 4.1.2 
Where an application is made for development approval which presents: 
1. a proposal against one or more design principles of the R-Codes in accordnace with the R Codes Volume 1; and 
2. a possible impact on the amenity of adjoining owners and occupiers; 

then there may be grounds for the decision-maker to advertise the proposal to these owners and occupiers. 

### 4.1.3 
Where the decision-maker is to judge the merits of a proposal and: 
1. the merits of the proposal are a matter of technical opinion; and 
2. the decision-maker is satisfied it will not adversely impact the adjoining residential property or the street, 
 
it is not necessary to seek comment from adjoining owners and occupiers about the proposal, except where specifically required by the scheme or relevant local planning policy. 

### 4.1.4 
The provisions of clauses 4.2 and 4.3 apply to provide for adjoining owners and occupiers, who in the opinion of the decision-maker are likely to be affected, to view and comment on the proposal. 

### 4.1.5 
Where a matter is advertised for comment the notification should direct adjoining owners and occupiers to focus their comments to the particular design principle(s) that the proposal is addressing. 

### 4.1.6 
The decision-maker, upon receipt of any comment(s) from adjoining owners and occupiers, is required to consider and balance comment(s) with its technical opinion when it exercises its judgement to determine the proposal.

## 4.2 Consultation procedure 

### 4.2.1 
In the circumstances prescribed in clause 4.1, any owner and occupier of adjoining properties, as identified by the decision-maker, shall be notified of the: 
1. site and general nature of the proposal(s); 
2. nature of the proposal involved; 
3. availability to view details of the proposals; and 
4. due date by which any comments are to be lodged with the decision-maker, being at least fourteen (14) days after date of posting of notification, or as specified within the scheme, and invited to comment on that part of the proposed development that does not meet the deemed-to-comply provisions of the R-Codes Volume 1. 

### 4.2.2 
Where no response is received within the time specified from the date of notification, the decision-maker may determine the proposal on its merits and issue its decision.

### 4.2.3 
Where a notification has been satisfactorily carried out (in the opinion of the decision-maker) by the proponent, and comments are provided which accompany the proposal, the decision-maker may consider and determine the proposal without further notification. 
The decision-maker shall be satisfied the information provided and comments tendered are accurate and verified subject to the notification of the information in clause 4.2.1 and proof of posting by registered post provided to the decision-maker. 

### 4.2.4 
Where the decision-maker considers a proposal to be unacceptable it may determine to refuse the proposal without undertaking neighbour consultation. 

## 4.3 Opportunity to respond 

### 4.3.1 
A summary of all comments received in response to an invitation under clause 4.2 shall be provided to the proponent on request and, if so requested, a period of not more than 10 days should be allowed within which the proponent may submit a response to the comments prior to the decision-maker considering the proposal. 

In making a determination, the decision-maker shall consider the comments made and the proponent’s response to the comments made on the proposal. 

# Part 5 - Design elements for all single house(s) and grouped dwellings; and multiple dwellings in areas coded less than R40 

## 5.1 Context 
**Objectives** 
1. To ensure that residential development meets community expectations in regard to appearance, use and density. 
2. To ensure that designs respond to the key natural and built features of the area and respond to the local context in terms of bulk and scale, or in the case of precincts undergoing a transition, will respond to the desired future character as stated in the local planning framework. 
3. To ensure adequate provision of direct sun and ventilation for buildings and to ameliorate the impacts of building bulk, privacy and overshadowing on adjoining properties. 
4. To ensure that open space (private and communal) is provided on site and: 
    - landscaped to establish streetscapes; 
    - provide a balanced setting and relationship to buildings; and 
    - provide privacy, direct sun and recreational opportunities. 
5. To ensure that development and design is appropriately scaled, particularly in respect to bulk and height, and is sympathetic to the scale of the street and surrounding buildings, or in precincts undergoing a transition, development achieves the desired future character of the area identified in local planning framework.

