## Personality Psychology ### The Inner Psychic Approach ### Horney's Feminist Psychoanalysis <!-- Put the link to this slide here so people can follow --> **Rizqy Amelia Zein** Department of Personality and Social Psychology course website: https://s.id/amerta google classroom: cyhrwcw --- ## Karen Horney (1885-1952)  --- ## A short summary :flashlight: <div style="text-align: left"> * Her ==differences with Freud== began when she took issue with ==his psychological portrayal of women== * An early feminist, she argued that ==psychoanalysis focused more on men’s== development than on women’s * To counter Freud’s contention that women are driven by penis envy, she proposed that ==men are envious of women== for their ==ability to give birth== </div> --- ### The Need for Safety and Security :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * Horney agreed with Freud on one major point—==the importance of the early years of childhood== in shaping the adult personality * However, Horney believed that ==social forces in childhood==, not biological forces, influence personality development * The social relationship between ==children and their parents== is the key factor of personality development </div> --- ### The Need for Safety and Security :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * The childhood was ==dominated by the safety need==, by which Horney meant the ==need for security and freedom from fear== * A child’s security depends entirely on ==how the parents treat the child== * The major way parents weaken or prevent security is by displaying ==a lack of warmth and affection== </div> --- ### The Need for Safety and Security :three: <div style="text-align: left"> * Parents can act in ==various ways to undermine their child’s security== and thereby ==induce hostility== - Obvious preference for one sibling over another, unfair punishment, erratic behavior, promises not kept, ridicule, humiliation, and isolation of the child from peers </div> --- ### The Need for Safety and Security :four: <div style="text-align: left"> * The ==more helpless== children feel, the ==less they dare== to oppose or rebel against the parents - The child will repress the hostility, saying, “I have to repress my hostility because ==I need you==.” * Children can be made to ==feel fearful== of their parents through punishment, physical abuse, or more subtle forms of intimidation - The child is saying, “I must repress my hostility because ==I am afraid of you.==” </div> --- ### The Need for Safety and Security :five: <div style="text-align: left"> * ***Love*** can also be another reason for ==repressing hostility== toward parents - Parents tell their children ==how much they love== them and ==how much they are sacrificing== for them, but the parents’ warmth and affection are ==not honest== - The child must repress his or her hostility for ==fear of losing== even these ==unsatisfactory expressions of love== </div> --- ### The Need for Safety and Security :six: <div style="text-align: left"> * ***Guilt*** is yet another reason why children repress hostility - They may be made to ==feel unworthy==, ==wicked==, or ==sinful== for expressing or even harboring ==resentments== toward their parents - This repressed hostility undermines the childhood need for safety and is manifested in the condition Horney called ***==basic anxiety==*** </div> --- ## Basic Anxiety :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * "...insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world” * Basic anxiety is ==the foundation== on which ==all later neuroses develop==, and it is inseparably tied to ==feelings of hostility==, ==helplessness==, and ==fear== * Children may feel “small, insignificant, helpless, deserted, endangered..” </div> --- ## Basic Anxiety :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * In childhood we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in ==four different ways==: * ***==Securing affection and love==***: trying to do ==whatever the other person wants==, trying to **bribe** or **threatening** others into providing the desired affection * ==***Being submissive***==: self-protection involves ==complying with the wishes== of either one particular person or of everyone in our social environment </div> --- ## Basic Anxiety :three: <div style="text-align: left"> * ==***Attaining power***==: a person can compensate for helplessness and achieve security through success or through a ==sense of superiority== * ***==Withdrawing==***: attempting to ==become independent== of others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal or external needs - The process involves a blunting, or minimizing, of emotional needs </div> --- ## Self-protective mechanism :gloves: <div style="text-align: left"> * A single goal: ==to defend against basic anxiety== * They are a ==defense against pain==, not a pursuit of well-being or happiness * Those mechanisms ==may reduce anxiety==, but the cost to the individual is usually ==an impoverished personality== * The neurotic will pursue the search for safety and security by using ==more than one of those mechanisms== </div> --- ## Neurotics needs :anguished: <div style="text-align: left"> * Horney listed 10 neurotic needs as those are ==irrational solutions== to one’s problems * The ==***10 neurotic needs***== are: affection and approval, a dominant partner, power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, achievement or ambition, self-sufficiency, perfection, & narrow limits to life. * Satisfying these needs ==will not make us feel safe and secure== but will only help us to ==escape the discomfort== caused by our anxiety </div> --- ## Neurotic trends :chart_with_upwards_trend: <div style="text-align: left"> * Needs could be ==presented in three groups==, each indicating ==a person’s attitudes toward the self== and others * In the neurotic person, ==one of these three== trends is ==dominant==, whereas the other two are present to a lesser degree * She called these ==three categories of directional movement== the neurotic trends </div> --- ## Neurotic trends :chart_with_upwards_trend:  --- ## The compliant personality :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * Reflect a desire to ==move toward other people== * An intense and continuous need for ==affection and approval==, an urge to be loved, wanted, and protected * A need for ==one dominant person==, such as a friend or spouse, who will take charge of their lives and offer protection and guidance * Compliant personalities ==manipulate other people==, particularly their partners, to achieve their goals </div> --- ## The compliant personality :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * They ==subordinate their personal desires== to those of other people and willing to assume blame and defer to others, never being assertive, critical, or demanding * They do ==whatever the situation requires==, as they interpret it, to gain affection, approval, and love * “Look at me. I am so weak and helpless that you must protect and love me.” </div> --- ## The compliant personality :three: <div style="text-align: left"> * The compliant persons have ==repressed profound feelings of defiance== * They have ==a desire to control==, exploit, and manipulate others, ==the opposite of what their