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# System prepended metadata

title: 2022/03/14

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# 2022/03/14

Combining sentences with present participles
We waited for the bus to stop.
We sat in the bus shelter.
Waiting for the bus to stop, we sat in the bus shelter.

Combining sentences with past participles
1. He was accused of murder and arrested.
→ ~~Accusing of murder~~, he was arrested.
→ Accused of murder, he was arrested.
2. She was shocked by the bad news and burst into tears.
→ Shocked by the bad news, she burst into tears. 
3. The event is organised by our team and will surely be a great success.
→ Organised by our team, the event will surely be a great success.
The film is based on real events and tells the story of a reporter.
→ Based on real events, the film tells the story of a reproter.
She was born in Hollywood and knows all the famous movie stars.
→ Born in Hollywood, she knows all the famous movie stars.
The car was taken to the garage. It was repaired within an hour.
→ Taken to the garage, the car was repaired within an hour.
She was admired by everyone and began to grow arrogant.
→ Admired by everyone, she began to grow arrogant.
He was dumped by his girlfriend and felt really lousy.
→ Bumped by his girlfriend, he felt really lousy.




Having + Ved  時間先後
1. We switched off the lights before we went to bed.
- We have switched off the lights
- We went to bed (afterwards)
→  Having switched off the lights, we went to bed.
→  Switching off the lights, we went to bed.
2. The boy asked his mother's permission and then went out to play.
→  Having asked his mother's permission, the boy went out to play.
3. As he had drunk too much, he didn't drive home himself.
→  Having drunk too much, he didn't drive home himself.
4. We have written two tests today, so we are very exhausted.
→  Having written two tests today, we are very exhausted.
→  ~~Writitng 2 tests today~~, we are very exhausted. 
5. She filled the washing machine and switched it on.
→  Filling the washing machine, she switched it on.
→  Having filled the washing machine, she switched it on.
6. She had been to the disco the night before and overslept in the morning.
→  Having been to the disco the night before, she overslept in the morning.
7. We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening.
→  Working in garden all day, we were sunburned in the evening.
→  Having worked in the garden all day
I have been working all day.
8. She had not slept for two days and therefore wasn't able to concentrate.
→  Not having slept for two days, she wasn't able to concentrate.
1. Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn't recognize him.
→  Not having seen him for ages, I didn't recognize him.
1. I had not ridden a horse for a long time and found it very difficult to keep in the saddle.
→  Not having ridden a horse for a long time, I found it very difficult to keep in the saddle.


have 曾經
I have been to NYC.
I have been in NYC for 1 year.
I have been in NYC since 2000.

see(present)-saw(past)-*seen*(past participle)
I see you now.
I saw you yesterday.
I have seen the movie.
I had seen the movie before you did.
I have never seen such a beautiful view.


1. They have begun(begin) painting the living room.
begin-began-begun
3. He has never driven(drive) a motorbike before.
4.  By the time we arrived, the children had eaten(eat) all the chocolate.
5. The birds have flown (fly) south for the winter.
6. Have you ever drunk (drink) Turkish coffee?
7. Had you heard (hear) of this band before you came to the USA?
8. She has known (know) about this problem for three months.
9. She has finally come (come).
10. She has never let (let) her daughter have a boyfriend.