<table style="height: 500px; width: 800px;">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;"><strong>Design principles</strong>Development demonstrates compliance with the following design principles (P)&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;"><strong>Deemed-to-comply</strong>Development satisfies the following deemed-to-comply requirements (C)&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<h3><strong>5.1.1 Site area</strong></h3>
				<ol>
					<li>Development of the type and density indicated by the density code designated in the scheme.</li>
					<li>The WAPC may approve the creation of a lot, survey strata lot or strata lot of a lesser minimum and/or average site area than that specified in Table 1, and the WAPC in consultation with the local government may approve the creation of a survey strata lot or strata lot for a single house or a grouped dwelling of a lesser minimum site area than that specified in Table 1 provided that the proposed variation would be no more than five per cent less in area than that specified in Table 1; and
						<ul>
							<li>facilitate the protection of an environmental or heritage feature;</li>
							<li>facilitate the retention of a significant element that contributes toward anexisting streetscape worthy of retention;</li>
							<li>facilitate the development of lots with separate and sufficient frontage to more than one public street;</li>
							<li>overcome a special or unusual limitation on the development of the land imposed by its size, shape or other feature;</li>
							<li>allow land to be developed with housing of the same type and form as land in the vicinity and which would not otherwise be able to be developed; or</li>
							<li>achieve specific objectives of the local planning framework.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
					<li>The WAPC, in consultation with the local government, may approve the creation of a survey strata lot or strata lot for an existing authorised grouped dwelling or multiple dwelling development of a lesser minimum and average site area than that specified in Table 1, where, in the opinion of the WAPC or the local government, the development on the resulting survey strata or strata lots is consistent with the objectives of the relevant design elements of the R-Codes, and the orderly and proper planning of the locality.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<ol>
					<li>Development which complies with the dwelling type and site area requirements set out in Table 1 and the following provisions.</li>
					<li>The minimum site area set out in Table 1 is calculated as follows:
						<ol>
							<li>in the case of a single house, the area of a green title lot or survey-strata lot;</li>
							<li>in the case of a grouped dwelling, the area of land occupied by the dwelling itself, together with all other areas whether contiguous or not, designated for the exclusive use of the occupants of that dwelling; or</li>
							<li>in the case of multiple dwellings in areas with a coding of less than R40, the total area of the lot divided by the number of dwellings.</li>
						</ol>
					</li>
					<li>For the purposes of assessing compliance of a proposed development with the minimum and average site areas set out in Table 1, the following adjustments for the purposes of calculating the minimum and average site area shall apply:
						<ol>
							<li>in the case of a lot with a corner truncation, up to a maximum of 20m2 of that truncation shall be added to the area of the adjoining lot, survey strata lot or strata lot as the case may be (refer Figure 1a); or</li>
							<li>in the case of a rear battleaxe site, the site area is inclusive of the access leg provided that the area of the access leg contributes no more than 20 per cent of the site area as required by Table 1. Where the battleaxe lot (excluding the access leg) adjoins or abuts a right-of-way or reserve for open space, pedestrian access, school site or equivalent, half the width (up to a maximum depth of 2m) may be added to the site area (refer Figure 1b).</li>
						</ol>
					</li>
					<li>Subject to clause 5.1.1 C1.3 only, the following variations to the minimum and average site area set out in Table 1 may be made:
						<ol>
							<li>for the purposes of an aged or dependent persons&rsquo; dwelling or a single bedroom dwelling, the site area may be reduced by up to one third, in accordance with clauses 5.5.2 and 5.5.3 which shall only be applied where development is proposed;</li>
							<li>in the case of a single house, grouped dwelling or multiple dwelling; the area of a lot, survey strata lot or strata lot approved by the WAPC; or</li>
							<li>the area of any existing lot, survey strata lot or strata lot with permanent legal access to a public road, notwithstanding that it is less than that required in Table 1.</li>
						</ol>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<p><strong>&nbsp;5.1.2 Street setback</strong></p>
				<ol>
					<li>Buildings set back from street boundaries an appropriate distance to ensure they:
						<ul>
							<li>contribute to, and are consistent with, an established streetscape;</li>
							<li>provide adequate privacy and open space for dwellings;</li>
							<li>accommodate site planning requirements such as parking, landscape and utilities; and</li>
							<li>allow safety clearances for easements for essential service corridors.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
					<li>Buildings mass and form that:
						<ul>
							<li>uses design features to affect the size and scale of the building;</li>
							<li>uses appropriate minor projections that do not detract from the character of the streetscape;</li>
							<li>minimises the proportion of the fa&ccedil;ade at ground level taken up by building services, vehicle entries and parking supply, blank walls, servicing infrastructure access and meters and the like; and</li>
							<li>positively contributes to the prevailing or future development context and streetscape as outlined in the local planning framework.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<ol>
					<li>&nbsp;Buildings set back from the primary street boundary:
						<ol>
							<li>in accordance with Table 1;</li>
							<li>corresponding to the average of the setback of existing dwellings on each adjacent property fronting the same street;</li>
							<li>reduced by up to 50 per cent provided that the area of any building, including a carport or garage, intruding into the setback area is compensated for by at least an equal area of open space between the setback line and line drawn parallel to it at twice the setback distance (refer Figure 2a, 2b and 2c);</li>
							<li>in the case of areas coded R15 or higher, where:
								<ul>
									<li>a grouped dwelling has its main frontage to a secondary street;</li>
									<li>a single house results from subdivision of an original corner lot and has its frontage to the original secondary street; or</li>
									<li>a single house or grouped dwelling (where that grouped dwelling is not adjacent to the primary street), has its main frontage to a communal street, right-of-way or shared pedestrian or vehicle access way;&nbsp;the street setback may be reduced to 2.5m, or 1.5m to a porch, verandah, balcony or the equivalent (refer Figure 2b and 2d); and</li>
								</ul>
							</li>
							<li>to provide for registered easements for essential services.</li>
						</ol>
					</li>
					<li>Buildings set back from the secondary street boundary in accordance with Table 1.</li>
					<li>Buildings set back from the corner truncation boundary in accordance with the secondary street setback in Table 1.</li>
					<li>A porch, balcony, verandah, chimney or the equivalent may (subject to the Building Code of Australia) project not more than 1m into the street setback area. Projections up to 1m are not subject to a compensating area, provided that the total of such projections does not exceed 20 per cent of the building fa&ccedil;ade as viewed from the street (refer Figure 2b). Projections greater than 1m and exceeding 20 per cent of the building facade at any level are subject to an equivalent open area under clause 5.1.2 C2.1iii.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<p><strong>5.1.3 Lot boundary setback</strong></p>
				<ol>
					<li>Buildings set back from lot boundaries or adjacent buildings on the same lot so as to:
						<ul>
							<li>reduce impacts of building bulk on adjoining properties;</li>
							<li>provide adequate direct sun and ventilation to the building and open spaces on the site and adjoining properties; and</li>
							<li>minimise the extent of overlooking and resultant loss of privacy on adjoining properties.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
					<li>Buildings built up to boundaries (other than the street boundary) where this:
						<ul>
							<li>makes more effective use of space for enhanced privacy for the occupant/s or outdoor living areas;</li>
							<li>does not compromise the design principle contained in clause 5.1.3 P3.1;</li>
							<li>does not have any adverse impact on the amenity of the adjoining property;</li>
							<li>ensures direct sun to major openings to habitable rooms and outdoor living areas for adjoining properties is not restricted; and</li>
							<li>positively contributes to the prevailing or future development context and streetscape as outlined in the local planning framework.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<ol>
					<li>Buildings which are set back in accordance with the following provisions, subject to any additional measures in other elements of the R-Codes:
						<ol>
							<li>buildings set back from lot boundaries in accordance with Table 1, Tables 2a and 2b (refer to Figure Series 3 and 4);</li>
							<li>unenclosed areas accessible for use as outdoor living areas, elevated 0.5m or more above natural ground level, set back as though they were major openings to habitable rooms with a wall height of 2.4m above their floor level;</li>
							<li>separate single house, grouped or multiple dwelling buildings on the same site, or facing portions of the same multiple dwelling building, set back from each other as though there were a boundary between them;</li>
							<li>minor projections such as a chimney, other architectural feature or an eaves overhang not projecting more than 0.75m into a setback area; and</li>
							<li>the stated setback distances may be reduced by half the width of an adjoining right-of-way, pedestrian access way, communal street or battleaxe lot access leg, to a maximum reduction of 2m (refer to figures 2b and 4f).</li>
						</ol>
					</li>
					<li>Walls may be built up to a lot boundary behind the street setback (specified in Table 1 and in accordance with clauses 5.1.2, 5.2.1 and 5.2.2), within the following limits and subject to the overshadowing provisions of clause 5.4.2 and Figure Series 11:
						<ol>
							<li>where the wall abuts an existing or simultaneously constructed wall of similar or greater dimension;</li>
							<li>in areas coded R20 and R25, walls not higher than 3.5m with an average of 3m or less, up to a maximum length of the greater of 9m or one-third the length of the balance of the lot boundary behind the front setback, to one side boundary only;</li>
							<li>in areas coded R30 and higher, walls not higher than 3.5m with an average of 3m or less, for two-thirds the length of the balance of the lot boundary behind the front setback, to one side boundary only; or</li>
							<li>where both the subject site and the affected adjoining site are created in a plan of subdivision submitted concurrently with the development application.</li>
						</ol>
					</li>
					<li>Where the subject site and an affected adjoining site are subject to a different density codes, in accordance with clause 5.1.3 C3.2, the length and height of the boundary wall on the boundary between them is determined by reference to the lower density code.</li>
				</ol>
				<p>Note: The term &lsquo;up to a lot boundary&rsquo; means a wall, on or less than 600mm from any lot boundary (green title or survey strata lot), other than a street boundary.</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<p><strong>5.1.4 Open space</strong></p>
				<ol>
					<li>Development incorporates suitable open space for its context to:
						<ul>
							<li>reflect the existing and/or desired streetscape character or as outlined under the local planning framework;</li>
							<li>provide access to natural sunlight for the dwelling;</li>
							<li>reduce building bulk on the site, consistent with the expectations of the applicable density code and/or as outlined in the local planning framework;</li>
							<li>provide an attractive setting for the buildings, landscape, vegetation and streetscape;</li>
							<li>provide opportunities for residents to use space external to the dwelling for outdoor pursuits and access within/around the site; and</li>
							<li>provide space for external fixtures and essential facilities.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<ol>
					<li>&nbsp;Open space provided in accordance with Table 1 (refer Figure Series 6). The site of the grouped dwelling, for the purpose of calculating the open space requirement, shall include the area allocated for the exclusive use of that dwelling and the proportionate share of any associated common property.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<p><strong>5.1.5 Communal open space</strong></p>
				<ol>
					<li>Communal open space associated with grouped dwellings is provided for residents&rsquo; exclusive use.</li>
					<li>The location and function of communal open space provides privacy to users and surrounding dwellings.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<ol>
					<li>Where communal open space is provided as common property in a grouped dwelling development, the open space required for any grouped dwelling having legal and direct physical access to that open space may be reduced by up to 20 per cent of the required open space area provided that:
						<ul>
							<li>the aggregate of deducted area does not exceed the area of communal open space; and</li>
							<li>the outdoor living area for any dwelling is not reduced in area.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<p><strong>5.1.6 Building height</strong></p>
				<ol>
					<li>Building height that creates no adverse impact on the amenity of adjoining properties or the streetscape, including road reserves and public open space reserves; and where appropriate maintains:
						<ul>
							<li>adequate access to direct sun into buildings and appurtenant open spaces;</li>
							<li>adequate daylight to major openings into habitable rooms; and</li>
							<li>access to views of significance.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
				<ol>
					<li>Buildings which comply with Table 3 for category B area buildings, except where stated otherwise in the scheme, the relevant local planning policy, structure plan or local development plan (refer Figure Series 7).</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

