## Arbitrum Stylus
decentralized software using modern languages
---
## But first...
### Any idea what this is?
```binary
00008000: 0000 0000 2000 0000 5000 0000 5800 0000 .... ...P...X...
00008010: 0100 0000 0100 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
00008020: 0400 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1800 0000 ................
00008030: 0000 0000 0000 0000 1800 0000 0040 0600 .............@..
00008040: 0040 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0100 0000 .@..............
00008050: 0102 0000 0000 0000 005f 7075 7473 0000 ........._puts..
00008060: 0001 5f00 1200 0000 0002 0000 0003 00ec .._.............
00008070: 7e00 0002 5f6d 685f 6578 6563 7574 655f ~..._mh_execute_
00008080: 6865 6164 6572 0009 6d61 696e 000d 0000 header..main....
00008090: ec7e 0000 0000 0000 0200 0000 0f01 1000 .~..............
000080a0: 0000 0000 0100 0000 1600 0000 0f01 0000 ................
000080b0: 6c3f 0000 0100 0000 1c00 0000 0100 0001 l?..............
000080c0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0200 0000 0200 0000 ................
000080d0: 2000 5f5f 6d68 5f65 7865 6375 7465 5f68 .__mh_execute_h
000080e0: 6561 6465 7200 5f6d 6169 6e00 5f70 7574 eader._main._put
000080f0: 7300 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 s...............
00008100: fade 0cc0 0000 0190 0000 0001 0000 0000 ................
00008110: 0000 0014 fade 0c02 0000 017c 0002 0400 ...........|....
00008120: 0002 0002 0000 005c 0000 0058 0000 0000 .......\...X....
00008130: 0000 0009 0000 8100 2002 000c 0000 0000 ........ .......
00008140: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
00008150: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
00008160: 0000 0020 0000 0000 0000 0001 6269 6e00 ... ........bin.
00008170: b10e 396b 300e c059 ff07 230f 04ff 9612 ..9k0..Y..#.....
00008180: 0cf6 ad69 c72b 3750 d635 743c 6fdd 7795 ...i.+7P.5t<o.w.
00008190: ad7f acb2 586f c6e9 66c0 04d7 d1d1 6b02 ....Xo..f.....k.
000081a0: 4f58 05ff 7cb4 7c7a 85da bd8b 4889 2ca7 OX..|.|z....H.,.
000081b0: ad7f acb2 586f c6e9 66c0 04d7 d1d1 6b02 ....Xo..f.....k.
000081c0: 4f58 05ff 7cb4 7c7a 85da bd8b 4889 2ca7 OX..|.|z....H.,.
000081d0: b16a 9851 c156 6bf8 9937 b69b e82f bc76 .j.Q.Vk..7.../.v
000081e0: 25a1 e9d9 e049 e1f1 4475 1e0c f114 013c %....I..Du.....<
000081f0: dfd5 eb86 f195 6603 a12c 0636 f463 1f66 ......f..,.6.c.f
00008200: f10d 0bb8 d4ee a3d2 5b82 e0e5 9202 b4ed ........[.......
00008210: ad7f acb2 586f c6e9 66c0 04d7 d1d1 6b02 ....Xo..f.....k.
00008220: 4f58 05ff 7cb4 7c7a 85da bd8b 4889 2ca7 OX..|.|z....H.,.
00008230: ad7f acb2 586f c6e9 66c0 04d7 d1d1 6b02 ....Xo..f.....k.
00008240: 4f58 05ff 7cb4 7c7a 85da bd8b 4889 2ca7 OX..|.|z....H.,.
00008250: ad7f acb2 586f c6e9 66c0 04d7 d1d1 6b02 ....Xo..f.....k.
00008260: 4f58 05ff 7cb4 7c7a 85da bd8b 4889 2ca7 OX..|.|z....H.,.
00008270: ef44 8c65 7c31 da00 4d03 3b05 21d0 471d .D.e|1..M.;.!.G.
00008280: f7e4 3d8c 694e 53f4 06d0 c101 0a6d cc5d ..=.iNS......m.]
```
Note: Who has any idea what this is?
---
## This?
```asm
; Text section contains code
.section .text
.globl _main ; Make main function visible to linker
_main:
; Function prologue - set up stack frame
stp x29, x30, [sp, #-16]! ; Save frame pointer and link register
mov x29, sp ; Set frame pointer to stack pointer
; Load string address and call puts
adrp x0, l_str@PAGE ; Get page address of string
add x0, x0, l_str@PAGEOFF ; Add offset to get exact string address
bl _puts ; Call puts function to print string
; Return 0 to indicate success
mov w0, #0 ; Set return value to 0
; Function epilogue - restore stack and return
ldp x29, x30, [sp], #16 ; Restore saved registers
ret ; Return from main
; Data section contains string constant
.section .cstring
l_str:
.asciz "Hello, Stylus!" ; Null-terminated string
```
Note: This has a hint...can you find it?
