# 2021q1 Homework1 (culture)
contributed by < [`andy78644`](https://github.com/andy78644) >
###### tags: `2021 linux`
## 作業目標
1. 探究科技演化的過程中，自由軟體和開放原始碼技術扮演的角色
2. 只要接觸 GNU/Linux，就免不了要接觸充斥各式歷史的術語和「慣例」，學員應該嘗試調整心境，才能更融入 Linux 所繼承的特質
## 問題清單
#### free software (自由軟體) 和 open source (開放原始碼) 兩者的理念有何落差？請以創始人的訴求來解讀，儘量引用第一手材料
* 根據[What is free software?](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html.en)文章裡所定義的 free software
1. The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0).
2. The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
3. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2).
4. The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
* 根據BRUC PERENS 對於 open source 的[定義](https://openedreader.org/chapter/the-open-source-definition/)
1. Free Redistribution
2. Source Code
3. Derived Works
4. Integrity of The Author’s Source Code
5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
7. Distribution of License
8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product
9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software
10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral
* [The GNU GPL and the American Way](http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html)
> the “free” in “free software” refers to freedom, not price; specifically, it means that you have the freedom to study, change, and redistribute the software you use. These freedoms permit citizens to help themselves and help each other, and thus participate in a community.
* [Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.en.html)
摘錄：「開源哲學考慮的是怎麼做把軟件做得“更好”—僅僅從實用的角度。開源的哲學裡，非自由軟件之所以不好，是因為他們採用了一種劣等的開發方式。」
* 開放原始碼目的是透過將原始碼開放令其他使用者皆可使用與開發以便開發出更好的軟體，是為了達到目的的一種方法與工作模式，而自由軟體更像是概念與精神，使大家可以自由的更改使用軟體。
#### 從最初的 Cygnus Solutions (史上首間透過 free software 實現盈利的公司), Red Hat (收購 Cygnus Solutions), 到 IBM (收購 Red Hat 並將其既有業務作為主軸)，請解釋公司如何透過 free software 及 open source 來獲利？請列出相關的論文和報告
* Red hat 針對 open source community 所提出的[問答](https://www.redhat.com/rhdc/managed-files/cp-open-source-software-communities-faq-f22225pr-202002-en.pdf)，其中最後一題題目為:
> How does Red Hat make money selling the open source software these communities are developing?
> Ans:Open source communities can develop software at an incredibly fast pace. They make changes and introduce innovations regularly. Many organizations that rely on open source software want to reap the benefits of those innovations, but they can’t always operate at the same pace that communities do. They require a degree of consistency and stability not typical of fast-moving, community-driven software development. Red Hat provides this consistency and stability. Red Hat continually integrates newly developed open source software into solutions for customers, updates the software with the latest security patches, ensures that modifications to the software do not disrupt customers’ operations, offers expert support for the software, trains people to administer the software, certifies the software to operate on industry-standard hardware platforms—and more. Customers who rely on open source software purchase subscriptions to these services from Red Hat.
* red hat 目前透過 free software 開發迅速的特性來更新他們的軟體，提供更穩定的服務，並且利用訂閱他們的服務來獲利
#### 在 21 世紀初期，[Microsoft 一度負面評價 GPL 與 Linux](https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-once-called-linux-a-cancer-and-that-was-a-big-mistake/)，但為何一旦該公司主推雲端業務後，即宣布擁抱 GNU/Linux 呢？請討論該公司的態度轉變，以及 Microsoft 如何利用 Linux 提高獲利？
[Microsoft developer reveals Linux is now more used on Azure than Windows Server](https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-developer-reveals-linux-is-now-more-used-on-azure-than-windows-server/)
> Linux is largely what runs enterprise computing both on in-house servers and on the cloud. Windows Server has been declining for years. In the most recent IDC Worldwide Operating Systems and Subsystems Market Shares report covering 2017, Linux had 68% of the market. Its share has only increased since then.
[Why Microsoft loves Linux](https://www.zdnet.com/article/why-microsoft-loves-linux/#ftag=RSS14dc6a9)
> It's not just Linux that Microsoft loves. After decades of resistance, Microsoft supports a variety of open-source programs such as the big data Hadoop ; Docker containers ; and Facebook's Open Compute datacenter project . Indeed, Microsoft is even open-sourcing more of its own technologies such as parts of .Net .
> Microsoft, of course, also makes money directly from Linux. Its Android patents, questionable as they may be , still provide a billion dollars more in profits than does Windows Phone .
* 由於其他公司皆採用 linux 來建立雲端服務，而在 linux 上可獲取最先進的技術，並且有更多的電腦使用者使用 linux 當作系統，並且透過這些 linux 與 windows 的轉換技術中，為微軟賺進許多的錢
#### [Compatible Time-Sharing System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System) (簡稱 CTSS) 是史上第一套分時多工作業系統，請簡述其發展背景和關鍵特徵，又有哪些 CTSS 的特徵被 UNIX 或更晚出現的 Linux 所繼承？
#### Richard Stallman 建立 GNU 的訴求是 “GNU’s Not Unix”，儘管 Stallman 博士對於 AT&T 收取 UNIX 高額授權金感到不悅，但為何他採用 UNIX 作為 GNU/FSF 發展的藍圖呢？UNIX 有哪些特徵和文化，很直得延續呢？
Sign in with Wallet
Connect another wallet