## 5.2 Streetscape 
**Objectives**
1. To contribute towards the character of streetscapes including their views and vistas and provides security for occupants and passers-by, a landscape to ensure adequate shade, privacy and open space for occupants, and an attractive setting for the collection of buildings.

<table style="width: 800px; height: 500px;">
	<tbody>
		<tr style="height: 39px;">
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 358px; height: 39px;"><strong>Design principles</strong> Development demonstrates compliance with the following design principles (P)</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 426px; height: 39px;"><strong>Deemed-to-comply</strong> Development satisfies the following deemed-to-comply requirements (C)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr style="height: 269px;">
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 358px; height: 269px;">
				<h3>5.2.1 Setback of garages and carports</h3>
				<ol>
					<li>The setting back of carports and garages to maintain clear sight lines along the street and not to detract from the streetscape or appearance of dwellings; or obstruct views of dwellings from the street and vice versa.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 426px; height: 269px;">
				<ol>
					<li>Garages set back 4.5m from the primary street except that the setback may be reduced:
						<ol>
							<li>in accordance with Figure 8b where the garage adjoins a dwelling provided the garage is at least 0.5m behind the dwelling alignment (excluding any porch, verandah or balcony); or.</li>
							<li>to 3m where the garage allows vehicles to be parked parallel to the street. The wall parallel to the street must include openings.</li>
						</ol>
					</li>
					<li>Carports set back from the primary street in accordance with clause 5.1.2 C2.1.</li>
					<li>Garages and carports built up to the boundary abutting a private street or right-of-way which is not the primary or secondary street boundary for the dwelling, with manoeuvring space of at least 6m, located immediately in front of the opening to the garage or carport and permanently available.</li>
					<li>Garages and carports set back 1.5m from a secondary street.</li>
					<li>Carports within the street setback area in accordance with clause 5.1.2 C2.1iii provided that the width of the carport does not exceed 50 per cent of the frontage at the building line and the construction allows an unobstructed view between the dwelling and the street, right-of-way or equivalent (refer to Figure 8a).</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr style="height: 170px;">
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 358px; height: 170px;">
				<h3>5.2.2 Garage width</h3>
				<ol>
					<li>Visual connectivity between the dwelling and the streetscape should be maintained and the effect of the garage door on the streetscape should be minimised whereby the streetscape is not dominated by garage doors.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 426px; height: 170px;">
				<ol>
					<li>Where a garage is located in front or within 1m of the building, a garage door and its supporting structures (or a garage wall where a garage is aligned parallel to the street) facing the primary street is not to occupy more than 50 per cent of the frontage at the setback line as viewed from the street. This may be increased to 60 per cent where an upper floor or balcony extends for the full width of the garage and the entrance to the dwelling is clearly visible from the primary street (refer to Figure 8c).</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr style="height: 170px;">
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 358px; height: 170px;">
				<h3>5.2.3 Street surveillance</h3>
				<ol>
					<li>Buildings designed to provide for surveillance (actual or perceived) between individual dwellings and the street and between common areas and the street, which minimise opportunities for concealment and entrapment.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 426px; height: 170px;">
				<ol>
					<li>The street elevation(s) of the dwelling to address the street with clearly definable entry points visible and accessed from the street.</li>
					<li>At least one major opening from a habitable room of the dwelling faces the street and the pedestrian or vehicular approach to the dwelling.</li>
					<li>For battleaxe lots or sites with internal driveway access, at least one major opening from a habitable room of the dwelling faces the approach to the dwelling.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr style="height: 368px;">
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 358px; height: 368px;">
				<h3>5.2.4 Street walls and fences</h3>
				<ol>
					<li>Front fences are low or restricted in height to permit surveillance (as per Clause 5.2.3) and enhance streetscape (as per clause 5.1.2), with appropriate consideration to the need:
						<ul>
							<li>for attenuation of traffic impacts where the street is designated as a primary or district distributor or integrator arterial; and</li>
							<li>for necessary privacy or noise screening for outdoor living areas where the street is designated as a primary or district distributor or integrator arterial.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 426px; height: 368px;">
				<ol>
					<li>Front fences within the primary street setback area that are visually permeable above 1.2m of natural ground level, measured from the primary street side of the front fence.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr style="height: 144px;">
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 358px; height: 144px;">
				<h3>5.2.5 Sight lines</h3>
				<ol>
					<li>Unobstructed sight lines provided at vehicle access points to ensure safety and visibility along vehicle access ways, streets, rights-of-way, communal streets, crossovers, and footpaths.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 426px; height: 144px;">
				<ol>
					<li>Walls, fences and other structures truncated or reduced to no higher than 0.75m within 1.5m of where walls, fences, other structures adjoin vehicle access points where a driveway meets a public street and where two streets intersect (refer Figure Series 9).</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr style="height: 290px;">
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 358px; height: 290px;">
				<h3>5.2.6 Appearance of retained dwelling</h3>
				<ol>
					<li>Dwellings retained as part of a grouped or multiple dwelling development, dwelling extension or redevelopment are to:
						<ul>
							<li>enhance the streetscape appearance of the existing dwelling(s) retained; or</li>
							<li>complement established or future built form in the locality as specified within the relevant local planning framework.</li>
						</ul>
					</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 426px; height: 290px;">
				<ol>
					<li>Where an existing dwelling is retained as part of a grouped dwelling development, the appearance of the retained dwelling is upgraded externally to an equivalent maintenance standard of the new (or the rest of) the development.</li>
				</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