---
# How about this?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, Stylus!\n");
return 0;
}
```
---
# C
It began in the 70s and became the default programming language in the 80s thanks to UNIX.
---
## This was programming for a while
```c
static int cpuhp_invoke_callback(unsigned int cpu, enum cpuhp_state state,
bool bringup, struct hlist_node *node,
struct hlist_node **lastp)
{
struct cpuhp_cpu_state *st = per_cpu_ptr(&cpuhp_state, cpu);
struct cpuhp_step *step = cpuhp_get_step(state);
int (*cbm)(unsigned int cpu, struct hlist_node *node);
int (*cb)(unsigned int cpu);
int ret, cnt;
if (st->fail == state) {
st->fail = CPUHP_INVALID;
return -EAGAIN;
}
if (cpuhp_step_empty(bringup, step)) {
WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
return 0;
}
if (!step->multi_instance) {
WARN_ON_ONCE(lastp && *lastp);
cb = bringup ? step->startup.single : step->teardown.single;
trace_cpuhp_enter(cpu, st->target, state, cb);
ret = cb(cpu);
trace_cpuhp_exit(cpu, st->state, state, ret);
return ret;
}
cbm = bringup ? step->startup.multi : step->teardown.multi;
/* Single invocation for instance add/remove */
if (node) {
WARN_ON_ONCE(lastp && *lastp);
trace_cpuhp_multi_enter(cpu, st->target, state, cbm, node);
ret = cbm(cpu, node);
trace_cpuhp_exit(cpu, st->state, state, ret);
return ret;
}
/* State transition. Invoke on all instances */
cnt = 0;
hlist_for_each(node, &step->list) {
if (lastp && node == *lastp)
break;
trace_cpuhp_multi_enter(cpu, st->target, state, cbm, node);
ret = cbm(cpu, node);
trace_cpuhp_exit(cpu, st->state, state, ret);
if (ret) {
if (!lastp)
goto err;
*lastp = node;
return ret;
}
cnt++;
}
if (lastp)
*lastp = NULL;
return 0;
err:
/* Rollback the instances if one failed */
cbm = !bringup ? step->startup.multi : step->teardown.multi;
if (!cbm)
return ret;
hlist_for_each(node, &step->list) {
if (!cnt--)
break;
trace_cpuhp_multi_enter(cpu, st->target, state, cbm, node);
ret = cbm(cpu, node);
trace_cpuhp_exit(cpu, st->state, state, ret);
/*
* Rollback must not fail,
*/
WARN_ON_ONCE(ret);
}
return ret;
}
```
---
### code -> compile -> execute
---
```mermaid
graph LR
subgraph "Source Code"
code["Source Code<br/>(C/C++, Rust, Go, etc.)"]
end
subgraph "Host Systems"
x86_64_linux["x86_64 Linux"]
end
subgraph "Target Binaries"
linux_x86["Linux x86_64"]
end
%% Source code to hosts
code --> x86_64_linux
%% Linux x86_64 host compilation paths
x86_64_linux --> linux_x86["Linux x86_64<br/>(Native)"]
classDef source stroke:#2e7d32
classDef host stroke:#01579b
classDef target stroke:#4a148c
class code source
class x86_64_linux host
class linux_x86 target
```
---
```mermaid
graph LR
%% Source and Hosts
C[".c Files"] --> Linux & Windows & Mac
subgraph "Host Systems"
Linux["Linux Host"]
Windows["Windows Host"]
Mac["macOS Host"]
end
subgraph "Target Platforms"
x86_64["x86_64"]
ARM64["ARM64"]
Embedded["Embedded"]
end
%% Linux paths
Linux -->|"gcc"|x86_64
Linux -->|"aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc"|ARM64