behaviors== and attitudes express * Because their hostile impulses must be repressed, compliant personalities become ==subservient==, always trying to please and asking nothing for themselves </div> ---  --- ## The aggresive personality :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * Aggressive personalities ==move against other people== and are ==driven to surpass others== * In their world, ==everyone is hostile==, and only the fittest and most cunning survive * They judge everyone in terms of ==the benefit they will receive== from the relationship </div> --- ## The aggresive personality :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * They may appear ==confident of their abilities== and uninhibited in asserting and defending themselves * However, like compliant personalities, aggressive personalities are ==driven by insecurity==, ==anxiety==, and ==hostility== </div> ---  --- ## The detached personality :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * They driven to ==move away from other people== and to maintain an emotional distance - They must not love, hate, or cooperate with others or become involved in any way - To achieve this ==total detachment==, they strive to become ==self-sufficient== * Detached personalities have an almost ==desperate desire for privacy== </div> --- ## The detached personality :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * Detached personalities ==suppress or deny all feelings== toward other people, particularly feelings of love and hate * ==Intimacy== would lead to conflict, and that ==must be avoided== * Because of this constriction of their emotions, detached personalities place ==great stress on reason==, ==logic==, and ==intelligence== </div> ---  --- ## Neurotic trends :chart_with_upwards_trend: <div style="text-align: left"> * ***==The compliant person==*** believes "I should be sweet, self-sacrificing, saintly." * ***==The aggressive person==*** says "I should be powerful, recognised, a winner." * ***==The detached person==*** believes "I should be independent, aloof, perfect.” </div> --- ## The idealized self-image :face_palm: <div style="text-align: left"> * All of us, normal or neurotic, ==construct a picture of our selves== that may or may not be based on reality * In ==normal people==, the self-image is built on ***==a realistic appraisal==*** of our abilities, potentials, weaknesses, goals, and relations with other people * If we are to realize our full potential, a state of self-realization, our ==self-image must clearly reflect== our ==true self== </div> --- ## The idealized self-image :face_palm: <div style="text-align: left"> * ***==Neurotics==***, who experience ==conflict== between incompatible modes of behavior, have personalities characterized by ==disunity and disharmony== * But their attempt to form self-image ==is not based on a realistic appraisal== of their strengths and weaknesses * Instead, it is based on ==an illusion==, ==an unattainable ideal== of absolute perfection </div> --- #### The Realistic vs Neurotic Self-Image :one: <div style="text-align: left"> * A realistic self-image is ==flexible and dynamic==, adapting as the individual develops and changes - It reflects ==strengths==, ==growth==, and ==self-awareness== - The realistic image is ==a goal==, something to strive for, and as such it both reflects and leads the person </div> --- #### The Realistic vs Neurotic Self-Image :two: <div style="text-align: left"> * By contrast, the neurotic/idealized self-image is ==static, inflexible, and unyielding== - The neurotic’s self-image is ==an unsatisfactory substitute== for a reality-based sense of self-worth - Neurotic has ==little self-confidence== because of insecurity and anxiety, and the idealized self-image does not allow for correction of those deficiencies </div> ---  --- ## Tyranny of the shoulds :muscle: <div style="text-align: left"> * An attempt to ==realize an unattainable idealized self-image== by ==denying the true self== and behaving in terms of what we think we should be doing * They tell themselves they should be ==the best or most perfect== student, spouse, parent, lover, employee, friend, or child * They ==deny their real selves== and try to become what they think they should be, or what they need to be to match their idealized self-image </div> --- ## Externalization :deciduous_tree: <div style="text-align: left"> * Externalization involves the ==tendency to experience conflicts== as though they were occurring ==outside== of one * As attempt to ==defend against== the ==inner conflicts== caused by the discrepancy between idealized and real self-images - e.g. projecting hatred onto ==other people or institutions== and come to believe that the hatred is emanating from these external sources and not from themselves </div> --- ### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign: <div style="text-align: left"> * Horney was especially critical of Freud’s notion of penis envy, which she believed was derived from ==inadequate evidence== - That is, from Freud’s (very limited) clinical interviews with neurotic women * Freud described and interpreted this alleged phenomenon from ==a strictly male point of view== in a place and time when women were considered ==second-class citizens== </div> --- ### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign: <div style="text-align: left"> * Freud suggested that women were victims of their anatomy, forever envious and resentful of men for possessing a penis :arrow_right: ***==penis envy==*** * Freud also concluded that ==women had poorly developed superegos== (a result of inadequately resolved Oedipal conflicts), and inferior body images - Because women believed they were really castrated men:exclamation: </div> --- ### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign: <div style="text-align: left"> * Horney countered these ideas by arguing that ==men envied women== because of their ==capacity for motherhood== :arrow_right: ==***womb envy***== * Her position on this issue was based on ==the pleasure== she said she had experienced in ==childbirth== * If women feel themselves to be unworthy, it is because they have been treated that way in ==male-dominated cultures== </div> --- ### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign: <div style="text-align: left"> * Women may choose to ==deny their femininity== and to ==wish==, unconsciously, that ==they were men== :arrow_right: flight from womanhood - A condition that can lead to sexual inhibitions * Horney expressed concern about ==the psychological conflicts== in defining ==women’s roles== and pointed out the differences between ==the traditional ideal== of womanhood with ==the more modern view== </div> --- ### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign: <div style="text-align: left"> * Horney argued that ==women must seek their own identity== by ==developing their abilities== and ==pursuing careers== - These ==contrasting traditional== and ==more modern roles== create conflicts that some women ==to this day have difficulty resolving== </div> ---  --- ### Thank you! :tada: You can find me on: - [My personal website](https://rameliaz.github.io/) - [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ameliazein) - [..or email](mailto:amelia.zein@psikologi.unair.ac.id)