## 5.3 Site planning and design 
**Objectives**
1. Landscape design should optimise function, useability, privacy and social opportunity, equitable access, respect neighbours’ amenity and provide for practical establishment and maintenance. 
2. To ensure access to housing provides for security, safety, amenity and legibility to on-site car parking areas and footpaths for residents and visitors. 
3. To ensure each development makes a contribution to a streetscape by respecting the natural topography for each site, adjoining properties and the amenity of the locality. 
4. To reduce the economic, environmental and social impacts associated with site works to facilitate housing development (e.g. via soil disturbance, groundwater impact and water use for dust suppression).



## 5.4 Building design 
**Objectives**
1. To design buildings and landscape to minimise adverse impact on the privacy of adjoining dwellings and private open space. 
2. To optimise comfortable living, access to sunlight and solar energy to facilitate sustainable housing development with particular regard for place and local conditions. 
3. To maintain the amenity of streetscapes and views along the street by ensuring that associated outbuildings and other fixtures attached to buildings do not detract from the streetscape and are not visually intrusive to neighbouring properties or adjoining public spaces.

# To-do!!! - Create Table!!!

## 5.5 Special purpose dwellings
**Objectives**
1. To ensure residential development is provided to accommodate people with or without special needs.
2. To provide ancillary accommodation which is independent or semi-independent to residents of the single house.
3. To ensure that dwellings for the aged and people with special needs can be provided within residential areas.
4. To provide opportunities for affordable housing.

# To-do!!! - Create Table!!!

# Part 6

For multiple dwellings in areas coded R40 or greater; within mixed use development and activity centres, refer to R-Codes Volume 2.

# Part 7 - Local planning framework

## 7.1 Local planning framework consistent with R-Codes Volume 1 
The decision-maker shall not amend or modify the R-Codes Volume 1, to provide for greater or lesser requirements unless it relates to matters expressly permitted under the R-Codes Volume 1 to be amended or modified. 

Subject to clause 6.3, a local planning policy, local development plan, or structure plan that affects residential development shall be consistent with the provisions of the R-Codes Volume 1 and may provide local objectives for housing design and development in so far as it guides the consideration of the decision-maker to judge proposals. 

The local planning policy, local development plan, or structure plan to have effect, should be available with the scheme where the decision-maker makes the scheme available. 

## 7.2 Pre-existing local planning policies 
If a properly adopted local planning policy which came into effect prior to the gazettal of the R-Codes Volume 1 is inconsistent with the R-Codes Volume 1, the R-Codes Volume 1 prevail over the policy to the extent of the inconsistency. 

## 7.3 Scope of local planning policies, local development plans and activity centre plans in relation to Volume 1 

### 7.3.1 

Local planning policies, local development plans and activity centre plans may contain provisions that: 
1. amend or replace the following deemed-to-comply provisions set out in Part 5 of the R-Codes Volume 1: 
**Context** 
street setbacks (clause 5.1.2)
lot boundary setbacks (clause 5.1.3 C3.2-3.3, 
building height (clause 5.1.6) 
**Streetscape** 
setback of garages and carports (clause 5.2.1) 
garage width (clause 5.2.2) 
street surveillance (clause 5.2.3)
street walls and fences (clause 5.2.4)
sight lines (clause 5.2.5)
appearance of retained dwelling (clause 5.2.6) 
**Site planning and design** 
site works (clause 5.3.7) 
**Building design** 
external fixtures (clauses 5.4.4) 
**Special purpose dwellings** 
aged and dependent persons’ dwelling(s) (clause 5.5.2 C2.1ii) 
2. augment the R-Codes Volume 1 by providing local housing objectives to guide judgements about the merits of proposals for any aspect of residential development covered by this volume that does not meet the requirements or is not provided for, under the R-Codes Volume 1. 

Amendments or replacements to deemed-to-comply provisions are to be consistent with the relevant design principle. 

### 7.3.2 
Notwithstanding clause 7.3.1, the local government may, with the approval of the WAPC, amend any other deemed-to-comply provision within the R-Codes Volume 1 by means of a local planning policy, activity centre plan or local development plan where it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the WAPC that the proposed amendment: 
- is warranted due to a specific need related to that particular locality or region; 
- is consistent with the objectives and design principles of the R-Codes Volume 1; and 
- can be properly implemented and audited by the decision-maker as part of the ongoing building approval process. 

# Appendix 1 - Definitions

In the case of residential development under the R-Codes, unless the context requires otherwise, words and expressions have the meaning given to them below.

##### Active habitable space 
Any habitable room with a floor area greater than 10m2 and any balcony, verandah, terrace or other outdoor living area raised more than 0.5m above natural ground level. 

##### Activity centre 
As defined under the Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015 and are community focal points that include activities such as commercial, retail, higher- density housing, entertainment, tourism, civic, community, higher education, and medical services. Activity centres vary in size and composition and are designed to be well-serviced by public transport. 

##### Activity centre plan or activity centre structure plan 
As defined under the Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015 and are prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 4.2. 

##### Adjoining property 
Any lot: 
- on which any dwelling for which provision is made in the R-Codes may be constructed under the scheme; and 
- which shares a boundary or portion of a boundary with a lot on which there is a proposed residential development site or is separated from that lot by a right-of-way, vehicle access way, pedestrian access way, access leg of a battleaxe lot or the equivalent not more than 6m in width. 

##### Aged person 
A person who is aged 55 years or over. 

##### Ancillary dwelling 
Self-contained dwelling on the same lot as a single house which may be attached to, integrated with or detached from the single house. 