Linux -->|"arm-none-eabi-gcc"|Embedded
%% Windows paths
Windows -->|"MSVC/MinGW"|x86_64
Windows -->|"MSVC ARM64"|ARM64
Windows -->|"WSL + embedded tools"|Embedded
%% Mac paths
Mac -->|"clang"|x86_64
Mac -->|"cross-gcc"|ARM64
Mac -->|"arm-none-eabi-gcc"|Embedded
%% Styling
classDef source fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1565c0
classDef host fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#7b1fa2
classDef target fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#2e7d32
class C source
class Linux,Windows,Mac host
class x86_64,ARM64,Embedded target
```
---
## But then, in 1995
---
---
## Java became popular because of
## write once, run everywhere
---
```mermaid
graph LR
subgraph "Source Code"
code["Java Source Code<br/>(.java files)"]
end
subgraph "Bytecode"
bytecode["Java Bytecode<br/>(.class files)<br/>Platform Independent"]
end
subgraph "JVM Implementations"
jvm_x86_linux["JVM Linux x86_64<br/>(HotSpot/OpenJ9)"]
jvm_arm_linux["JVM Linux ARM<br/>(HotSpot/OpenJ9)"]
jvm_x86_win["JVM Windows x86_64<br/>(HotSpot/OpenJ9)"]
jvm_arm_win["JVM Windows ARM<br/>(HotSpot/OpenJ9)"]
jvm_mac["JVM macOS<br/>(HotSpot/OpenJ9)"]
jvm_android["Android Runtime<br/>(ART/Dalvik)"]
end
subgraph "Runtime Execution"
native_x86_linux["Native Linux x86_64<br/>Machine Code"]
native_arm_linux["Native Linux ARM<br/>Machine Code"]
native_x86_win["Native Windows x86_64<br/>Machine Code"]
native_arm_win["Native Windows ARM<br/>Machine Code"]
native_mac["Native macOS<br/>Machine Code"]
native_android["Native Android<br/>Machine Code"]
end
%% Compilation to bytecode
code -->|javac| bytecode
%% JVM distribution to bytecode
bytecode --> jvm_x86_linux
bytecode --> jvm_arm_linux
bytecode --> jvm_x86_win
bytecode --> jvm_arm_win
bytecode --> jvm_mac
bytecode --> jvm_android
%% JIT compilation to native code
jvm_x86_linux -->|JIT| native_x86_linux
jvm_arm_linux -->|JIT| native_arm_linux
jvm_x86_win -->|JIT| native_x86_win
jvm_arm_win -->|JIT| native_arm_win
jvm_mac -->|JIT| native_mac
jvm_android -->|AOT/JIT| native_android
classDef source fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#2e7d32
classDef bytecode fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
classDef jvm fill:#e1f5fe,stroke:#01579b
classDef native fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#4a148c
class code source
class bytecode bytecode
class jvm_x86_linux,jvm_arm_linux,jvm_x86_win,jvm_arm_win,jvm_mac,jvm_android jvm
class native_x86_linux,native_arm_linux,native_x86_win,native_arm_win,native_mac,native_android native
```
---
# Two paradigms
### Cross compilation
### Virtual environment
---
## Decoupling compilation from execution
#### keep that in mind for a sec...
---
## but anyway,
## back to blockchain
```binary
00000000 60 80 60 40 52 60 40 51 80 60 40 01 60 40 52 80 |`.`@R`@Q.`@.`@R.|
00000010 60 0f 81 52 60 20 01 7f 48 65 6c 6c 6f 2c 20 53 |`..R` ..Hello, S|
00000020 6f 6c 69 64 69 74 79 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |olidity.........|
00000030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 81 52 50 5f 90 81 61 00 |.........RP_..a.|
00000040 47 91 90 61 02 93 56 5b 50 34 80 15 61 00 53 57 |G..a..V[P4..a.SW|
00000050 5f 80 fd 5b 50 61 03 62 56 5b 5f 81 51 90 50 91 |_.ý[Pa.bV[_.Q.P.|
00000060 90 50 56 5b 7f 4e 48 7b 71 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.PV[.NH{q.......|
00000070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000080 00 00 00 00 00 5f 52 60 41 60 04 52 60 24 5f fd |....._R`A`.R`$_ý|
00000090 5b 7f 4e 48 7b 71 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |[.NH{q..........|
000000a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000b0 00 00 5f 52 60 22 60 04 52 60 24 5f fd 5b 5f 60 |.._R`"`.R`$_ý[_`|
000000c0 02 82 04 90 50 60 01 82 16 80 61 00 d4 57 60 7f |....P`....a.ÔW`.|
000000d0 82 16 91 50 5b 60 20 82 10 81 03 61 00 e7 57 61 |...P[` ....a.çWa|
000000e0 00 e6 61 00 90 56 5b 5b 50 91 90 50 56 5b 5f 81 |.æa..V[[P..PV[_.|
000000f0 90 50 81 5f 52 60 20 5f 20 90 50 91 90 50 56 5b |.P._R` _ .P..PV[|
00000100 5f 60 20 60 1f 83 01 04 90 50 91 90 50 56 5b 5f |_` `.....P..PV[_|
00000110 82 82 1b 90 50 92 91 50 50 56 5b 5f 60 08 83 02 |....P..PPV[_`...|
00000120 61 01 49 7f ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |a.I.ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ|
00000130 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ|
00000140 ff ff ff ff 82 61 01 0e 56 5b 61 01 53 86 83 61 |ÿÿÿÿ.a..V[a.S..a|
00000150 01 0e 56 5b 95 50 80 19 84 16 93 50 80 86 16 84 |..V[.P.....P....|
00000160 17 92 50 50 50 93 92 50 50 50 56 5b 5f 81 90 50 |..PPP..PPPV[_..P|
00000170 91 90 50 56 5b 5f 81 90 50 91 90 50 56 5b 5f 61 |..PV[_..P..PV[_a|
00000180 01 97 61 01 92 61 01 8d 84 61 01 6b 56 5b 61 01 |..a..a...a.kV[a.|
00000190 74 56 5b 61 01 6b 56 5b 90 50 91 90 50 56 5b 5f |tV[a.kV[.P..PV[_|
000001a0 81 90 50 91 90 50 56 5b 61 01 b0 83 61 01 7d 56 |..P..PV[a.°.a.}V|
000001b0 5b 61 01 c4 61 01 bc 82 61 01 9e 56 5b 84 84 54 |[a.Äa.¼.a..V[..T|
000001c0 61 01 1a 56 5b 82 55 50 50 50 50 56 5b 5f 90 56 |a..V[.UPPPPV[_.V|
000001d0 5b 61 01 d8 61 01 cc 56 5b 61 01 e3 81 84 84 61 |[a.Øa.ÌV[a.ã...a|
000001e0 01 a7 56 5b 50 50 50 56 5b 5b 81 81 10 15 61 02 |.§V[PPPV[[....a.|
000001f0 06 57 61 01 fb 5f 82 61 01 d0 56 5b 60 01 81 01 |.Wa.û_.a.ÐV[`...|
00000200 90 50 61 01 e9 56 5b 50 50 56 5b 60 1f 82 11 15 |.Pa.éV[PPV[`....|
00000210 61 02 4b 57 61 02 1c 81 61 00 ed 56 5b 61 02 25 |a.KWa...a.íV[a.%|
00000220 84 61 00 ff 56 5b 81 01 60 20 85 10 15 61 02 34 |.a.ÿV[..` ...a.4|
00000230 57 81 90 50 5b 61 02 48 61 02 40 85 61 00 ff 56 |W..P[a.Ha.@.a.ÿV|
00000240 5b 83 01 82 61 01 e8 56 5b 50 50 5b 50 50 50 56 |[...a.èV[PP[PPPV|
00000250 5b 5f 82 82 1c 90 50 92 91 50 50 56 5b 5f 61 02 |[_....P..PPV[_a.|
00000260 6b 5f 19 84 60 08 02 61 02 50 56 5b 19 80 83 16 |k_..`..a.PV[....|
00000270 91 50 50 92 91 50 50 56 5b 5f 61 02 83 83 83 61 |.PP..PPV[_a....a|
00000280 02 5c 56 5b 91 50 82 60 02 02 82 17 90 50 92 91 |.\V[.P.`.....P..|