##### Balcony 
A balustraded platform on the outside of a dwelling with access from an upper internal room. 

##### Battleaxe lot 
A single house lot that has a frontage for purposes of servicing and access to a public road only through a strip of connecting land containing a pedestrian and/ or vehicular access way that is part of the lot. The term excludes a site that has vehicle access from a private or communal street or right-of-way connected to a public road. 

##### Building 
Any structure whether fixed or moveable, temporary or permanent, placed or erected on land, and the term includes dwellings and structures appurtenant to dwellings such as carports, garages, verandahs, patios, outbuildings and retaining walls, but excludes boundary fences, pergolas and swimming pools. 

##### Carport 
A roofed structure designed to accommodate one or more motor vehicles unenclosed except to the extent that it abuts a dwelling or a property boundary on one side, and being without a door unless that door is visually permeable. 

##### Common property 
- So much of the land comprised in a strata plan as from time to time is not comprised in a lot shown on the plan. 
- Any leasehold interest acquired by a strata company under section 18 of the Strata Titles Act 1985, as amended. 
- The lot or lots shown on a survey strata plan as common property. 

##### Communal open space 
In Volume 1 means Open space set aside for the recreational use of the occupants of the dwellings in a common development and does not include driveways or car parking areas.

##### Communal street 
A private carriageway providing joint access to two or more dwellings in a residential development. 

##### Cone of vision 
The limits of outlook from any given viewpoint, applying a viewing cut off angle not less than 45 degrees, for the purposes of assessing the extent of overlooking from that point outlined in clause 5.4.1 as set out in Figure Series 10. 

##### Decision-maker 
That body, organisation or authorised person legally vested with the power to make decisions, pursuant to relevant legislation, in respect of residential development in accordance with the R-Codes. 

##### Deemed-to-comply 
A proposal, or a component of a proposal, that complies with the deemed-to-comply provisions of the R-Codes, or an adopted local planning policy. 

##### Dependant person 
A person with a recognised form of disability requiring special accommodation for independent living or special care. 

##### Design principles 
In R-Codes Volume 1, specific design objectives for each element of R-Codes Volume are to be met by all residential development subject to Volume 1 and are to be used in the preparation, submission and assessment for proposals for the purpose of determining their compliance with R-Codes Volume 1. A proposal is required to demonstrate compliance with design principles where it does not satisfy corresponding deemed-to-comply provisions. 

##### Development 
As defined under the Planning and Development Act 2005. 

##### Development site 
A parent lot in which development is proposed. 

##### Driveway 
The portion of the paved vehicle access way between a car parking area and the property boundary, excluding any associated landscaping or pedestrian path on either side. 

##### Dwelling 
A building or portion of a building being used, adapted, or designed or intended to be used for the purpose of human habitation on a permanent basis by a single person, a single family, or no more than six persons who do not comprise a single family. 

##### Enclosed 
An area bound on three or more sides by a permanent wall and covered in a water impermeable material. 

##### External fixtures 
These are utilities, equipment, plant or other structures which are necessary for a dwelling to achieve efficient, comfortable and environmentally sustainable operating outcomes and may include; solar collectors, rainwater storage tanks, clothes drying structures, communications and power and water infrastructure, letterboxes, or other fixtures as necessary for the residential use of the buildings on-site. 

##### Frontage 
The width of a lot at the primary street setback line, provided that in the case of battleaxe or other irregularly shaped lots, it shall be as determined by the decision-maker. 

##### Garage 
Any roofed structure, other than a carport, designed to accommodate one or more motor vehicles and attached to the dwelling. 

##### Green title 
A lot owned in fee simple issued with a certificate of title under the Transfer of Land Act 1893, as amended, other than a strata lot or a survey strata lot. 

##### Grouped dwelling 
A dwelling that is one of a group of two or more dwellings on the same lot such that no dwelling is placed wholly or partly vertically above or below another, except where special conditions of landscape or topography dictate otherwise, and includes a dwelling on a survey strata with common property.

##### Habitable room/space 
As defined by the BCA for a room/space used for normal domestic activities that includes: 
- a bedroom, living room, lounge room, music room, sitting room, television room, kitchen, dining room, sewing room, study, playroom, family room, sunroom, gymnasium, fully enclosed swimming pool or patio; but excludes 
- a bathroom, laundry, water closet, food storage pantry, walk-in wardrobe, corridor, hallway, lobby, photographic darkroom, clothes drying room, verandah and unenclosed swimming pool or patio and other spaces of a specialised nature occupied neither frequently nor for extended periods. 

##### Height, building 
This is the distance between the point where the base of the wall meets the natural ground level and measured to the highest point of a wall or roof of a building vertically above that point (for measurement guidance refer to Figure Series 7) excluding minor projections. 

##### Height, wall 
The vertical distance from the natural ground level at the boundary immediately adjacent to the wall to the roof or parapet at any point in accordance with Figure Series 3 and 5. 

##### Heritage place 
A place listed on the Commonwealth or State heritage register or the municipal heritage inventory of the scheme. 

##### High frequency route 
A public transport route with timed stops that runs a service at least every 15 minutes during week day peak periods (7 to 9am and 5 to 7pm). 

##### Incidental development 
Development which is associated with or attached to a dwelling and incidental to its main residential functions. 
##### Internal walls 
Those walls which are wholly included within the dwelling including walls that abut covered outdoor living areas but does not include walls which are common to two dwellings in grouped or multiple dwelling developments. 

##### Landscape, landscaping or landscaped 
Land developed with garden beds, shrubs and trees, or by the planting of lawns, and includes such features as rockeries, ornamental ponds, swimming pools, barbecue areas or playgrounds and any other such area approved of by the decision-maker as landscaped area. 

##### Local development plan 
As defined under the Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015. 

##### Local planning framework 
Comprises all strategic, statutory and policy planning documents which collectively outline the planning for an area and development requirements for sites, of the decision-maker and generally include a scheme, local planning strategy (including any housing component), structure plans, activity centre plans, local development plans and local planning policies. 

##### Local planning policy 
Any policy prepared by a local government in accordance with the procedures set out in the scheme. 

##### Local planning strategy 
As defined under the Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015 and is a document which supports the preparation and review of a scheme in accordance with Part 3 of the Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015. 

##### Lot 
For single houses, a lot as defined under the Planning and Development Act 2005, as amended. For multiple or grouped dwellings, the parent lot. 

##### Lot boundary 
The boundary between a lot and any other parcel of land, excluding a street boundary.

##### Major opening 
A window, door or other opening in the exterior wall of a habitable room that provides external means of light or view for that room or space, but does not include an opening or openings that: 
- in aggregate do not exceed 1m2 in any such wall, (provided that adjoining or contiguous windows at the junction of two walls forming an internal angle of 90 degrees or less shall be aggregated); or 
- are glazed in an obscure material and are not able to be opened; or have a sill height not less than 1.6m above floor level. 