00000290 50 50 56 5b 61 02 9c 82 61 00 59 56 5b 67 ff ff |PPV[a...a.YV[gÿÿ|
000002a0 ff ff ff ff ff ff 81 11 15 61 02 b5 57 61 02 b4 |ÿÿÿÿÿÿ...a.µWa.´|
000002b0 61 00 63 56 5b 5b 61 02 bf 82 54 61 00 bd 56 5b |a.cV[[a.¿.Ta.½V[|
000002c0 61 02 ca 82 82 85 61 02 0a 56 5b 5f 60 20 90 50 |a.Ê...a..V[_` .P|
000002d0 60 1f 83 11 60 01 81 14 61 02 fb 57 5f 84 15 61 |`...`...a.ûW_..a|
000002e0 02 e9 57 82 87 01 51 90 50 5b 61 02 f3 85 82 61 |.éW...Q.P[a.ó..a|
000002f0 02 78 56 5b 86 55 50 61 03 5a 56 5b 60 1f 19 84 |.xV[.UPa.ZV[`...|
00000300 16 61 03 09 86 61 00 ed 56 5b 5f 5b 82 81 10 15 |.a...a.íV[_[....|
00000310 61 03 30 57 84 89 01 51 82 55 60 01 82 01 91 50 |a.0W...Q.U`....P|
00000320 60 20 85 01 94 50 60 20 81 01 90 50 61 03 0b 56 |` ...P` ...Pa..V|
00000330 5b 86 83 10 15 61 03 4d 57 84 89 01 51 61 03 49 |[....a.MW...Qa.I|
00000340 60 1f 89 16 82 61 02 5c 56 5b 83 55 50 5b 60 01 |`....a.\V[.UP[`.|
00000350 60 02 88 02 01 88 55 50 50 50 5b 50 50 50 50 50 |`.....UPPP[PPPPP|
00000360 50 56 5b 61 01 fd 80 61 03 6f 5f 39 5f f3 fe 60 |PV[a.ý.a.o_9_óþ`|
00000370 80 60 40 52 34 80 15 61 00 0f 57 5f 80 fd 5b 50 |.`@R4..a..W_.ý[P|
00000380 60 04 36 10 61 00 29 57 5f 35 60 e0 1c 80 63 ce |`.6.a.)W_5`à..cÎ|
00000390 6d 41 de 14 61 00 2d 57 5b 5f 80 fd 5b 61 00 35 |mAÞ.a.-W[_.ý[a.5|
000003a0 61 00 4b 56 5b 60 40 51 61 00 42 91 90 61 01 4a |a.KV[`@Qa.B..a.J|
000003b0 56 5b 60 40 51 80 91 03 90 f3 5b 60 60 5f 80 54 |V[`@Q....ó[``_.T|
000003c0 61 00 59 90 61 01 97 56 5b 80 60 1f 01 60 20 80 |a.Y.a..V[.`..` .|
000003d0 91 04 02 60 20 01 60 40 51 90 81 01 60 40 52 80 |...` .`@Q...`@R.|
000003e0 92 91 90 81 81 52 60 20 01 82 80 54 61 00 85 90 |.....R` ...Ta...|
000003f0 61 01 97 56 5b 80 15 61 00 d0 57 80 60 1f 10 61 |a..V[..a.ÐW.`..a|
00000400 00 a7 57 61 01 00 80 83 54 04 02 83 52 91 60 20 |.§Wa....T...R.` |
00000410 01 91 61 00 d0 56 5b 82 01 91 90 5f 52 60 20 5f |..a.ÐV[...._R` _|
00000420 20 90 5b 81 54 81 52 90 60 01 01 90 60 20 01 80 | .[.T.R.`...` ..|
00000430 83 11 61 00 b3 57 82 90 03 60 1f 16 82 01 91 5b |..a.³W...`.....[|
00000440 50 50 50 50 50 90 50 90 56 5b 5f 81 51 90 50 91 |PPPPP.P.V[_.Q.P.|
00000450 90 50 56 5b 5f 82 82 52 60 20 82 01 90 50 92 91 |.PV[_..R` ...P..|
00000460 50 50 56 5b 82 81 83 5e 5f 83 83 01 52 50 50 50 |PPV[...^_...RPPP|
00000470 56 5b 5f 60 1f 19 60 1f 83 01 16 90 50 91 90 50 |V[_`..`.....P..P|
00000480 56 5b 5f 61 01 1c 82 61 00 da 56 5b 61 01 26 81 |V[_a...a.ÚV[a.&.|
00000490 85 61 00 e4 56 5b 93 50 61 01 36 81 85 60 20 86 |.a.äV[.Pa.6..` .|
000004a0 01 61 00 f4 56 5b 61 01 3f 81 61 01 02 56 5b 84 |.a.ôV[a.?.a..V[.|
000004b0 01 91 50 50 92 91 50 50 56 5b 5f 60 20 82 01 90 |..PP..PPV[_` ...|
000004c0 50 81 81 03 5f 83 01 52 61 01 62 81 84 61 01 12 |P..._..Ra.b..a..|
000004d0 56 5b 90 50 92 91 50 50 56 5b 7f 4e 48 7b 71 00 |V[.P..PPV[.NH{q.|
000004e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000004f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5f 52 60 22 60 |..........._R`"`|
00000500 04 52 60 24 5f fd 5b 5f 60 02 82 04 90 50 60 01 |.R`$_ý[_`....P`.|
00000510 82 16 80 61 01 ae 57 60 7f 82 16 91 50 5b 60 20 |...a.®W`....P[` |
00000520 82 10 81 03 61 01 c1 57 61 01 c0 61 01 6a 56 5b |....a.ÁWa.Àa.jV[|
00000530 5b 50 91 90 50 56 fe a2 64 69 70 66 73 58 22 12 |[P..PVþ¢dipfsX".|
00000540 20 5e 27 d0 0e b8 73 09 e2 97 7f e5 06 8e 04 96 | ^'Ð.¸s.â..å....|
00000550 bd 2b 62 78 09 03 3d 6a 2f ab 19 7b 5f 5a f7 49 |½+bx..=j/«.{_Z÷I|
00000560 24 64 73 6f 6c 63 43 00 08 1a 00 33 |$dsolcC....3|
```
---
## Or this?
```
0000 PUSH1 0x80 -
0002 PUSH1 0x40 -
0004 MSTORE 0x -
0005 PUSH1 0x40 -
0007 MLOAD 0x -
0008 DUP1 0x -
0009 PUSH1 0x40 -
0011 ADD 0x -
0012 PUSH1 0x40 -
0014 MSTORE 0x -
0015 DUP1 0x -
0016 PUSH1 0x0f -
0018 DUP2 0x -
0019 MSTORE 0x -
0020 PUSH1 0x20 -
0022 ADD 0x -
0023 PUSH32 0x48656c6c6f2c20536f6c69646974790000000000000000000000000000000000 -
0056 DUP2 0x -
0057 MSTORE 0x -
0058 POP 0x -
0059 PUSH0 0x -
0060 SWAP1 0x -
0061 DUP2 0x -
0062 PUSH2 0x0047 -
0065 SWAP2 0x -
0066 SWAP1 0x -
0067 PUSH2 0x0293 -
0070 JUMP 0x -
0071 JUMPDEST 0x -
0072 POP 0x -
0073 CALLVALUE 0x -
0074 DUP1 0x -
0075 ISZERO 0x -
0076 PUSH2 0x0053 -
0079 JUMPI 0x -
0080 PUSH0 0x -
0081 DUP1 0x -
0082 REVERT 0x -
0083 JUMPDEST 0x -
0084 POP 0x -
0085 PUSH2 0x0362 -
0088 JUMP 0x -
0089 JUMPDEST 0x -
0090 PUSH0 0x -
0091 DUP2 0x -
0092 MLOAD 0x -
0093 SWAP1 0x -
0094 POP 0x -
0095 SWAP2 0x -
0096 SWAP1 0x -
0097 POP 0x -
0098 JUMP 0x -
0099 JUMPDEST 0x -
0100 PUSH32 0x4e487b7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 -
0133 PUSH0 0x -
0134 MSTORE 0x -
0135 PUSH1 0x41 -
0137 PUSH1 0x04 -
0139 MSTORE 0x -
0140 PUSH1 0x24 -
0142 PUSH0 0x -
0143 REVERT 0x -
0144 JUMPDEST 0x -
0145 PUSH32 0x4e487b7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 -
0178 PUSH0 0x -
0179 MSTORE 0x -
0180 PUSH1 0x22 -
0182 PUSH1 0x04 -
0184 MSTORE 0x -
0185 PUSH1 0x24 -
0187 PUSH0 0x -
0188 REVERT 0x -
0189 JUMPDEST 0x -
0190 PUSH0 0x -
0191 PUSH1 0x02 -
0193 DUP3 0x -
0194 DIV 0x -
0195 SWAP1 0x -
0196 POP 0x -
0197 PUSH1 0x01 -
0199 DUP3 0x -
0200 AND 0x -
0201 DUP1 0x -
0202 PUSH2 0x00d4 -
0205 JUMPI 0x -
0206 PUSH1 0x7f -
0208 DUP3 0x -
0209 AND 0x -
0210 SWAP2 0x -
0211 POP 0x -
0212 JUMPDEST 0x -
0213 PUSH1 0x20 -
0215 DUP3 0x -
0216 LT 0x -
0217 DUP2 0x -
0218 SUB 0x -
0219 PUSH2 0x00e7 -
0222 JUMPI 0x -
0223 PUSH2 0x00e6 -
0226 PUSH2 0x0090 -
```
---
# You can probably guess where this is going
---
```solidity
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract HelloWorld {
string private message = "Hello, Solidity";
function getMessage() public view returns (string memory) {
return message;
}
}
```
---
---
## Solidity era ≈ Java era
---
---
## LLVM enters the chat
---
```mermaid
graph LR
subgraph "Frontend Languages"
c["C/C++"]
rust["Rust"]
swift["Swift"]
other["Other Languages"]
end
subgraph "LLVM Compilers"
clang["Clang"]
rustc["Rustc"]
swiftc["Swiftc"]
other_comp["Other<br/>Compilers"]
end
subgraph "LLVM Core"
ir["LLVM IR<br/>(Intermediate Representation)"]
end
subgraph "Backend Compilers"
x86_comp["x86 Backend"]
arm_comp["ARM Backend"]
wasm_comp["WASM Backend"]
other_back["Other<br/>Backends"]
end
subgraph "Target Platforms"
x86["x86"]
arm["ARM"]
wasm["WebAssembly"]
others["Other Architectures"]
end
%% Frontend to compiler connections
c --> clang
rust --> rustc
swift --> swiftc
other --> other_comp
%% Compiler to IR connections
clang --> ir
rustc --> ir
swiftc --> ir
other_comp --> ir
%% IR to backend compiler connections
ir --> x86_comp
ir --> arm_comp
ir --> wasm_comp
ir --> other_back
%% Backend compiler to target connections
x86_comp --> x86
arm_comp --> arm
wasm_comp --> wasm
other_back --> others
%% Styling
classDef frontend fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#2e7d32
classDef compiler fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
classDef core fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1565c0
classDef backend fill:#ede7f6,stroke:#4a148c
classDef target fill:#fce4ec,stroke:#880e4f
class c,rust,swift,other frontend
class clang,rustc,swiftc,other_comp compiler
class ir core
class x86_comp,arm_comp,wasm_comp,other_back backend
class x86,arm,wasm,others target
```
---
## The LLVM-Powered Cambrian Explosion 🧬
---
<style>
table {
font-size: 0.5em;
}
</style>