##### Minor projection 
- In relation to the height of a building: a chimney, vent pipe, aerial or other appurtenance of like scale; 
- In relation to a wall: a rainwater pipe, vent pipe, eaves overhang, cornice or other moulding or decorative feature, provided that the projection does not exceed 0.75m measured horizontally. 

##### Mixed use development 
Buildings that contain commercial and other non-residential uses in conjunction with residential dwellings in a multiple dwelling configuration. 

##### Multiple dwelling 
A dwelling in a group of more than one dwelling on a lot where any part of the plot ratio area of a dwelling is vertically above any part of the plot ratio area of any other but: 
- does not include a grouped dwelling; and 
- includes any dwellings above the ground floor in a mixed use development. 

##### Natural ground level 
The levels on a site which precede the proposed development, excluding any site works unless approved by the decision-maker or established as part of subdivision of the land preceding development. 

##### Open space 
Generally that area of a lot not occupied by any building and includes: 
- open areas of accessible and useable flat roofs and outdoor living areas above natural ground level; 
- areas beneath eaves; 
- verandahs, patios or other such roofed structures not more than 0.5m above natural ground level, unenclosed on at least two sides, and covering no more than 10 per cent of the site area or 50m2 whichever is the lesser; 
- unroofed open structures such as pergolas; 
- uncovered driveways (including access aisles in car parking areas) and uncovered car parking spaces; 

but excludes: 
- non-accessible roofs, verandahs, balconies and outdoor living areas over 0.5m above natural ground level; and/or 
- covered car parking spaces and covered walkways, areas for rubbish disposal, stores, outbuildings or plant rooms. 

##### Outdoor living area 
The area external to a single house, grouped or multiple dwelling to be used in conjunction with that dwelling such that it is capable of active or passive use and is readily accessible from the dwelling. 

##### Outbuilding 
An enclosed non-habitable structure that is detached from any dwelling. 

##### Parent lot 
Relating to multiple or grouped dwellings, the lot inclusive of common areas to which the strata scheme, as defined under the Strata Titles Act 1985, as amended, relates. 

##### Patio 
An unenclosed structure covered in a water impermeable material which may or may not be attached to a dwelling. 

##### Pergola 
An open-framed structure covered in a water permeable material or unroofed, which may or may not be attached to a dwelling. 

##### Plot ratio 
The ratio of the gross plot ratio area of buildings on a development site to the area of land in the site boundaries.

##### Plot ratio area 
The gross total area of all floors of buildings on a development site, including the area of any internal and external walls but not including: 
- the areas of any lift shafts; 
- stairs or stair landings common to two or more dwellings; 
- machinery, air conditioning and equipment rooms; 
- space that is wholly below natural ground level; 
- areas used exclusively for the parking of wheeled vehicles at or below natural ground level; 
- storerooms; 
- lobbies, bin storage areas, passageways to bin storage areas or amenities areas common to more than one dwelling; or 
- balconies, eaves, verandahs, courtyards and roof terraces. 

##### Primary street 
Unless otherwise designated by the local government, the sole or principal public road that provides access to the major entry (front door) to the dwelling or building. 

##### Private open space 
For R-Codes Volume 1 means open space set aside on a lot for the exclusive use of the occupants of the dwelling to which it abuts and excludes car parking spaces and access ways. 

##### Porch 
A roofed open platform attached to the front of a dwelling. 

##### Residential building 
A building or portion of a building, together with rooms and outbuildings separate from such building but incidental thereto; such building being used or intended, adapted or designed to be used for the purpose of human habitation: 
- temporarily by two or more persons; or 
- permanently by seven or more persons, who do not comprise a single family, but does not include a hospital or sanatorium, a prison, a hotel, a motel or a residential school. 

##### Residential development 
Development of permanent accommodation for people, and may include all dwellings, the residential component of mixed-use development, and residential buildings proposing permanent accommodation. 

##### Right-of-way 
A laneway, private street, or other use of land (not being a public street or road) that provides vehicular access to a development site. 

##### Scheme 
The local planning scheme that specifies zoning and development standards gazetted pursuant to the Planning and Development Act 2005, as amended. 

##### Screening 
Permanently fixed external perforated panels or trellises composed of solid or obscured translucent panels. 

##### Secondary street 
In the case of a site that has access from more than one public road, a road that is not the primary street. 

##### Setback 
The horizontal distance between a wall at any point and an adjacent lot boundary, measured at right angles (90 degrees) to the boundary. 

##### Single bedroom dwelling 
A dwelling that contains a living room and no more than one other habitable room that is capable of use as a bedroom. 

##### Single house 
A dwelling standing wholly on its own green title or survey strata lot, together with any easement over adjoining land for support of a wall or for access or services and excludes dwellings on titles with areas held in common property. 

##### Site 
- In the case of a single house, the green title or survey strata lot on which it stands. 
- In the case of a grouped dwelling, the area occupied by the dwelling together with any area allocated (whether by way of strata title or otherwise) for the exclusive use or benefit of that dwelling. 
- In the case of a multiple dwelling or apartment development, the lot (or parent lot where the lot is subdivided under strata title) on which the dwellings stand.

##### Site area 
The area of land required for the construction of a dwelling to satisfy the requirements of the R-Codes. 

##### Solar collectors 
Solar collecting components of the following: thermal heating systems, photovoltaic systems and skylights. 

##### Special purpose dwelling 
Includes ancillary dwelling, aged or dependent persons’ dwelling or a single bedroom dwelling. 

##### Strata lot 
One or more cubic spaces forming part of a lot in a strata scheme. 

##### Strata plan 
Has the meaning given by section 4 (1a) of the Strata Titles Act 1985, as amended. 

##### Strata scheme 
Has the meaning given under the Strata Titles Act 1985, as amended. 

##### Street 
Any public road, communal street, private street, right-of-way or other shared access way that provides the principal frontage to a dwelling but does not include an access leg to a single battleaxe lot. 

##### Street setback 
The horizontal distance between the street alignment and a building, measured at right angles (90 degrees) to the street alignment. 

##### Street setback area 
The area between the street alignment and the street setback line as set out in Tables 1 and 4 or as established in a particular case in accordance with the provisions of design element 5.2. 

##### Street boundary 
The boundary between the land comprising a street and the land that abuts thereon. 

##### Structure plan 
As defined under the Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015. 

##### Survey strata 
A lot and associated common property as shown on a registered survey strata plan prepared in accordance with section 4(1b) of the Strata Titles Act 1985, as amended. 

##### Survey strata lot 
Land that is shown as an ordinary lot consisting of two or more lots on a survey strata plan and does not include a lot shown as common property prepared in accordance with section 3 of the Strata Titles Act 1985, as amended. 

##### Survey strata plan 
A registered survey strata plan prepared in accordance with section 4 (1b) of the Strata Titles Act 1985, as amended and which shows the whole or any part of the land comprised in the plan as divided into two or more lots. 

##### Survey strata scheme 
The manner of division of the land comprised in a survey strata scheme into lots and common property and the manner of the allocation of unit entitlements, rights and obligations among the lots. 

##### Unenclosed 
An area bounded on no more than two sides by a permanent wall and covered in a water impermeable material. 

##### Verandah 
A roofed open platform attached to a dwelling. 

##### Visually permeable 
In reference to a wall, gate, door, screen or fence that the vertical surface when viewed directly from the street or other public space has: 
- continuous vertical or horizontal gaps of 50mm or greater width occupying not less than one third of the total surface area; 
- continuous vertical or horizontal gaps less than 50mm in width, occupying at least one half of the total surface area in aggregate; or 
- a surface offering equal or lesser obstruction to view. 

##### Wall 
The vertical external face of a constructed building comprising solid building material and including enclosures to verandahs and balconies. 

##### WAPC 
Western Australian Planning Commission.

# Tables - TO-DO!!!!!!!!!!!

#### Table 1: General site requirements for all single house(s) and grouped dwellings; and multiple dwellings in areas coded less than R40

#### Table 2a: Boundary setbacks - Walls with no major openings

#### Table 2b: Boundary setbacks - Walls with major openings

#### Table 3: Maximum building heights

# Figure Series 1 - Site area measurment

## Intent 

The purpose of Figure Series 1 is to illustrate additional areas that may be included in site area for the purposes of clause 5.1.1 C1.3.

### Figure 1a – Truncation area may be included (clause 5.1.1 C1.3i)
![](https://i.imgur.com/kT5AreN.png)

### Figure 1b – Areas of rear laneways or reserves (to a maximum of 2m) are included in minimum site area for single house on battleaxe lot (clause 5.1.1 C1.3ii)
![](https://i.imgur.com/sTQ1JpV.png)

# Figure Series 2 - Street setbacks

## Intent

The purpose of Figure Series 2 is to illustrate how to determine street setbacks for the purposes of clause 5.1.2. 

Development within the street setback is to be designed to limit the visual intrusion into views from neighbouring dwellings into the street and from along the street.

## Figures 

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>S1</td>
			<td>Primary street setback distance (Table 1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S2</td>
			<td>Distance behind the primary street setback, equal to S1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S3</td>
			<td>Side boundary setback (Table 2a and 2b)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S4</td>
			<td>Maximum reduced primary street setback (half of S1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S5</td>
            <td>Maximum 1m projection as per clause 5.1.2 C2.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A1</td>
            <td>Area of building forward of primary street setback</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A2</td>
			<td>Compensating open area behind primary street setback</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L1</td>
			<td>Maximum 20 per cent of building façade</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

### Figure 2a – Measuring primary street setbacks (clause 5.1.2 C2.1iii)
![](https://i.imgur.com/046iAjP.png)

### Figure 2b – Measuring minor projections into primary street setback (clause 5.1.2 C2.4)
![](https://i.imgur.com/49A0JPD.png)

### Figure 2c – Measuring street setback for garages and carports (clause 5.2.1)
![](https://i.imgur.com/qK0yFPd.png)

### Figure 2d – Measuring communal street setbacks (clause 5.1.2 C2.1iv)
![](https://i.imgur.com/mFpCA36.png)

# Figure Series 3 - Wall height for lot boundary setbacks

## Intent

The purpose of Figure Series 3 is to illustrate the correct method for measuring the height of various walls and buildings for the purposes of clause 5.1.3 C3.1i.

### Figure 3a – Cross section, flat site
![](https://i.imgur.com/cNP9BRM.png)

### Figure 3b – Cross section, sloping site
![](https://i.imgur.com/GFllOUs.png)

### Figure 3c – Cross section, flat site
![](https://i.imgur.com/oSDcKYc.png)

### Figure 3d – Cross section, sloped site
![](https://i.imgur.com/PqigxV0.png)

### Figure 3e – Cross section, sloped site
![](https://i.imgur.com/Wf3JA37.png)

### Figure 3f – Cross section, alternate levels with existing retaining
![](https://i.imgur.com/wALW2Jd.png)

### Figure 3g – Cross section, alternate levels with fill
![](https://i.imgur.com/HlazCKM.png)

### Figure 3h – Cross section, skillion roof
![](https://i.imgur.com/36OgDCF.png)

#### Notes
<table>
    <body>
        <td align="top">H=</td>
        <td>
    <p>
    The height of the wall for the measurement of setbacks is measured from the natural ground level at the lot boundary adjacent to the wall to the highest point of the building vertically above that point where the wall touches the roof (Figure 3a-3h, 3b and 3c). 
    </p>
    <p>
    Where the lot boundary adjacent to the wall is lower than the natural ground level at the base of the wall, the greater height is used (Figure 3b, 3d, 3f and 3h). 
    </p>
    <p>
    Where the lot boundary adjacent to the wall is higher than the natural ground level at the base of the wall, the lesser height is used (Figure 3e and 3g).
    </p>
        </td>
    </body>
</table>

# Figure Series 4 - Wall length for lot boundary setback

## Intent

The purpose of Figure Series 4 is to illustrate the method for measuring the appropriate setback for a length of wall adjacent to a lot boundary for the purposes of clause 5.1.3 C3.1.

### Figure 4a – Articulated walls with major openings (where wall height exceeds 3.5m)
![](https://i.imgur.com/eBoTHdE.png)

### Figure 4b – Portions of wall without major openings
![](https://i.imgur.com/UQiSYNO.png)

### Figure 4c – Walls with multiple articulations
![](https://i.imgur.com/pjmXyOf.png)

#### Notes 
For the purposes of calculating setback, the length of wall means the total horizontal dimension of the side of the building nearest the lot boundary. Setbacks shall be determined in accordance with the following and with reference to Tables 2a and 2b, subject to the privacy requirements of clause 5.4.1:

- 4a Where A is more than 3m, B shall be treated as a separate wall, providing that the length C shall be the basis for determining the setback of the rest of the side of the building. 
- 4b Where the side of a building includes one portion of a wall without a major opening (such as E), the setback shall be determined independently providing the setback of the rest of that side of the building (D) is determined on the basis of the total length C. 
- 4c Where the side of the building includes two or more portions of a wall without a major opening (such as E) their setbacks shall be determined independently of each other provided they are separated from one another by a distance (D) of more than 4m (in the case of wall heights of 6m or less) and an additional 1m for every 3m increase in height. <br><br>The setback of D shall be determined on the basis of the total length (C).