| System Languages | Web & Functional | Emerging & Experimental |
|------------------------|-------------------------|---------------------------|
| 🦀 Rust (2015) | 💜 Gleam (2019) | ⚡ Vale (2020) |
| 🔷 Swift (2014) | 💧 Elixir (2012) | 💠 Mojo (2023) |
| 🎯 Zig (2016) | 💎 Crystal (2014) | 🎨 Dora (2022) |
| 🌱 Carbon (2022) | ⚛️ Reason (2016) | 🔮 Verona (2019) |
| 🛠️ C++ (Clang) | 🎭 OCaml (LLVM) | 🌀 Koka (2014) |
| 🎲 Julia (2012) | 🌟 Grain (2020) | 🎪 Odin (2016) |
| 🔨 Ada (LLVM GNAT) | 🎪 Unison (2018) | 🎯 V (2019) |
---
---
```mermaid
graph LR
subgraph "👨💻 Development"
sol["☘️ Solidity<br/>Source Code"]
rust["🦀 Rust/C/C++<br/>Source Code"]
end
subgraph "🛠️ Compilation"
solc["🔨 Solidity<br/>Compiler"]
rustc["⚡ Language<br/>Compiler"]
end
subgraph "🔄 Intermediate"
evm_code["⚙️ EVM<br/>Bytecode"]
llvm["🎯 LLVM IR"]
wasm["📦 WASM<br/>Binary"]
end
subgraph "🖥️ Virtual Machines"
evm["⚙️ EVM"]
activate["🚀 Activation<br/>(ArbWasm)"]
wasmer["💫 Wasmer VM"]
end
subgraph "⛓️ Arbitrum Chain"
execute["✨ Contract Execution"]
end
%% Solidity path
sol --> solc
solc --> evm_code
evm_code --> evm
evm --> execute
%% Rust path
rust --> rustc
rustc --> llvm
llvm --> wasm
wasm --> activate
activate --> wasmer
wasmer --> execute
classDef dev fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#2e7d32
classDef compiler fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
classDef intermediate fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1565c0
classDef vm fill:#ede7f6,stroke:#4a148c
classDef chain fill:#fce4ec,stroke:#880e4f
class sol,rust dev
class solc,rustc compiler
class evm_code,llvm,wasm intermediate
class evm,activate,wasmer vm
class execute chain
```
---
```mermaid
graph LR
subgraph "👨💻 Development"
%% Traditional path
sol["☘️ Solidity<br/>Source Code"]
subgraph "🚀 Stylus Languages"
rust["🦀 Rust"]
cpp["⚡ C/C++"]
go["🐹 Go"]
end
end
subgraph "🛠️ Compilation"
solc["🔨 Solidity<br/>Compiler"]
subgraph "📦 WASM Compilers"
rustc["⚙️ rustc"]
clang["🔧 clang"]
goc["🎯 go compiler"]
end
end
subgraph "🔄 Intermediate"
evm_code["⚙️ EVM<br/>Bytecode"]
llvm["🎯 LLVM IR"]
wasm["📦 WASM<br/>Binary"]
end
subgraph "🖥️ Virtual Machines"
evm["⚙️ EVM"]
activate["🚀 Activation<br/>(ArbWasm)"]
wasmer["💫 Wasmer VM"]
end
subgraph "⛓️ Arbitrum Chain"
execute["✨ Contract Execution"]
end
%% Solidity path
sol --> solc
solc --> evm_code
evm_code --> evm
evm --> execute
%% Stylus paths
rust --> rustc
cpp --> clang
go --> goc
%% All compilers to LLVM
rustc & clang & goc --> llvm
llvm --> wasm
wasm --> activate
activate --> wasmer
wasmer --> execute
classDef dev fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#2e7d32
classDef compiler fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
classDef intermediate fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1565c0
classDef vm fill:#ede7f6,stroke:#4a148c
classDef chain fill:#fce4ec,stroke:#880e4f
class sol,rust,cpp,go dev
class solc,rustc,clang,goc compiler
class evm_code,llvm,wasm intermediate
class evm,activate,wasmer vm
class execute chain
```
---
```mermaid
graph LR
subgraph "👨💻 Development"
%% Traditional path
sol["☘️ Solidity<br/>Source Code"]
subgraph "🚀 Stylus Languages"
rust["🦀 Rust"]
cpp["⚡ C/C++"]
go["🐹 Go"]
whatever["🎲 Whatever<br/>Language"]
style whatever fill:#f8d7da,stroke:#dc3545
end
end
subgraph "🛠️ Compilation"
solc["🔨 Solidity<br/>Compiler"]
subgraph "📦 WASM Compilers"
rustc["⚙️ rustc"]
clang["🔧 clang"]
goc["🎯 go compiler"]
whatever_comp["❓ whatever-to-wasm<br/>compiler"]
style whatever_comp fill:#f8d7da,stroke:#dc3545
end
end
subgraph "🔄 Intermediate"
evm_code["⚙️ EVM<br/>Bytecode"]
llvm["🎯 LLVM IR"]
wasm["📦 WASM<br/>Binary"]
end
subgraph "🖥️ Virtual Machines"
evm["⚙️ EVM"]
activate["🚀 Activation<br/>(ArbWasm)"]
wasmer["💫 Wasmer VM"]
end
subgraph "⛓️ Arbitrum Chain"
execute["✨ Contract Execution"]
end
%% Solidity path
sol --> solc
solc --> evm_code
evm_code --> evm
evm --> execute
%% Stylus paths
rust --> rustc
cpp --> clang
go --> goc
whatever --> whatever_comp
%% All compilers to LLVM
rustc & clang & goc & whatever_comp --> llvm
llvm --> wasm
wasm --> activate
activate --> wasmer
wasmer --> execute
classDef dev fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#2e7d32
classDef compiler fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
classDef intermediate fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1565c0