### Figure 4d – Measurement of length of upper floor walls for calculating setbacks
![](https://i.imgur.com/oCwDVZh.png)

#### Notes 
<table>
    <body>
        <td align="top">L1</td>
        <td>
        <p>
Length of walls on the ground floor is determined as per
Figures 4a-c.         
        </p>
        <p>
Length of walls with major openings on upper floors is
determined as the lesser of the actual length of wall or
from a point 2m beyond each major opening.        
        </p>
        <p>
Length for walls without major openings on upper floors
is determined as per Figures 4a-c.        
        </p>
        </td>
    </body>
</table>

### Figure 4e – Boundary setbacks for walls greater than Table 2a and 2b
![](https://i.imgur.com/LnLFf1X.png)

### Figure 4f – Reduced boundary setbacks (clause 5.1.3 C3.1)
![](https://i.imgur.com/8rWkwQz.png)

#### Notes 
<table>
    <body>
        <td align="top">S3</td>
        <td>
        <p>
Side boundary setback (Table 2a and 2b).     
        </p>
        <p>
Setbacks can be reduced by half the width of adjoining
battleaxe lot legs, pedestrian access ways or
rights-of-way to a maximum of 2m.      
        </p>
        </td>
    </body>
</table>

# Figure Series 5 Lot Boundary Walls

## Intent

The purpose of Figure Series 5 is to illustrate the correct method for measuring the height of various walls for the purposes of clause 5.1.3.

### Figure 5a – Elevation – flat site
![](https://i.imgur.com/j10YoO9.png)

### Figure 5b – Elevation – sloped site
![](https://i.imgur.com/ZOvFvwe.png)

### Figure 5c – Elevation – sloped site
![](https://i.imgur.com/A2XCKKs.png)

#### Notes

The height of a lot boundary wall shall be measured to the point immediately above the natural ground level below.

<table>
    <body>
    <tr>
        <td>5a</td>
        <td>
Where the boundary wall is not consistent in height for its length, or comprises a pitch, the height shall be measured as the midpoint between the lowest point immediately above the natural ground level below and the highest point immediately above the natural ground level below.
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>5b</td>
        <td>
Where the boundary is sloped the height shall be the average of the heights of the wall at its highest and lowest point above natural ground level (Ha and Hb).
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>5c</td>
        <td>
Where the boundary is sloped and the boundary wall is not consistent in height for its length, or comprises a pitch, the height shall be the average of H1, H2, and H3, where H2 is the maximum height above natural ground level, and H1 and H3 are the height above natural ground level at each end of the wall.
        </td>
    </tr>
    </body>
</table>

# Figure Series 6 - Open space

## Intent

The purpose of Figure Series 6 is to illustrate the appropriate design and functionality of portions of the site which may be used for open space.

### Figure 6a – Measuring open space (clause 5.1.4 C5)
![](https://i.imgur.com/Iz12XaL.png)

<table>
    <body>
    <tr>
        <td>S3</td>
        <td>
Side boundary setback (Table 2a and 2b)
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>A</td>
        <td>
Uncovered open space
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>B</td>
        <td>
Unenclosed, covered outdoor living area (to a maximum 10 per cent site area or 50m2, whichever is lesser)
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>C</td>
        <td>
Side setback area
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>D</td>
        <td>
Uncovered driveway or uncovered car parking spaces
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td colspan="2">Open space = A + B + C + D</td>
    </tr>
    </body>
</table>

# Figure Series 7 - Building height

## Intent

The purpose of Figure Series 7 is to show how to measure building height for the purposes of clause 5.1.6.

### Figure 7a – Measuring building height
![](https://i.imgur.com/ctfQJQz.png)

### Figure 7b – Deemed natural ground level
![](https://i.imgur.com/LjgmSnz.png)

#### Notes

- The height of a building is taken as the highest point at any part of the development immediately above natural ground level. 
- Where natural ground level varies across the site, deemed natural ground level is to be used.

# Figure Series 8 - Garages and carports

## Intent

The purpose of Figure Series 8 is to illustrate the determination of primary street setbacks and the measurement of width for garages and carports for the purposes of clauses 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.

### Figure 8a – Carport setbacks (clause 5.2.1 C1.5)
![](https://i.imgur.com/Vh1Jqjb.png)

### Figure 8b – Garage setbacks (clause 5.2.1 C1.1)
![](https://i.imgur.com/mIM0kfy.png)

### Figure 8c – Garage doors (clause 5.2.2 C2)
![](https://i.imgur.com/fK8iYMZ.png)

#### Notes

The area of the carport or garage forward of the primary street setback is to be compensated by open space behind the setback in accordance with clause 5.1.2 C2.1iii and Figure 2a.

<table>
    <body>
    <tr>
        <td>S1</td>
        <td>
Primary street setback distance (Table 1)
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>S2</td>
        <td>
Distance behind the primary street setback, equal to S1
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>S3</td>
        <td>
Side boundary setback (Table 2a and 2b)
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>S4</td>
        <td>
Maximum reduced setback (half S1)
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>S6</td>
        <td>
Minimum 4.5m as per clause 5.2.1 C1.1
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>L2</td>
        <td>
Maximum 50 per cent of frontage
        </td>
    </tr>
    </body>
</table>

# Figure Series 9 - Sight lines

## Intent

The purpose of Figure Series 9 is to illustrate areas to be kept clear for the purposes of clause 5.2.5 C5.

### Figure 9a – Locations of truncations or reduced fence height
![](https://i.imgur.com/flm60lE.png)

# Figure Series 10 - Privacy

## Intent

The purpose of figure series 10 is to illustrate how to establish the cone of vision to determine overlooking, and how to measure privacy setbacks for the purposes of clause 5.4.1 C1.1.

### Figure 10a – Establishing the horizontal component of cone of vision
![](https://i.imgur.com/kQLLeeX.png)

### Figure 10b – Measurement of minimum privacy separation distances
![](https://i.imgur.com/DnNQ6Nj.png)

### Figure 10c – Measuring privacy setbacks using the cone of vision
![](https://i.imgur.com/vloTtJI.png)
![](https://i.imgur.com/bUJVWxc.png)

#### Note

Hatching over adjoining outdoor living area requires screening for compliance as shown.

# Figure Series 11 - Overshadowing

## Intent

The purpose of Figure Series 11 is to illustrate the correct way of measuring overshadowing for the purposes of clause 5.4.2.

### Figure 11a – Calculation of overshadowing (clause 5.4.2 C2.1)
![](https://i.imgur.com/syT8na1.png)

### Figure 11b – Proportionate limits from shared northern boundaries (clause 5.4.2 C2.2)
![](https://i.imgur.com/ql8XvjJ.png)

#### Note

For methodology on the calculation of overshadowing in Figure 11a, see the explanatory guidelines.