classDef vm fill:#ede7f6,stroke:#4a148c
classDef chain fill:#fce4ec,stroke:#880e4f
class sol,rust,cpp,go dev
class solc,rustc,clang,goc compiler
class evm_code,llvm,wasm intermediate
class evm,activate,wasmer vm
class execute chain
```
---
### What is this WASM thing?
---
```mermaid
graph LR
subgraph "📦 Developer"
code["Smart Contract<br/>Source Code<br/>(Rust/C/C++)"]
wasm["WASM Binary"]
end
subgraph "⛓️ Arbitrum Chain"
chain["On-chain WASM<br/>Storage"]
end
subgraph "🖥️ Node Types"
subgraph "x86_64 Nodes"
x86_activ["ArbWasm Activation<br/>(x86_64)"]
x86_native["Native x86_64<br/>Machine Code"]
x86_wasmer["Wasmer VM<br/>(x86_64)"]
end
subgraph "ARM64 Nodes"
arm_activ["ArbWasm Activation<br/>(ARM64)"]
arm_native["Native ARM64<br/>Machine Code"]
arm_wasmer["Wasmer VM<br/>(ARM64)"]
end
subgraph "Other Architectures"
other_activ["ArbWasm Activation<br/>(Other CPU)"]
other_native["Native CPU<br/>Machine Code"]
other_wasmer["Wasmer VM<br/>(CPU specific)"]
end
end
%% Flow for initial compilation
code --> |"compile to WASM"| wasm
wasm --> |"deploy"| chain
%% Flow for x86_64
chain --> x86_activ
x86_activ --> |"compile + instrument"| x86_native
x86_native --> x86_wasmer
%% Flow for ARM64
chain --> arm_activ
arm_activ --> |"compile + instrument"| arm_native
arm_native --> arm_wasmer
%% Flow for others
chain --> other_activ
other_activ --> |"compile + instrument"| other_native
other_native --> other_wasmer
%% Styling
classDef dev fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#2e7d32
classDef chain fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1565c0
classDef activation fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
classDef native fill:#ede7f6,stroke:#4a148c
classDef runtime fill:#fce4ec,stroke:#880e4f
class code,wasm dev
class chain chain
class x86_activ,arm_activ,other_activ activation
class x86_native,arm_native,other_native native
class x86_wasmer,arm_wasmer,other_wasmer runtime
```
---
### Best of both worlds
#### ✅ Any LLVM frontend language
<small> _* in theory, currently only Rust and maybe C_ </small>
#### ✅ Write once, run everywhere
<small> _* in theory, the node software is probably only x86_64 and arm64_ </small>
#### ✅ LLVM intermediate representation
#### ✅ Single WASM Binary
#### ✅ Architecture specific Wasmer Runtime
<small> _* again, in theory_ </small>
---
### Putting it all together
```mermaid
graph LR
subgraph "👨💻 Development"
direction TB
subgraph "LLVM Frontend Languages"
rust["🦀 Rust"]
cpp["⚡ C/C++"]
other["✨ Other LLVM<br/>Languages"]
end
sol["☘️ Solidity"]
end
subgraph "🛠️ Compilation Pipeline"
direction TB
subgraph "Compilers"
llvm_comp["🎯 LLVM Frontend<br/>Compilers"]
solc["⚙️ Solidity<br/>Compiler"]
end
ir["🔄 LLVM IR"]
wasm_gen["📦 WASM Generator"]
end
subgraph "📡 Deployment"
bin["📦 WASM Binary"]
evm_code["⚙️ EVM Bytecode"]
chain["🌐 On-chain Storage"]
end
subgraph "🖥️ Node Execution"
direction TB
subgraph "Architecture-Specific Activation"
x86["💻 x86_64<br/>Native Code"]
arm["📱 ARM64<br/>Native Code"]
other_arch["🔧 Other<br/>Native Code"]
end
wasmer["⚡ Wasmer VM"]
evm["🔮 EVM"]
end
%% Development flows
rust & cpp & other --> llvm_comp
sol --> solc
%% Compilation flows
llvm_comp --> ir
ir --> wasm_gen
wasm_gen --> bin
solc --> evm_code
%% Deployment flows
bin & evm_code --> chain
%% Activation flows
chain --> x86 & arm & other_arch
x86 & arm & other_arch --> wasmer
chain --> evm
classDef dev fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#2e7d32
classDef compile fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
classDef deploy fill:#e3f2fd,stroke:#1565c0
classDef execute fill:#ede7f6,stroke:#4a148c
class rust,cpp,other,sol dev
class llvm_comp,solc,ir,wasm_gen compile
class bin,evm_code,chain deploy
class x86,arm,other_arch,wasmer,evm execute
```
---
## See you at the workshop in a bit
---
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